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For the neighbourhood, see James Bay, Greater Victoria. James Bay is a high density neighbourhood of Victoria BC. It is the oldest residential neighbourhood on the west coast of North America that is north of San Francisco
A satellite image of James Bay.
A satellite image of James Bay.

James Bay (French: Baie James) is a large body of water on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Both bodies of water extend from the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major James Bay borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario; islands within the bay (the largest of which is Akimiski Island) are part of Nunavut. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Akimiski Island is the largest island in James Bay (a southeasterly extension of Hudson Bay) Canada, which is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the The James Bay watershed is the site of several major hydroelectric projects, and is also a destination for river-based recreation. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including a number of Aboriginal communities such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Crees of northern Quebec. Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act The Kashechewan First Nation is a Cree First Nation located near James Bay in Northern Ontario, Canada.

Contents

History

The bay first came to the attention of Europeans in 1610, when Henry Hudson entered it during his exploration of the larger bay that bears his name. Henry Hudson' (1570 &ndash 1611 was an English Sea explorer and Navigator in the early 17th century James Bay itself received its name in honour of Thomas James, an English captain who explored the area more thoroughly in 1630-31. Captain Thomas James (1593 &ndash 1635 was an English sea captain notable as a navigator and explorer who set out to discover the Northwest Passage, the hoped for ocean route Captain is the traditional customary title given to the person in charge in command of a Ship at sea

James Bay is important in the history of Canada as one of the most hospitable parts of the Hudson Bay region, and as a result its corresponding importance to the Hudson's Bay Company and British expansion into Canada. Inhabited for millennia by First Nations ( aboriginal) the history of Canada has evolved from a group of European colonies into an officially New France under British Rule See also Province of Quebec (1763-1791 In North America Seven Years' War officially ended with the signing of the The fur-trapping duo of explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced the English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of Bavaria, a favoured cousin of both Charles I and Charles II, that a colonial enterprise in the north would yield wealth in minerals and fur. Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636 &ndash 1710 was a French -born explorer and mapper whose exploration of 1668 led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618 &ndash 1696 was a French explorer and Fur trader in Canada. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Northern Canada is the vast Northernmost Region of Canada variously defined by Geography and Politics. Des Groseilliers accompanied Captain Zachariah Gillam on the ketch Nonesuch and they jointly founded the first fur trading post on James Bay, Charles Fort. A ketch is a Sailing Craft with two masts: a main mast and a shorter Mizzen mast abaft (rearward of the main mast Their success, though lacking in minerals, was such that the Company was chartered by Charles II on their return. This charter granted a complete trading monopoly of the whole Hudson Bay basin (including James Bay) to the Company. Hudson Bay watershed (including the James and Ungava bays This At the same time, the first English colony on what is now mainland Canada, Rupert's Land, was formed, with the first "capital" being at Charles Fort. Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that The fact that the first colonial governor, Charles Baley (various spellings exist), was a Quaker might have been an important factor in the style of relations established between the Company and its "trading partners", Canada's First Nations. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people

Significant fur trapping has continued in the region, but in general the east coast or East Main of James Bay was too easily accessed by French and independent traders from the south so early Hudson's Bay Company emphasis was quickly placed onto interior trapping grounds reached from the west coasts of James and Hudson Bays. It was, nevertheless, the gateway to British settlements in what would become Manitoba (Winnipeg, for example) and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America.

Geography

Hannah Bay at the southern end of James Bay.
Hannah Bay at the southern end of James Bay.

James Bay represents the southern extent of the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone, while the coastal areas are primarily in the Hudson Plains, whereas the northeastern coast bordering Quebec is in the Taiga Shield ecozone. The Arctic Archipelago is a marine ecozone in the Canadian arctic encompassing Hudson Bay, James Bay, the internal waters and some shores of The ecozones of Canada consist of fifteen terrestrial and five marine Ecozones in Canada. The Hudson Plains is a sparsely populated Canadian subarctic ecozone extending from the western coast of Quebec to the coast of Manitoba, encompassing The Taiga Shield is an ecozone which stretches across Canada's subarctic region The eastern shores of the bay form the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec. The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by As such, the terrain here is rocky and hilly with boreal forest. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests The western shore is characterised by broad tundra lowlands that are an extension of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Just as the Innuitian Mountains are not well known the Hudson Bay Lowlands are also not familiar to most Canadians. Its vegetation is mostly muskeg. Muskeg is an acidic soil type common in Arctic and Boreal areas although it is found in other northern climates as well A large portion of this area is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park. Polar Bear Provincial Park is an isolated wilderness park in the far north of Ontario, Canada.

Hundreds of rivers flow into James Bay. The geography of the area gives many of them similar characteristics. They tend to be wide and shallow near the Bay (in the James Bay Lowlands), whereas they are steeper and narrower further upstream (as they pour off the Canadian Shield). The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by For a larger list of waterways in the region, see list of Hudson Bay rivers. Hudson Bay watershed (including the James and Ungava bays This

Hannah Bay

Hannah Bay is the southernmost bay of James Bay. Here the Kesagami and Harricana Rivers flow into James Bay. The Harricana River is a river in western Quebec and northeastern Ontario, Canada About 238 km² is protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act of Canada as the Hannah Bay Bird Sanctuary. The Migratory Birds Convention Act (also MBCA) is a Canadian law established in 1917 and significantly updated in June 1994 which contains regulations to Southern James Bay is a Canadian coastal Wetland complex in northeastern Ontario bordering James Bay and Quebec. This sanctuary has also been designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention since May 1987. This is the list of Wetlands of international importance as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization The Ramsar Convention is an international Treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Wetlands i

The shores in this area are a mixture of intertidal mud, sand, and salt flats, estuarine waters, intertidal marshes, freshwater ponds, swamps, and forested peatlands. Mudflats (also tidal flats, tide flats, etc are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. [1]

Human development

James Bay, near Chisasibi, Quebec.
James Bay, near Chisasibi, Quebec. Chisasibi (meaning great river in Cree is a village on the eastern shore of James Bay, in the James Bay region of northern Quebec, Canada Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

Coastal communities

The shores of James Bay are sparsely populated. On the eastern shore there are nine coastal communities belonging to the Crees, the indigenous people of the region. Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as Canadian aboriginal citizens, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canadian Constitution Act

Economic development

James Bay has returned to prominence in recent decades due to the James Bay hydroelectric project. The James Bay Project (in French projet de la Baie-James) refers to the construction of a series of hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River Since 1971, the government of Quebec has developed rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Political system British-type parliamentarism based on the Westminster system was introduced in the Province of Lower Canada in 1791 La Grande River (La Grande Rivière Chisasibi both meaning "great river" is a river in northwestern Quebec, Canada, which rises in the highlands of north The Eastmain River is a river in northwestern Quebec which rises in north central Quebec and flows 800 km west to drain into James Bay. Built between 1974 and 1996, La Grande Complexe now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83,000,000,000 kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. Power is also being exported to New York area in large part. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous A direct transmission high voltage line delivers powers to United States' grid. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work beginning in 2007 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River. The Rupert River is one of the largest rivers in Quebec, Canada.

A proposed development project, the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal, centres on constructing a large dike to separate southern James Bay from Hudson Bay. LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial This would turn the bay into a freshwater lake, due to the numerous rivers that empty into it. The main benefit expected from this would be to redirect this freshwater for human use. It seems very unlikely that the GRAND Canal will actually ever be built.

Recreation

Canoeing

Many of the rivers flowing into James Bay are popular destinations for wilderness canoe-trippers. Among the more popular rivers are:

Two less-travelled rivers are the Groundhog River and the Harricana. The Albany River is a river in Northern Ontario which flows northeast from Lake St The Moose River is a Canadian river in the Hudson Plains Ecozone of northern Ontario which flows 100 km northeast from the junction of the The Missinaibi River is a river in northern Ontario, Canada, which flows northeast from Missinaibi Lake north of Chapleau, Ontario The Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS was established in 1984 by the federal provincial and territorial governments to conserve and protect the best examples of Canada The Broadback River (Rivière Broadback is a River in northern Quebec, Canada. The Rupert River is one of the largest rivers in Quebec, Canada. The Harricana River is a river in western Quebec and northeastern Ontario, Canada The Groundhog is less travelled in modern times due to a series of seven dams that are about a day or two up-river from the Moose. Canoeists can contact the dam company and arrange to be towed around the dams on company trucks, but they must make arrangements specific to the hour, and they cannot be late. The Groundhog flows into the Mattagami after a set of rapids known as Seven-Mile. The Mattagami River is a river in northern Ontario, Canada, which flows 440 km north from its source southwest of the city of Timmins Ontario to join the RAPID is an acronym for Rural Address Property IDentification a scheme instituted in New Zealand to assist emergency services in identifying and locating rural properties The Mattagami then flows into the Moose; it is at the meeting of the Missinaibi and Mattagami rivers that the Moose river begins, marked by an island known as Portage Island. This point is about two or three days travel by canoe to Moosonee. Though the Missinaibi and the Groundhog are both fairly high in the summer, the Moose is often quite low. Depending on the tides, groups have had to walk long stretches of the river. Rapids on the Groundhog tend to be bigger and more technical than those on the Missinaibi, but the campsites are few and poor, because the volume of travel is so much less.

The Harricana River flows into James Bay several miles east of Moosonee, so anyone wishing to take this route must allow about two days to cross the bay, an extremely dangerous proposition if the tides and the weather are unfavourable. Moosonee is a town in Ontario, Canada, on the Moose River approximately 19 kilometres south of James Bay

The most common access point for paddlers to this area is Moosonee, at the southern end of James Bay. A campsite at Tidewater Provincial Park provides large campgrounds with firepits and outhouses on an island across the river from the town. Tidewater Provincial Park is a Provincial park located on four islands in the Moose River Estuary near Moosonee and Moose Factory, Water taxis will ferry people back and forth for about C$1 each. Many of these rivers finish near Moosonee, and paddlers can take the Polar Bear Express train south to Cochrane at the end of a trip. The Ontario Northland Railway is Cochrane Ontario, Canada, is a northern Ontario town situated on Highway 11

Waskaganish, Quebec, is a town further to the north and east on James Bay. Waskaganish is a Cree village of about 2000 people on the south-east shore of James Bay in the municipality of Baie-James, Quebec, Canada. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk It is accessible via the James Bay Road, and is the most common end point for trips on the Broadback, Pontax, and Rupert rivers (the town itself is situated at the mouth of the Rupert). The Route de la Baie James (James Bay Road is a remote wilderness highway winding its way through the Canadian Shield in northwestern Quebec and reaches into the

References

  1. ^ Southern James Bay Migratory Bird Sanctuary fact sheet

Further reading

External links

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