Jail, or gaol (especially in Australia),[1][2] remand prison, is a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the state. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Detention of suspects is the process of keeping a person who has been Arrested in a police-cell prison or other detention centre before Trial or Sentencing A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of This includes either accused persons awaiting trial or for those who have been convicted of a crime and are serving a sentence of less than one year. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment [3][4] Jails are generally small penitentiaries run by individual counties and cities,[4] though some jails in larger communities may be as large and hold as many inmates as regular prisons. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status "Jail" is also a synonym for "prison" in most countries (excluding the United States), especially when the facility is of a similar size as a correctional facility. As with prisons, some jails have different wings for certain types of offenders, and have work programs for inmates who demonstrate good behavior.
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Resocialization
Resocialization is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to. Resocialization is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Resocialization into a total institution involves a complete change of personality. Key examples include the process of resocializing new recruits into the military so that they can operate as soldiers (or, in other words, as members of a cohesive unit) and the reverse process, in which those who have become accustomed to such roles return to society after military . A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking
United States
Jails in the United States are different from prisons. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Jails are typically operated by city or county governments, and house prisoners who are being detained before trial or serving sentences less than one year. [5]. Approximately half of the U. S. jail population consists of pretrial detainees who have not been convicted or sentenced. Prisoners serving terms longer than one year are typically housed in correctional facilities operated by state governments. Unlike most state prisons, a jail usually houses both men and women in separate portions of the same facility. Some jails lease space to house inmates from the federal government, state prisons or from other counties for profit.
In 2005, a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that 62 percent of people in jails have not been convicted, meaning many of them are awaiting trial. [6] As of 2005, local jails held or supervised 819,434 individuals. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nine percent of these individuals were in programs such as community service, work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and other alternative programs. Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local Community. In Prison systems work release programs allow a prisoner who is sufficiently trusted or can be sufficiently monitored leave confinement to continue working at his or her current Electronic tagging is a form of non-surreptitious Surveillance consisting of an electronic device attached to a person or vehicle especially certain criminals allowing their [4]
In the United States, as compared to regular 'mainline' state and federal prisons, in which prisoners have already been investigated and classified by corrections personnel before being assigned to a level of security, in which many of the prisoners are committed for longer periods of time, and in which the population is on average older, jails usually house prisoners who are on average younger and have varying or unknown histories and propensities for violence or disciplinary problems. As a result, many jails operate their booking and receiving units at a relatively high level of correctional security, and also witness a disproportionately large amount of violence and disciplinary problems as compared to mainline facilities.
Gaol
Gaol is an early Modern English spelling for jail with the same pronunciation and meaning. Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century to 1650 Although jail is now more common, gaol is still the favoured spelling in parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, for example in Australia. [7] However, due to American influence in Australia, the spelling "jail" is now preferred in popular contexts such as the media, the spelling "gaol" being mainly retained in historical use and in the legal profession. Canada, also a part of the Commonwealth, has made a similar transition in usage. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
"Gaol" also remains in use as the standard spelling of "jail" in Ireland, but note that it typically applies to defunct English-run gaols from the English occupation of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world [8][9][10] The word has strong historical connotations of unjust imprisonment in Ireland, and if an Irish person says someone is "in gaol" (or "in jail") rather than "in prison", they may be hinting that they consider the imprisonment unjust, a distinction that may be unnoticed by non-Hiberno-English speakers. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English In turn, Irish English-speakers may also invalidly assume that English speakers from other nations are making that distinction. "Prison" and "Detention Centre" are typically used for extant Irish-run incarceration facilities[11]. The English-built but still in-use Mountjoy Gaol was renamed to Mountjoy Prison. [12]
The Oxford English Dictionary states that "gaol" comes from the Norman French spelling gaiole down to the 17th century as gaile. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. It remains in written form in the archaic spelling gaol mainly through statutory and official tradition. The only remaining spoken pronunciation is jail (IPA: /dʒeɪl/), from the Old Parisian French word jaiole. In modern French, the word geôle is still used in literary contexts to refer to jail.
From the 16th until the 18th centuries the word goal(e) was used widely, possibly as an erroneous spelling of gaol, or possibly an unusual phonetic spelling. [13]
Tim Moore in his book on Monopoly "Do Not Pass Go" suggests that, in Britain, the change from "gaol" to "jail" was precipitated by the popularity and spread of Monopoly in the 1930s and '40s. Monopoly is a Board game published by Parker Brothers, a subsidiary of Hasbro. The non-London specific squares and cards had been copied wholesale from the original Atlantic City version where the spelling "jail" was commonplace. It is also for this reason that the policeman on the "Go to Jail" square features a clearly American uniform in contrast to the traditional style British police helmet.
References
- ^ In British official use the forms with G are still current; in literary and journalistic use both the G and the J forms are now admitted as correct, but all recent Dictionaries give the preference to the latter. (Oxford English Dictionary, 1st Edition. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English )
- ^ This Australian Government site says "The Australian spelling of ‘jail’ is ‘gaol’".
- ^ Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in Court. The Office of the Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia (2003-12-16). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ a b c Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- ^ Doris J. James, Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002, 2 (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002) available online
- ^ Number of US Inmates Rises Two Percent, By Elizabeth White, The Associated Press, Monday 22 May 2006
- ^ Old Melbourne Gaol, Australia
- ^ Kilmainham_Gaol
- ^ Wicklow Gaol
- ^ Cork City Gaol
- ^ Irish Prison Service
- ^ Mountjoy_Prison
- ^ OED
External links
- Brian Dawe, Behind The Walls, Corrections Connection
- Ann Coppola, View from 35,000 Feet: Prison Overcrowding, Corrections Connection
- Joe Bouchard, Daily Safety Concerns in Jails, Corrections Connection
- PrisonMinistry.net - International Network of Prison Ministries (AKA "Prison Ministry Directory")
- Criminal Procedure From Arrest To Appeal By Lester B. Orfield
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