Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Jacques Hadamard
Jacques Salomon Hadamard
Jacques Salomon Hadamard
Born December 8, 1865(1865-12-08)
Versailles, France
Died October 17, 1963 (aged 97)
Paris, France
Residence France
Nationality French
Fields Mathematician
Institutions University of Bordeaux
Sorbonne
Collège de France
Alma mater École Normale Supérieure
Doctoral advisor C. Émile Picard
Jules Tannery
Doctoral students Maurice René Fréchet
Paul Lévy
Szolem Mandelbrojt
André Weil
Xinmou Wu
Known for Hadamard product
Proof of prime number theorem
Notable awards Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques (1892)
Prix Poncelet (1898)

Jacques Salomon Hadamard (December 8, 1865 – October 17, 1963) was a French mathematician best known for his proof of the prime number theorem in 1896. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. University of Bordeaux can refer to one or all of the four Universities in Bordeaux each of which covers a different field of study University The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Charles Émile Picard (usually referred to simply as Émile Picard) ( July 24, 1856 - December 12, 1941) was a leading French Jules Tannery ( March 24, 1848 – December 11, 1910) was a French Mathematician who notably studied under Charles Maurice Fréchet ( September 2, 1878 – June 4, 1973) was a French Mathematician. Paul Pierre Lévy (15 September 1886 – 15 December 1971 was a French mathematician who was active especially in Probability theory, introducing martingales Szolem Mandelbrojt (1899 – 1983 was a Jewish-Polish mathematician André Weil should not be confused with two other mathematicians with similar names Hermann Weyl (1885-1955 who made substantial contributions In Mathematics, matrix multiplication is the operation of multiplying a matrix with either a scalar or another matrix Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics.

Contents

Biography

Hadamard studied at the École Normale Supérieure under the direction of Charles Émile Picard. École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or Charles Émile Picard (usually referred to simply as Émile Picard) ( July 24, 1856 - December 12, 1941) was a leading French After the Dreyfus affair, which involved him personally (Dreyfus was his brother-in-law), Hadamard, Jewish himself in his historical identity, became politically active and became a staunch supporter of Jewish causes[1] though he professed to be an atheist in his religion. The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [2]

He introduced the idea of well-posed problem in the theory of partial differential equations. The mathematical term well-posed problem stems from a definition given by Hadamard. In Mathematics, partial differential equations ( PDE) are a type of Differential equation, i He also gave his name to the Hadamard inequality on volumes, and the Hadamard matrix, on which the Hadamard transform is based. In Mathematics, Hadamard's inequality, named after Jacques Hadamard, bounds above the Volume in Euclidean space of n dimensions In Mathematics, a Hadamard matrix is a Square matrix whose entries are either +1 or &minus1 and whose rows are mutually Orthogonal. The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh-Hadamard transform, Hadamard-Rademacher-Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh-Fourier transform The Hadamard gate in quantum computing uses this matrix. The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh-Hadamard transform, Hadamard-Rademacher-Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh-Fourier transform A quantum computer is a device for Computation that makes direct use of distinctively Quantum mechanical Phenomena, such as superposition

His students included Maurice Fréchet, Paul Lévy, Szolem Mandelbrojt and André Weil. Maurice Fréchet ( September 2, 1878 – June 4, 1973) was a French Mathematician. Paul Pierre Lévy (15 September 1886 – 15 December 1971 was a French mathematician who was active especially in Probability theory, introducing martingales Szolem Mandelbrojt (1899 – 1983 was a Jewish-Polish mathematician André Weil should not be confused with two other mathematicians with similar names Hermann Weyl (1885-1955 who made substantial contributions

On creativity

In his book Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field, Hadamard uses introspection to describe mathematical thought processes. Introspection is the self-observation and reporting of Conscious inner Thoughts desires and Sensations It is a conscious mental and usually In sharp contrast to authors who identify language and cognition, he describes his own mathematical thinking as largely wordless, often accompanied by mental images that represent the entire solution to a problem. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought A mental image is an experience that significantly resembles the experience of perceiving some object event or scene but that occurs when the relevant object event or scene is not He surveyed 100 of the leading physicists of the day (approximately 1900), asking them how they did their work. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Many of the responses mirrored his; some reported seeing mathematical concepts as colors.

Hadamard described the experiences of the mathematicians/theoretical physicists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hermann von Helmholtz, Henri Poincaré and others as viewing entire solutions with “sudden spontaneousness. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician ”[3] The same has been reported in literature by many others, such as Denis Brian,[4] G. H. Hardy,[5], B. L. van der Waerden,[6], Harold Ruegg. Godfrey Harold Hardy FRS ( February 7, 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey, England &ndash December 1, 1947 Bartel Leendert van der Waerden ( February 2 1903, Amsterdam, Netherlands – January 12 1996, Zürich, [7], Friedrich Kekulé (dreamed of benzene ring) and Tesla. Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 &ndash 13 July 1896 was a German organic chemist. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page

Hadamard described the process as having four steps of the five-step Graham Wallas creative process model, with the first three also having been put forth by Helmholtz:[8]

Marie-Louise von Franz, a colleague of the eminent psychiatrist Carl Jung, noted that in these unconscious scientific discoveries the “always recurring and important factor … is the simultaneity with which the complete solution is intuitively perceived and which can be checked later by discursive reasoning. Graham Wallas ( May 31, 1858 - August 9, 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist educationalist and a leader Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Marie-Louise von Franz ( January 4, 1915 - February 17, 1998) the daughter of an Austrian Baron and born in Munich ” She attributes the solution presented “as an archetypal pattern or image. An archetype ( pronounced: /ˈɑːkɪtaɪp/ (Brit or /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/ (Amer ”[9] As cited by von Franz,[10] according to Jung: “Archetypes … manifest themselves only through their ability to organize images and ideas, and this is always an unconscious process which cannot be detected until afterwards. ”[11]

Writings

See also

External links

Further reading

References

Notes

  1. ^ The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field
  2. ^ Hadamard on Hermite
  3. ^ Hadamard, 1954, pp. 13-16.
  4. ^ Einstein, after years of fruitless calculations, suddenly had the solution of the general theory of relativity revealed in a dream “like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 ” See Brian, 1996, p. 159.
  5. ^ G. H. Hardy cited how the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan had “moments of sudden illumination. ” See Kanigel, 1992, pp. 285-286.
  6. ^ von Franz, 1992, p. 297 and 314. Cited work: B. L. van der Waerden, Einfall und Überlegung: Drei kleine Beiträge zur Psychologie des mathematischen Denkens (Gasel & Stuttgart, 1954).
  7. ^ von Franz, 1992, p. 297 and 314. Cited work: Harold Ruegg, Imagination: An Inquiry into the Sources and Conditions That Stimulate Creativity (New York: Harper, 1954)
  8. ^ Hadamard, 1954, p. 56.
  9. ^ von Franz, 1992, pp. 297-298.
  10. ^ von Franz, 1992 297-298 and 314.
  11. ^ Jung, 1981, paragraph 440, p. 231.
Persondata
NAME Hadamard, Jacques
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION French Mathematician
DATE OF BIRTH December 8, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH Versailles, France
DATE OF DEATH October 17, 1963
PLACE OF DEATH Paris, France
This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic