Jacques René Hébert

Jacques René Hébert (November 15, 1757—March 24, 1794) was editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne during the French Revolution. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Le Père Duchesne ( Old Man Duchesne or Father Duchesne) was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution, edited by Jacques The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an His followers are usually referred to as the Hébertists or the Hébertistes; he himself is sometimes called Père Duchesne, after his newspaper. The Hébertists were the partisans of Jacques Hébert, the radical revolutionary journalist in the Legislative Assembly and National Convention during

Life

Early life

Born 1757 at Alençon, Orne, to jeweller Jacques Hébert (died 1766) and Marguerite Beunaiche of Houdrie (1727-1787). Alençon is a town and commune in Normandy, France, préfecture (capital of the Orne department. His family was ruined by a lawsuit while he was still young, and Hébert came to Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city There he found work in a theatre, where he wrote plays in his spare time, but these were never produced.

In 1790, he attracted attention through a pamphlet he published, and became a prominent member of the club of the Cordeliers in 1791. The Cordeliers, also known as the Club of the Cordeliers and formally as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen comprised a populist

Père Duchesne

Hébert's newspaper Le Père Duchesne

Hébert's influence was mainly due to his articles in his journal, Le Père Duchesne, which appeared from 1790 to 1794. Le Père Duchesne ( Old Man Duchesne or Father Duchesne) was an extreme radical newspaper during the French Revolution, edited by Jacques Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a These polemic articles were written with wit, but were also violent and abusive, and purposely couched in foul language in order to appeal to the sans culottes. Sans-culottes ( French for "without Knee-breeches " was a term created around 1790 - 1792 by the French Aristocracy to describe the Initially, Le Père Duchesne supported (1790-1791) a constitutional monarchy around King Louis XVI, as well as the opinions of the Marquis de La Fayette; its most violent attacks of the period were aimed at Jean-Sifrein Maury (the main opponent of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy). A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Jean-Sifrein Maury ( June 26, 1746 &ndash May 10, 1817) was a French cardinal and Archbishop of Paris. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( "Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution Hébert changed his beliefs after the king's flight to Varennes in June 1791, and started referring to Marie Antoinette as 'the Austrian bitch' and addressing Louis XVI as 'Monsieur Veto, the drunken drip. The Flight to Varennes ( June 20 - 21, 1791) was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/ Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre '

Prominence and clash with Robespierre

During the insurrection of August 10, 1792, he was a member of the revolutionary Commune of Paris, and became second substitute of the procureur of the Commune on December 2, 1792. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795 and especially from 1792 until 1795 Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire

His violent attacks on the Girondist presence in the National Convention led to his arrest on May 24, 1793, but he was released owing to the threatening attitude of the mob. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His tone was further radicalised by the killing of Jean-Paul Marat in July 1793; his attacks on Marie Antoinette contributed to the mood of hostility towards her, and indirectly to her execution. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/ Henceforth very popular, Hébert organized with Pierre Gaspard Chaumette the worship of Reason, in opposition to the theistic cult of the Supreme Being inaugurated by Maximilien Robespierre, against whom he tried to instigate a popular movement. Pierre Gaspard Chamette ( 1763 - April 13, 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period. The Cult of Reason (Culte de la Raison was a creed based on Secularism and Atheism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert The Cult of the Supreme Being ( French: Culte de l'Être suprême) was a religion based on Deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) The failure of this brought about the arrest of the Hébertists.

Hébert and his immediate followers —although certainly not all his sympathizers— were guillotined March 24, 1794, and were among the few to have become adversaries of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety for an excess of zeal rather than for any accusations of counter-revolutionary activity. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the It is said that Hebert was hysterical on his way to his execution and fainted at the sight of the guillotine. His wife, Marie Marguerite Françoise Hébert (née Goupil) (born 1756), who had been a nun, was executed twenty days later. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life They had a daughter, Scipion-Virginia Hébert (February 7, 1793 - July 13, 1830).

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, in turn, gives the following references:
  • Louis Duval, "Hébert chez lui", in La Révolution Française, revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, t. xii. and t. xiii.
  • D. Mater, J. R. Hibert, L'auteur du Père Duchesne avant la journée du 10 août 1792 (Bourges, Comm. Hist. du Cher, 1888).
  • François Victor Alphonse Aulard, Le Culte de la raison et de l'être suprême (Paris, 1892). François Victor Alphonse Aulard ( July 19, 1849 - October 23, 1928) was a French Historian of the Revolution and Napoleon

External links

• Jacques Hébert Internet Archive on Marxists.org. The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxistsorg) is a volunteer based non-profit organization that maintains a multi-lingual Internet Archive