This article is about the animal. For other meanings, see jackal (disambiguation).

Jackal
A black-backed jackal
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis in part
Species
Canis aureus Canis adustus Canis mesomelas

A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ ^[1][2]) is any of three (sometimes four) small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa, Asia and Southeastern Europe. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The diverse order Carnivora (kɑrˈnɪvərə or sometimes /ˌkɑrnɪˈvɔərə/ from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" + vorāre The Canidae (ˈkænədiː ′kanə′dē family is a part of the order Carnivora within the Mammals (Class Mammalia Canis is a Genus containing 7 to 10 extant species and many extinct species including wolves, Coyotes, and Jackals. The Golden Jackal ( Canis aureus) also called the Asiatic, Oriental or Common Jackal is a carnivorous Mammal of the The Side-striped jackal ( Canis adustus) is a member of the family Canidae, native to central and Southern Africa The Black-backed Jackal ( Canis mesomelas) also known as the Silver-backed Jackal is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Canidae (ˈkænədiː ′kanə′dē family is a part of the order Carnivora within the Mammals (Class Mammalia ^[3] Jackals fill a similar ecological niche to the coyote in North America, that of predators of small to medium-sized animals, scavengers, and omnivores. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a Carnivorous Feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes Corpses or Carrion that were killed Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds and reptiles. "Cuspid" redirects here For the heart valves see Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Big feet and fused leg bones give them a long-distance runner's physique, capable of maintaining speeds of 16km/h (10mph) (just over 6 min/mile) for extended periods of time. They are nocturnal, most active at dawn and dusk.

In jackal society the social unit is that of a monogamous pair which defends its territory from other pairs. These territories are defended by vigorously chasing intruding rivals and marking landmarks around the territory with urine and feces. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who stay with their parents until they establish their own territory. Jackals may occasionally assemble in small packs, for example to scavenge a carcass, but normally hunt alone or as a pair.

Contents 1 Taxonomy and relationships 2 Ancient use 3 Use in slang 4 References 5 See also 6 External links 7 Footnotes

Taxonomy and relationships

In 1816 in the third volume of Lorenz Oken’s Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, the author found sufficient similarities in the dentition of jackals and the North American coyotes to place these species into a new separate genus Thos after the classical Greek word θώς. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lorenz Oken ( August 1, 1779 &ndash August 11, 1851) was a German naturalist. Oken’s idiosycratic nomenclatorial ways however, aroused the scorn of a number of zoological systematists. Nearly all the descriptive words used to justify the genus division were relative terms without a reference measure and that the argument did not take into account the size differences between the species which can be considerable. Angel Cabrera, in his 1932 monograph on the mammals of Morocco, briefly touched upon the question whether or not the presence of a cingulum on the upper molars of the jackals and its corresponding absence in the rest of Canis could justify a subdivision of the genus Canis. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of Tooth in most Mammals In many mammals they grind food hence the Latin name mola, " Millstone In practice, he chose the undivided-genus alternative and referred to the jackals as Canis.

Oken’s Thos theory had little immediate impact on taxonomy and/or taxonomic nomenclature, though it was revived in 1914 by Edmund Heller who embraced the new genus theory. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Edmund Heller ( May 21, 1875, Freeport Illinois – July 18, 1939, San Francisco California) was an American zoologist Heller’s name and the designations he gave to various jackal species and subspecies live on, though the genus has been changed from Thos to Canis. ^[4]

Modern research has clarified the relationships between the "jackal" species. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Despite their outward similarity, they are not all closely related to one another. The side-striped jackal and the black-backed jackal are close to each other, but separated from the other African and Eurasian wild dogs and wolves some six or seven mya. In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". The golden jackal and Ethiopian wolf are part of a group also including the grey wolf, domestic dog and coyote^[5]. The Golden Jackal ( Canis aureus) also called the Asiatic, Oriental or Common Jackal is a carnivorous Mammal of the | fossil_range = Pliocene - Recent| image = EthiopianWolf1jpg| image_width = 220px| status = EN| trend = up| status_system = iucn2 The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora

Species:

• Golden jackal (Canis aureus)
• Side-striped jackal (Canis adustus)
• Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas)
• Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) – sometimes called the red or Simian jackal, but more often regarded as a wolf

Ancient use

The Ancient Egyptian god of embalming and the underworld, Anubis, was depicted as a man with a jackal's head. The Golden Jackal ( Canis aureus) also called the Asiatic, Oriental or Common Jackal is a carnivorous Mammal of the The Side-striped jackal ( Canis adustus) is a member of the family Canidae, native to central and Southern Africa The Black-backed Jackal ( Canis mesomelas) also known as the Silver-backed Jackal is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. | fossil_range = Pliocene - Recent| image = EthiopianWolf1jpg| image_width = 220px| status = EN| trend = up| status_system = iucn2 The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Embalming, in most modern Cultures is the Art and Science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall Decomposition In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife Anubis is the Greek name for a Jackal -headed god associated with Mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology. Today they are one of the more commonly seen animals on safaris, and are found outside of national parks and do well in human altered landscapes and even near and in human settlements. SAFARI was an attempt by the French government under the presidency of Georges Pompidou, to create a centralized database of personal data A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution

Use in slang

All species of jackal are capable predators (all three hunt rodents and small mammals regularly, with the golden and black-backed species known to hunt poisonous snakes, large ground birds such as bustards, and mammals as large as young antelope). The Golden Jackal ( Canis aureus) also called the Asiatic, Oriental or Common Jackal is a carnivorous Mammal of the However, their popular image as scavengers has resulted in a negative public image.

• The expression "jackalling" is sometimes used to describe the work done by a subordinate in order to save the time of a superior. (For example, a junior lawyer may peruse large quantities of material on behalf of a barrister. ) This came from the tradition that the jackal will sometimes lead a lion to its prey. In other languages, the same word is sometimes used to describe the behavior of persons who try to scavenge scraps from the misfortunes of others; for example, by looting a village from which its inhabitants have fled because of a disaster.
• In Nonviolent Communication, "jackal language" refers to communication that labels, judges, and criticizes. Nonviolent Communication (NVC is a process developed by Marshall Rosenberg and others which people use to communicate with greater Compassion and clarity

References

• The New Encyclopedia of Mammals edited by David Macdonald, Oxford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-19-850823-9
• Cry of the Kalahari, by Mark and Delia Owens, Mariner Books, 1992. Zebras are African Equids best known for their distinctive white and black stripes Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivors, by David MacDonald, BBC Books, 1992.
• Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World, by David Alderton, Facts on File, 2004.

See also

• Bardi - shapechanging spirit in Trebizond folklore (feminine jackal)
• Anubis - Egyptian god with the head of a jackal

External links

• Jackal: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation

Footnotes

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