Jack London
Jack London in 1900
Born	January 12, 1876(1876-01-12) San Francisco, California United States
Died	November 22, 1916 (aged 40) Glen Ellen, California United States
Occupation	Novelist, Journalist, Short Story writer and Essayist
Literary movement	Realism and Naturalism
Influences Ouida, Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, Friedrich Nietzsche, David Starr Jordan, Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, Ernest Haeckel, Karl Marx
Influenced Richard Wright, Jack Kerouac, Robert E. Howard, George Orwell, Scott Sigler, Christopher McCandless
Signature

Jack London (12 January 1876 – 22 November 1916)^[1][2][3][4] was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild and other books. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Glen Ellen is a Census-designated place (CDP in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County California, USA. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Ouida ( January 1, 1839 &ndash January 25, 1908) was the Pen name of the English Novelist Maria Louise Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy John Tyndall FRS ( August 2, 1820 &ndash December 4, 1893) was a prominent 19th century Irish Physicist. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919)also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German Richard Wright may refer to Richard Wright (musician (1943–2008 also known as Rick Wright founding member of Pink Floyd Richard B Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy, Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Scott Carl Sigler November 30) --> is a contemporary American author of Science fiction and horror as well as an avid Podcaster Christopher Johnson McCandless ( February 12, 1968  &ndash August 18, 1992) was an American wanderer who hiked into the Alaskan Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London. A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction, he was one of the first Americans to make a lucrative career exclusively from writing. ^[5]

Contents 1 Personal background 2 Early life 3 Gold rush and first success 4 First marriage (1900-1904) 5 Second marriage 6 Beauty Ranch (1910-1916) 7 Accusations of plagiarism 8 Political views 8.1 Socialism 8.1.1 Influence on writing 8.2 Racial views 9 Death 10 Works 10.1 Short stories 10.2 Novels 10.3 Nonfiction and autobiographical memoirs 10.4 Apocrypha 10.4.1 Jack London Credo 10.4.2 The Scab 10.4.3 Might is Right 10.4.4 B. Traven 11 Bibliography 11.1 Novels 11.2 Short story collections 11.3 Autobiographical memoirs 11.4 Nonfiction and essays 11.5 Short stories 11.6 Plays 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links

Personal background

Jack London was deserted by his father when he was 10. He was raised in Oakland, California by his mother Flora Wellman, a music teacher and spiritualist. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 Because Flora was ill, Jack was raised through infancy by an ex-slave, Virginia Prentiss, who would remain a major maternal figure while the boy grew up. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Late in 1876, Flora married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where Jack completed grade school. The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Though the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed.

Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe that Jack London's father was astrologer William Chaney. An astrologer practices one or more forms of Astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a Horoscope for the time of an event such as a person's birth and interprets ^[6] Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Most San Francisco civil records were destroyed by the vast fires which followed the 1906 earthquake (for the same reason, it is not known with certainty what name appeared on his birth certificate). The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Stasz notes that in his memoirs Chaney refers to Jack London's mother Flora Wellman as having been his "wife" and also cites an advertisement in which Flora calls herself "Florence Wellman Chaney. " Wellman moved to Georgia in 1898.

Early life

Jack London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The house of his birth burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and a plaque was placed at this site by the California Historical Society in 1953. London was essentially self-educated. He taught himself in the public library, mainly just by reading books. In 1885 he found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa, which describes an unschooled Italian peasant child who achieves fame as an opera composer. Ouida ( January 1, 1839 &ndash January 25, 1908) was the Pen name of the English Novelist Maria Louise He credited this as the seed of his literary aspiration. ^[7]

An important event was his discovery in 1886 of the Oakland Public Library and a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith (who later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). Ina Coolbrith (born Josephine Donna Smith ( March 10, 1841 - February 29, 1928) was a Poet, writer librarian and a prominent and

In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out of this gruelling labor, he borrowed money from his black foster-mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. For the military definition of sloop see Sloop-of-war. For the open learning project see SLOOP Project. Oyster pirate is a name given to persons who engage in the Poaching of Oysters It was a term that became popular on both the west and east coasts of the In John Barleycorn he claims to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. John Barleycorn is an Autobiographical novel by Jack London dealing with his struggles with Alcoholism. ^[8][9][10] After a few months his sloop became damaged beyond repair. He switched to the side of the law and became a member of the California Fish Patrol.

In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. A schooner (ˈskuːnɚ is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts Schooners were first used by the When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U After gruelling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, he joined Kelly's Army and began his career as a tramp. Kelly's Army is the western contingent of Coxey's Industrial Army of the Unemployed better known as Coxey's Army, which marched on Washington DC in 1894

In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo. County of Erie, commonly referred to as Erie County, is a county located in the U Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. In The Road, he wrote:

"Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say 'unprintable'; and in justice I must also say 'unthinkable'. They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them. "

After many experiences as a hobo, and as a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School, where he contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was "Typhoon off the coast of Japan", an account of his sailing experiences.

Jack London desperately wanted to attend the University of California and, in 1896 after a summer of intense cramming, did so; but financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897 and so he never graduated. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Kingman says that "there is no record that Jack ever wrote for student publications there". ^[11]

Gold rush and first success

On July 25, 1897, Jack London and his brother-in-law, James Shepard, sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he would later set his first successful stories. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Klondike Gold Rush, infrequently referred to as the Yukon Gold Rush or Alaska Gold Rush, was a frenzy of Gold rush Immigration to and for London's time in the Klondike, however, was quite detrimental to his health. Like so many others malnourished while involved in the Klondike Gold Rush, he developed scurvy. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans His gums became swollen, eventually leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his abdomen and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with scars that would forever remind him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Fortunately for him and others who were suffering with a variety of medical ills, a Father William Judge, "The Saint of Dawson," had a facility in Dawson which provided shelter, food and any available medicine. Father William Judge was a Jesuit priest who during the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush established a facility in Dawson which provided shelter food London survived the hardships of the Klondike, and these struggles inspired what is often called his best short story, To Build a Fire (v. i. ).

His landlords in Dawson were two Yale and Stanford-educated mining engineers Marshall and Louis Bond. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Their father Judge Hiram Bond was a wealthy mining investor. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring on political issues as a camp pastime.

Jack left Oakland a believer in the work ethic with a social conscience and socialist leanings and returned to become an active proponent of socialism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution He also concluded that his only hope of escaping the work trap was to get an education and "sell his brains". Throughout his life he saw writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.

On returning to Oakland in 1898, he began struggling seriously to break into print, a struggle memorably described in his novel, Martin Eden. Martin Eden ( 1909) is a novel by American author Jack London, about a struggling young writer His first published story was the fine and frequently anthologized "To the Man On Trail". When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—Jack London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, "literally and literarily I was saved" when The Black Cat accepted his story "A Thousand Deaths", and paid him $40—the "first money I ever received for a story".

Jack London was fortunate in the timing of his writing career. He started just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public, and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, the equivalent of perhaps over $200,000 today. His career was well under way.

Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either "Batard" or "Diable" in two editions of the same basic story. A cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog. The dog, out of revenge, kills the man. He told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals and he would show this in another short story.

"On January 26, 1903, Jack London submitted the completed manuscript of The Call of the Wild to the Saturday Evening Post. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting On February 12 the editor agreed to purchase the story if he would cut it by five thousand words, and they asked him to set his price. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Jack agreed to shorten it and set the price at three cents a word. On March 3 he received a check for seven hundred and fifty dollars. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Twenty-two days later Macmillan bought the book rights for two thousand dollars with a promise to give it extensive advertising. At the time it seemed a very sensible thing to do. His previous books had not hit the best seller lists, and neither he nor Macmillan New York publisher George Platt Brett, Sr. had any idea that The Call of the Wild would do much better. George Platt Brett Sr (1859-1936 was a British-born chairman and publisher of the American division of Macmillan Publishing. If Jack had known at the time that his book would become a classic in American literature, and the royalties from it would have made him wealthy, he would have bargained differently. Yet, without the extensive promotional program, it could have easily become just another dog book. The answer will never be known, but Jack never regretted his decision, feeling that the extra promotion by Macmillan had been a major factor in its success. " ^[12]

This short story for the Saturday Evening Post The Call of the Wild ran away in length. The story begins on an estate in Santa Clara Valley and features a St. See Silicon Valley for a discussion of the technological aspects of the Santa Clara Valley Bernard/Collie mix named Buck. In fact the opening scene is a description of the Bond family farm and Buck is based on a dog he was lent in Dawson by his landlords. London visited Marshall Bond in California having run into him again at a political lecture in San Francisco in 1901.

While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, London met poet George Sterling and in time they became best friends. Lake Merritt is a large tidal lagoon that lies just east of downtown Oakland California. George Sterling ( 1 December 1869 - 17 November 1926) was an American Poet based in California who during his In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. Piedmont is a small extremely affluent city in Alameda County, California, United States. In his letters London addressed Sterling as "Greek" owing to his aquiline nose and classical profile, and signed them as "Wolf". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). The Valley of the Moon ( 1913) is a novel by American writer Jack London (as well as the mythic and romantic name for the wine-growing Sonoma

In later life Jack London indulged his very wide-ranging interests with a personal library of 15,000 volumes, referring to his books as "the tools of my trade. "^[13]

First marriage (1900-1904)

Jack London married Bessie Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. Stasz says "Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children. "^[14] Kingman says "they were comfortable together …. Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage. "^[15]

During the marriage, Jack London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing "Dane Kempton's" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while Jack, writing "Herbert Wace's" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasts two women he has known:

[The first was] a mad, wanton creature, wonderful and unmoral and filled with life to the brim. My blood pounds hot even now as I conjure her up … [The second was] a proud-breasted woman, the perfect mother, made preeminently to know the lip clasp of a child. You know the kind, the type. "The mothers of men", I call them. And so long as there are such women on this earth, that long may we keep faith in the breed of men. The wanton was the Mate Woman, but this was the Mother Woman, the last and highest and holiest in the hierarchy of life. ^[16]

Wace declares:

I propose to order my affairs in a rational manner …. Wherefore I marry Hester Stebbins. I am not impelled by the archaic sex madness of the beast, nor by the obsolescent romance madness of later-day man. I contract a tie which reason tells me is based upon health and sanity and compatibility. My intellect shall delight in that tie. ^[17]

Analyzing why he "was impelled toward the woman" he intends to marry, Wace says:

it was old Mother Nature crying through us, every man and woman of us, for progeny. Her one unceasing and eternal cry: PROGENY! PROGENY! PROGENY!^[18]

In real life, Jack's pet name for Bess was "Mother-Girl" and Bess's for Jack was "Daddy-Boy". ^[19] Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie (later called Becky), on October 20, 1902. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Both children were born in Piedmont, California, where London also wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. Piedmont is a small extremely affluent city in Alameda County, California, United States. The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London.

Captions to pictures in a photo album, reproduced in part in Joan London's memoir, Jack London and His Daughters, published posthumously, show Jack London's unmistakable happiness and pride in his children. Joan London (1901&ndash1971 was the eldest daughter of Jack and Bess London his first wife But the marriage itself was under continuous strain. Kingman (1979) says that by 1903 "the breakup … was imminent …. Bessie was a fine woman, but they were extremely incompatible. There was no love left. Even companionship and respect had gone out of the marriage. " Nevertheless, "Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage. "^[20]

According to Joseph Noel (1940), "Bessie was the eternal mother. She lived at first for Jack, corrected his manuscripts, drilled him in grammar, but when the children came she lived for them. Herein was her greatest honor and her first blunder. " Jack complained to Noel and George Sterling that "she's devoted to purity. When I tell her morality is only evidence of low blood pressure, she hates me. She'd sell me and the children out for her damned purity. It's terrible. Every time I come back after being away from home for a night she won't let me be in the same room with her if she can help it. ". ^[21] Stasz writes that these were "code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease. "^[22]

On July 24, 1903, Jack London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out; during 1904 Jack and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on ^[23]

Second marriage

After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge, in 1905. The Cruise of the Snark (1911 is a non-fictional illustrated book by Jack London chronicling his sailing adventure in 1907 across the south Pacific in Charmian Kittredge London ( November 27 1871 - January 14 1955) was Jack London 's second wife London was introduced to Kittredge by his MacMillan Publisher, George Platt Brett, Sr., while Kittredge served as Brett's secretary. George Platt Brett Sr (1859-1936 was a British-born chairman and publisher of the American division of Macmillan Publishing. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian "Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match. " Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and on to Australia. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 8 months beginning in December 1915. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Jack had contrasted the concepts of the "Mother Woman" and the "Mate Woman" in The Kempton-Wace letters. ^[24] His pet name for Bess had been "mother-girl;" his pet name for Charmian was "mate-woman. "^[25] Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Victoria Claflin Woodhull ( September 23, 1838 &ndash June 9, 1927) was an American suffragist who was publicized ^[26] Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality; Noel slyly—"a young woman named Charmian Kittredge began running out to Piedmont with foils, still masks, padded breast plates, and short tailored skirts that fitted tightly over as nice a pair of hips as one might find anywhere;" Stasz directly—"Finding that the prim and genteel lady was lustful and sexually vigorous in private was like discovering a secret treasure;"^[27] and Kershaw coarsely—"At last, here was a woman who adored fornication, expected Jack to make her climax, and to do so frequently, and who didn't burst into tears when the sadist in him punched her in the mouth. "^[28]

Noel (1940) calls the events from 1903 to 1905 "a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen. . . . London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance. "^[29] In broad outline, Jack London was restless in his marriage; sought extramarital sexual affairs; and found, in Charmian London, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. During this time Bessie and others mistakenly perceived Anna Strunsky as her rival, while Charmian mendaciously gave Bessie the impression of being sympathetic.

They attempted to have children. However, one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.

In 1906, he published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the big earthquake. Collier's Weekly was an American Magazine founded by Peter Fenelon Collier and published from 1888 to 1957 It is said that Jack saved over 1000 lives by dragging children from their houses as they burned.

Beauty Ranch (1910-1916)

In 1910, Jack London purchased a 1,000 acre (4 km²) ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain, for $26,450. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Glen Ellen is a Census-designated place (CDP in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County California, USA. Sonoma County, located on the northern coast of California, is one of the northernmost counties of the nine county Greater San Francisco Bay Area, U Sonoma Mountain is a prominent Landform within the Sonoma Mountains of southern Sonoma County California. He wrote that "Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me. " He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: "I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate. " After 1910, his literary works were mostly potboilers, written out of the need to provide operating income for the ranch. Joan London writes "Few reviewers bothered any more to criticize his work seriously, for it was obvious that Jack was no longer exerting himself. Joan London (1901&ndash1971 was the eldest daughter of Jack and Bess London his first wife "

Clarice Stasz writes London "had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden … he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom. " He was proud of the first concrete silo in California, of a circular piggery he designed himself. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities

The ranch was, by most measures, a colossal failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Kevin Starr (born 3 September 1940 in San Francisco) is an American Historian, best-known for his multi-volume series on the history Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916, and says "He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail …. London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby. "

Jack London's last visit to Hawai‘i,^[30] from December 1915, lasted eight months during which he met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili‘uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. The Big Kahuna redirects here For the film see The Big Kahuna (film. Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole of Hawaii ( March 26 1871 &ndash January 7, 1922) was a prince of the reigning House of Kalākaua Liliuokalani ( September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) born Lydia Liliu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaeha, was the last He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. Renal failure or kidney

The ranch is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the Jack London National State Park, also known as Jack London Home and Ranch, is a California State Historic Park near Glen Ellen, California,

Accusations of plagiarism

Jack London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism not only because he was such a conspicuous and successful writer, but also because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, "expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention. " He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. Sinclair Lewis ( February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American Novelist, Short-story writer and

Egerton R. Young claimed The Call of the Wild was taken from his book My Dogs in the Northland. The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London. Jack London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.

In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: Jack London's "Moon-Face," in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris's "The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock", in Century. " Moon-Face " is a Short story by Jack London, first Published in 1902 Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr ( March 5 1870 – October 25 1902) was an American novelist during the Progressive Era, writing Newspapers paralleled the stories, which London characterizes as "quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive. " Jack London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. Subsequently it was discovered a year earlier, one Charles Forrest McLean had published another fictional story based on the same incident.

In 1906, the New York World published "deadly parallel" columns showing eighteen passages from Jack London's short story "Love of Life" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K Macdonald entitled "Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun. " According to London's daughter Joan, the parallels "[proved] beyond question that Jack had merely rewritten the Biddle account. Joan London (1901&ndash1971 was the eldest daughter of Jack and Bess London his first wife " Responding, London noted the World did not accuse him of "plagiarism," but only of "identity of time and situation," to which he defiantly "pled guilty. " London acknowledged his use of Biddle, cited several other sources he used, and stated, "I, in the course of making my living by turning journalism into literature, used material from various sources which had been collected and narrated by men who made their living by turning the facts of life into journalism. "

The most serious incident involved Chapter 7 of The Iron Heel, entitled "The Bishop's Vision. The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 " This chapter is almost identical to an ironic essay Frank Harris published in 1901, entitled "The Bishop of London and Public Morality. Frank Harris ( February 14, 1856 &ndash August 27, 1931) was a naturalised American Author of British origin editor, " Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. Jack London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the genuine Bishop of London. Joan London characterized this defense as "lame indeed. Joan London (1901&ndash1971 was the eldest daughter of Jack and Bess London his first wife "^[31]

Political views

Socialism

London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. Origins The party was founded in Newark New Jersey, in 1876 as the Workingmen's Party of America. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty year old London giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America, and ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist nominee for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published collections of essays about socialism (The War of the Classes, 1905; Revolution, and other Essays, 1910). The Socialist Party of America (SPA was a socialist Political party in the United States. London explains why he became a socialist in his essay, "How I Became a Socialist. " His socialist views began as he viewed people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard work than necessary. He writes his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters "Yours for the Revolution". ^[32]

In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the "inefficient Italian workers" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so "because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle. "

Stasz notes that "London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution "^[33] Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912^[34]

Influence on writing

A socialist viewpoint is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. William Dudley Haywood (February 4 1869&ndashMay 18 1928 better known as Big Bill Haywood, was a prominent figure in the American labor movement. The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 No theorist or intellectual socialist, Jack London's socialism came from his life experience.

In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes without empathy about appeals to him for membership on the Snark's crew from office workers and other "toilers" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.

In an unflattering portrait of Jack London's ranch days, Kevin Starr (1973) refers to this period as "post-socialist" and says "… by 1911 … London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit. " Starr maintains London's socialism

always had a streak of elitism in it, and a good deal of pose. He liked to play working class intellectual when it suited his purpose. Invited to a prominent Piedmont house, he featured a flannel shirt, but, as someone there remarked, London's badge of solidarity with the working class "looked as if it had been specially laundered for the occasion. " [Mark Twain said] "It would serve this man London right to have the working class get control of things. He would have to call out the militia to collect his royalties. "

Racial views

London shared common Californian concerns about Asian immigration and "the yellow peril" (which he used as the title of an essay he wrote in 1904). Yellow Peril (sometimes Yellow Terror) was a color metaphor for race that originated in the late nineteenth century with Immigration of Chinese [3] However, many of Jack London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexicans (The Mexican), Asian (The Chinago,) and Hawaiian (Koolau the Leper) characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel "Cherry," show he greatly admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September

In London's 1902 novel, Daughter of the Snows the character Frona Welse states the following lines (scholar Andrew Furer, in a long essay exploring the complexity of London's views, says there is no doubt that Frona Welse is here acting as a mouthpiece for London):

We are a race of doers and fighters, of globe-encirclers and zone-conquerors …. While we are persistent and resistant, we are made so that we fit ourselves to the most diverse conditions. Will the Indian, the Negro, or the Mongol ever conquer the Teuton? Surely not! The Indian has persistence without variability; if he does not modify he dies, if he does try to modify he dies anyway. The Teutons or Teutones (from Proto-Germanic * Þeudanōz) were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors The Negro has adaptability, but he is servile and must be led. As for the Chinese, they are permanent. All that the other races are not, the Anglo-Saxon, or Teuton if you please, is. All that the other races have not, the Teuton has.

In Jack London's 1904 essay, The Yellow Peril, he writes: "The Korean is the perfect type of inefficiency—of utter worthlessness. The Chinese is the perfect type of industry"; "The Chinese is no coward"; "[The Japanese] would not of himself constitute a Brown Peril …. The menace to the Western world lies, not in the little brown man; but in the four hundred millions of yellow men should the little brown man undertake their management. " He insists:

Back of our own great race adventure, back of our robberies by sea and land, our lusts and violences and all the evil things we have done, there is a certain integrity, a sternness of conscience, a melancholy responsibility of life, a sympathy and comradeship and warm human feel, which is ours, indubitably ours …

Yet even within this essay Jack London's inconsistency on the issue makes itself clear. After insisting "our own great race adventure" has an ethical dimension, he closes by saying

it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.

In "Koolau the Leper," London has one of his characters remark:

Because we are sick [the whites] take away our liberty. We have obeyed the law. We have done no wrong. And yet they would put us in prison. Molokai is a prison. . . . It is the will of the white men who rule the land. . . . They came like lambs, speaking softly. . . . To-day all the islands are theirs.

London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of "superman" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as "indomitable spiritually—a . . . magnificent rebel".

An amateur boxer and avid boxing fan, London was a sort of celebrity reporter on the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight, in which the black boxer Jack Johnson vanquished Jim Jeffries, the "Great White Hope". Arthur John Johnson (March 31 1878 – June 10 1946 better known as Jack Johnson and nicknamed the “Galveston Giant” was an American boxer and Jim Jeffries may refer to James J Jeffries, world heavyweight boxing champion Jim Jeffries, Australian comedian Earlier, he had written:

[Former white champion] Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face … Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.

Earlier in his boxing journalism, however, in 1908, according to Furer, London praised Johnson highly, contrasting the black boxer's coolness and intellectual style, with the apelike appearance and fighting style of his white opponent, Tommy Burns: "what . . . [won] on Saturday was bigness, coolness, quickness, cleverness, and vast physical superiority. . . Because a white man wishes a white man to win, this should not prevent him from giving absolute credit to the best man, even when that best man was black. All hail to Johnson. " Johnson was "superb. He was impregnable . . . as inaccessible as Mont Blanc. "

A passage from Jerry of the Islands depicts a dog as perceiving white man's superiority:

He was that inferior man-creature, a nigger, and Jerry had been thoroughly trained all his brief days to the law that the white men were the superior two-legged gods. (pg 98).

Michael, Brother of Jerry features a comic Jewish character who is avaricious, stingy, and has a "greasy-seaming grossness of flesh".

Those who defend Jack London against charges of racism like to cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913:

In reply to yours of August 16,1913. First of all, I should say by stopping the stupid newspaper from always fomenting race prejudice. This of course, being impossible, I would say, next, by educating the people of Japan so that they will be too intelligently tolerant to respond to any call to race prejudice. And, finally, by realizing, in industry and government, of socialism—which last word is merely a word that stands for the actual application of in the affairs of men of the theory of the Brotherhood of Man.
In the meantime the nations and races are only unruly boys who have not yet grown to the stature of men. So we must expect them to do unruly and boisterous things at times. And, just as boys grow up, so the races of mankind will grow up and laugh when they look back upon their childish quarrels. ^[35]

In Yukon in 1996, after the City of Whitehorse renamed two streets to honor Jack London and Robert Service, protests over London's racialist views forced the city to change the name of "Jack London Boulevard" back to "Two-mile Hill. Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Whitehorse (ˈʍaɪthɔrs ( 2006 population 20461 CA population 22898 (formerly White Horse until 1957 - 03-21) is the Robert Service may refer to Robert W Service (1874–1958 poet Robert Service (historian, (born 1947 a British historian "^[36]

Death

Jack London's death is controversial. Many older sources describe it as a suicide, and some still do. ^[37] However, this appears to be at best a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, also known as uremic poisoning. Uremia is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure (also called renal failure He died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year ^[38] It is known he was in extreme pain and taking morphine, and it is possible that a morphine overdose, accidental or deliberate, may have contributed. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Clarice Stasz, in a capsule biography, writes "Following London's death, for a number of reasons a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature. "^[39]

Suicide does figure in London's writing. In his autobiographical novel Martin Eden, the protagonist commits suicide by drowning. Martin Eden ( 1909) is a novel by American author Jack London, about a struggling young writer In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, having drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, "some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me", and drifted for hours intending to drown himself, nearly succeeding before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. An even closer parallel occurs in the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, in which the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal and untreatable gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by means of morphine. The Little Lady of the Big House ( 1915) is a Novel by American writer Jack London. These accounts in his writings probably contributed to the "biographical myth".

Biographer Russ Kingman concluded that London died "of a stroke or heart attack. " In support of this, he wrote a general letter on the letterhead of The Jack London Bookstore (which he owned and ran), handing it out to interested parties who wandered in asking questions. The letter offers many facts discrediting the theories of both "suicide by morphine overdose" and "uremic poisoning".

Jack London's ashes are buried, together with those of his second wife Charmian (who died in 1955), in Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Jack London National State Park, also known as Jack London Home and Ranch, is a California State Historic Park near Glen Ellen, California, Glen Ellen is a Census-designated place (CDP in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County California, USA. The simple grave is marked only by a mossy boulder.

Works

Short stories

Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes[4]:

London's true métier was the short story …. London's true genius lay in the short form, 7,500 words and under, where the flood of images in his teeming brain and the innate power of his narrative gift were at once constrained and freed. His stories that run longer than the magic 7,500 generally—but certainly not always—could have benefited from self-editing.

London's "strength of utterance" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. (In contrast, many of his novels, including The Call of the Wild, are weakly constructed, episodic, and resemble linked sequences of short stories).

"To Build a Fire" is the best known of all his stories. "To Build a Fire" is a Short story by American author Jack London. It tells the story of a new arrival to the Klondike who stubbornly ignores warnings about the folly of travelling alone. He falls through the ice into a creek in seventy-below weather, and his survival depends on being able to build a fire and dry his clothes, which he is unable to do. The famous version of this story was published in 1908. Jack London published an earlier and radically different version in 1902, and a comparison of the two provides a dramatic illustration of the growth of his literary ability. Labor (1994) in an anthology says that "To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story. "^[40]

Other stories from his Klondike period include: "All Gold Canyon", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; "The Law of Life", about an aging man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; and "Love of Life", about a desperate trek by a prospector across the Canadian taiga. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Prospecting is the physical search for Minerals Fossils precious metals or mineral specimens and is also known as Fossicking. Claim Jumper is a Restaurant chain headquarted in Irvine California with 45 locations in Arizona, California, Illinois,

"Moon Face" invites comparison with Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart". Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Tell-Tale Heart " is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe first published in 1843

Jack London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer himself. Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, "A Piece of Steak" is an evocative tale about a match between an older boxer and a younger one. "The Mexican" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice in order to earn money with which to aid the Mexican revolution.

A surprising number of Jack London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. "The Unparalleled Invasion" describes germ warfare against China; "Goliah" revolves around an irresistible energy weapon; "The Shadow and the Flash" is a highly original tale about two competitive brothers who take two different routes to achieving invisibility; "A Relic of the Pliocene" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium "The Red One", a late story from a period London was intrigued by the theories of Jung, tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. His dystopian novel, The Iron Heel, meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 Soft science fiction, or soft SF, like its complementary opposite Hard science fiction, is a descriptive term that points to the role and nature of the

Novels

Jack London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London. This article is about the novel For films and other uses see White Fang (disambiguation. The Sea-Wolf is a Novel written in 1904 by American author Jack London. The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 Martin Eden ( 1909) is a novel by American author Jack London, about a struggling young writer ^[41]~

In a letter, date 27 Dec 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr. said "he believe Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work ' done in America. George Platt Brett Sr (1859-1936 was a British-born chairman and publisher of the American division of Macmillan Publishing. " ^[42]

Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem," editor Franklin Walker said that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn," and novelist E. L. Doctorow called it "a mordant parable … his masterpiece. The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London. Walden (first published as Walden or Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known Non-fiction books written Edgar Lawrence Doctorow (born January 6, 1931, New York New York) is an American Author whose critically acclaimed and award winning fiction "

Nevertheless, as Dale L. Walker[5] commented:

Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed.

It is often observed his novels are episodic and resemble a linked series of short stories. Walker writes:

The Star Rover, that magnificent experiment, is actually a series of short stories connected by a unifying device … Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel-like form by their reappearing protagonist, Kit Bellew; and John Barleycorn … is a synoptic series of short episodes. The Star Rover is a novel by American writer Jack London published in 1915 (published in the United Kingdom as The Jacket) John Barleycorn is an Autobiographical novel by Jack London dealing with his struggles with Alcoholism.

Even The Call of the Wild, which Walker calls a "long short story", is picaresque or episodic. The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London.

Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that "the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen … the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime. Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24 1842 &ndash 1914? was an American Editorialist Journalist, short-story writer and Satirist. The Sea-Wolf is a Novel written in 1904 by American author Jack London. " However, he noted, "The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful. "

The Iron Heel is interesting as an example of a dystopian novel which anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel Jack London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here.

Martin Eden is a novel about a struggling young writer. Martin Eden ( 1909) is a novel by American author Jack London, about a struggling young writer

Nonfiction and autobiographical memoirs

He was commissioned to write The People of the Abyss (1903), an exposé of the slum conditions in which the poor lived in the capital of the British Empire. The People of the Abyss (1903 is a book by Jack London about life in the East End of London in 1902

The Road (1907) is a series of tales and reminiscences of Jack London's hobo days. It relates the tricks that hoboes used to evade train crews, and reminisces about his travels with Kelly's Army. He credits his story-telling skill to the hobo's necessity of concocting tales to coax meals from sympathetic strangers.

Jack London's autobiographical book of "alcoholic memoirs", John Barleycorn, was published in 1913. John Barleycorn is an Autobiographical novel by Jack London dealing with his struggles with Alcoholism. Recommended by Alcoholics Anonymous, it depicts the outward and inward life of an alcoholic. Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) is an informal meeting society for recovering and recovered alcoholics, with the stated purpose to help its members "to stay sober and The passages depicting his interior mental state, which he called the "White Logic", are among his strongest and most evocative writing. The question must, however, be raised: is it truly against alcohol, or a love hymn to alcohol? He makes alcohol sound exciting, dangerous, comradely, glamorous, manly. In the end, when he sums it up, this is the total he comes up with:

And so I pondered my problem. I should not care to revisit all these fair places of the world except in the fashion I visited them before. Glass in hand! There is a magic in the phrase. It means more than all the words in the dictionary can be made to mean. It is a habit of mind to which I have been trained all my life. It is now part of the stuff that composes me. I like the bubbling play of wit, the chesty laughs, the resonant voices of men, when, glass in hand, they shut the grey world outside and prod their brains with the fun and folly of an accelerated pulse.
No, I decided; I shall take my drink on occasion.

As nonfiction, John Barleycorn should be taken with a grain of salt. Memoirist Joseph Noel (who is quite unflattering toward Jack London) quotes a friend of London's as saying:

Jack has a right to put out as his life story anything he likes, but he lays himself open to just criticism to those who know, when he draws on his imagination for his facts. If he is writing fiction, as in "Martin Eden," that is all right. . . This "John Barleycorn" of his, however, is not disguised. It is put out as fact. It tells who Jack London is, and of his bouts with liquor, and his reactions. Nearly every line of it provokes thought, but the incidents in many cases are untrue. I know them to be untrue. They are like spurious coins found in a cash drawer supposed to contain good money. ^[43]

The Cruise of the Snark (1911) is a memoir of Jack and Charmian London's 1907-1909 voyage across the Pacific. The Cruise of the Snark (1911 is a non-fictional illustrated book by Jack London chronicling his sailing adventure in 1907 across the south Pacific in Charmian Kittredge London ( November 27 1871 - January 14 1955) was Jack London 's second wife His descriptions of "surf-riding", which he dubbed a "royal sport", helped introduce it to and popularize it with the mainland. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders London writes:

Through the white crest of a breaker suddenly appears a dark figure, erect, a man-fish or a sea-god, on the very forward face of the crest where the top falls over and down, driving in toward shore, buried to his loins in smoking spray, caught up by the sea and flung landward, bodily, a quarter of a mile. It is a Kanaka on a surf-board. And I know that when I have finished these lines I shall be out in that riot of colour and pounding surf, trying to bit those breakers even as he, and failing as he never failed, but living life as the best of us may live it.

Apocrypha

Jack London Credo

Jack London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a "Jack London Credo" in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories:

I would rather be ashes than dust!

I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot.

I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.

The function of man is to live, not to exist.

I shall not waste my days trying to prolong them.

I shall use my time.

Clarice Stasz^[44] notes that the passage "has many marks of London's style". Shepard did not cite a source. The words he quotes appeared in a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, 2 December 1916 by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes "Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.

The phrase "I would rather be ashes than dust" appears in an inscription he wrote in an autograph book.

In the short story "By The Turtles of Tasman," a character, defending her ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father to her antlike uncle, says: "… my father has been a king. He has lived …. Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes. "

The Scab

A short diatribe on "The Scab" is often quoted within the U. S. labor movement and frequently attributed to Jack London. It opens:

After God had finished the rattlesnake, the toad, and the vampire, he had some awful substance left with which he made a scab. A scab is a two-legged animal with a corkscrew soul, a water brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue. Where others have hearts, he carries a tumor of rotten principles. When a scab comes down the street, men turn their backs and Angels weep in Heaven, and the Devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out. . . . "^[45]

This passage figured in a 1974 Supreme Court case, in which justice Thurgood Marshall quoted the passage in full and referred to it as "a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London. Thurgood Marshall ( July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American Jurist and the first African American " A union newsletter had published a "list of scabs," which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the "definition of a scab. " The case turned on the question of whether the "definition" was defamatory. The court ruled that "Jack London's. . . 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join," and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. ^[45]

The passage does not seem to appear in Jack London's published work. He once gave a speech entitled "The Scab"^[46] which he published in his book The War of the Classes, but this speech contains nothing similar to the "corkscrew soul" quotation and is completely different from it in content, style, and tone. Generally Jack London did not use demotic language in his writing except in dialogue spoken by his characters.

In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed a passage virtually identical to the first three sentences of the "scab" diatribe, except that the type of individual being vilified varies: God uses the awful substance to make, not a "scab," but a "knocker," or a "stool pigeon," or a "scandal monger. " None of these sources name any author.

A 1913 Fort Worth newspaper columnist quotes the "Rule Review" as saying "After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which he made the knocker. "^[47] A Macon Georgia paper published three full sentences of the definition of a "knocker. "^[48]

A 1914 Duluth newspaper article, reporting on a trial, has the defense using this passage as a definition of a "stool pigeon. "^[49]

In 1914 the New Age Magazine, quoted a paragraph from The Eastern Star, another Masonic publication. This passage, too, is virtually identical to the first three sentences of the "Scab" diatribe, except that it defines the "scandal monger. "^[50]

One online source, no longer accessible, gave a chain of citations which credits the diatribe as having been published in The Bridgeman, official organ of the Structural Iron Workers, which in turn credited the Elevator Constructor, official journal of the International Union of Elevator Constructors, which credited the Oregon Labor Press as publishing it in 1926.

Might is Right

Anton LaVey's Church of Satan claims that "Ragnar Redbeard," pseudonymous author of the 1896 book Might is Right, was Jack London. Anton Szandor LaVey, (April 11 1930 &ndash October 24 1997 born Howard Stanton Levey, was the American Founder and High Priest of the LaVeyan Might Is Right, or The Survival of the Fittest, is a book by apparently pseudonymous author Ragnar Redbeard Might Is Right, or The Survival of the Fittest, is a book by apparently pseudonymous author Ragnar Redbeard No London biographers mention any such possibility. Rodger Jacobs published an essay ridiculing this theory, arguing that in 1896 London was unfamiliar with philosophers heavily cited by "Redbeard," such as Nietzsche, and had not even begun to develop his mature literary style. ^[51]

B. Traven

The enigmatic novelist B. Traven, best known in the U. B Traven (dates unknown possibly 1890-1969 was the Nom de plume of an enigmatic Twentieth Century Novelist whose most famous work is the novel The Treasure S. as the author of The Death Ship (1926) and The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1927), was hailed as "the German Jack London". The Death Ship ( German title Das Totenschiff) is a Novel by the pseudonymous author known as B The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1927 Novel by the mysterious German-English bilingual author B His politics, themes, writing style, and settings bear a recognizable resemblance to Jack London's.

Traven kept his identity secret during his life. Almost every commentator on Traven mentions in passing a fanciful speculation that Traven actually was London. It is not clear whether this suggestion was ever made seriously. No London biographer has even bothered to mention it. Any serious assertion that Jack London authored Traven's best-known novels would need to reconcile their publication dates with London's death certificate which states that London died in 1916. Supporters of this theory suggest that London only pretended to have died. ^[52]

The identification of Traven with London is one of many such speculations - another unlikely one being Ambrose Bierce. Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24 1842 &ndash 1914? was an American Editorialist Journalist, short-story writer and Satirist. In a 1990 interview Traven's widow identified Traven as Ret Marut, a left-wing revolutionary in Germany during World War I. ^[53]

Bibliography

Novels

• A Daughter of the Snows (1902)
• The Call of the Wild (1903)
• The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) Published anonymously, co-authored by Jack London and Anna Strunsky. A Daughter of the Snows (1902 is Jack London 's first novel Set in the Yukon, it tells the story of Frona Welse "a Stanford graduate The Call of the Wild is a Novel by American writer Jack London. The Kempton-Wace Letters was a 1903 epistolary novel by Jack London and Anna Strunsky.
• The Sea-Wolf (1904)
• The Game (1905)
• White Fang (1906)
• Before Adam (1907)
• The Iron Heel (1908)
• Martin Eden (1909)
• Burning Daylight (1910)
• Adventure (1911)
• The Scarlet Plague (1912)
• A Son of the Sun (1912)
• The Abysmal Brute (1913)
• The Valley of the Moon (1913)
• The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914)
• The Star Rover (1915, published in England under the title The Jacket)
• The Little Lady of the Big House (1916)
• Jerry of the Islands (1917)
• Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917)
• Hearts of Three (1920, novelization by Jack London of a movie script by Charles Goddard)
• The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963, half-completed by Jack London; completed by Robert Fish)

Short story collections

• Son of the Wolf (1900)
• Children of the Frost (1902)
• Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906)
• Smoke Bellew (1912)
• The Turtles of Tasman (1916)

Autobiographical memoirs

• The Road (1907)
• John Barleycorn (1913)

Nonfiction and essays

• The People of the Abyss (1903)
• Revolution, and other Essays (1910)
• The Cruise of the Snark (1911)

Short stories

• A Curious Fragment (1908)
• A Piece of Steak (1909)
• A Relic of the Pliocene (1901)
• A Thousand Deaths (1899)
• An Odyssey of the North (1900)
• All Gold Canyon
• Diable—A Dog (1902), renamed to Bâtard in 1904
• By The Turtles of Tasman
• Even unto Death (1900)
• Goliah (1910)
• Good-by, Jack (1909)
• In a Far Country (1899)
• In the Forests of the North (1902)
• Keesh, Son of Keesh (1902)
• Love of Life (1905)
• Moon-Face (1902)
• Negore the Coward (1904)
• Samuel
• South of the Slot (1909)
• The Apostate (1906)
• The Chinago (1909)
• The Death of Ligoun (1902)
• The Dream of Debs (1909)
• The Dominant Primordial Beast (1903)
• The Enemy of All the World (1908)
• The God of His Fathers (1901)
• The King of Mazy May (1899)
• The Law of Life (1901)
• The Leopard Man's Story (1903)
• The Madness of John Harned
• The Man With the Gash (1900)
• The Mexican
• The Minions of Midas (1901)
• The One Thousand Dozen (1903)
• The Red One (1918)
• The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone (1899)
• The Scarlet Plague (1912)
• The Seed of McCoy (1909)
• The Shadow and the Flash (1903)
• The Strength of the Strong (1911)
• The Sundog Trail
• The Unparalleled Invasion (1910)
• The White Silence (1899)
• To Build a Fire (1902, revised 1908)
• Told in the Drooling Ward
• To the Man on Trail
• War (1911)
• When the World was Young (1910)
• Who Believes in Ghosts! (1895)

Plays

• The Acorn Planter: a California Forest Play (1916)

References

Sources

• Hamilton, David (1986). The Tools of My Trade: Annotated Books in Jack London's Library. University of Washington. ISBN 0-295-96157-0.   Stasz[6] describes this as "Comments on 400 books in London's personal library, and their relationship to particular writings. An exceptional guide to London's intellectual influences. "
• Herron, Don (2004). The Barbaric Triumph: A Critical Anthology on the Writings of Robert E. Howard. Wildside Press. ISBN 0-8095-1566-0.  
• Howard, Robert E. (1989). Robert E. Howard Selected Letters 1923-1930. West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press. ISBN 0-940884-26-7.  
• Labor, Earle (ed. ) (1994). The Portable Jack London. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-14-017969-0.  
• London, Jack; Anna Strunsky [1903] (2000). The Kempton-Wace Letters. Czech Republic: Triality. ISBN 80-901876-8-4.   (Reprint; originally published anonymously by the Macmillan Company, 1903). Complete original edition also available as page images at Google Books[7].
• London, Joan (1939). Jack London and His Times. Doubleday, Doran. Library of Congress 39-33408.  
• Lord, Glenn (1976). The Last Celt: A Bio-Bibliography of Robert E. Howard. West Kingston, RI: Donald Grant.  
• Kingman, Russ (1979). A Pictorial Life of Jack London. Crown Publishers, Inc. (original); also "Published for Jack London Research Center by David Rejl, California" (same ISBN). ISBN 0-517-54093-2.  
• Noel, Joseph (1940). Footloose in Arcadia: A Personal Record of Jack London, George Sterling, Ambrose Bierce. New York: Carrick and Evans.  
• Pizer, Donald (ed. ) (1982). Jack London : Novels and Stories. Library of America. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. ISBN 978-0-94045005-9.   Includes : The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, eleven "Selected Klondike Short Stories," thirteen other "Selected Short Stories"
• Pizer, Donald (ed. ) (1982). Jack London: Novels and Social Writing. Library of America. The Library of America (LoA is a Nonprofit Publisher of classic American literature. ISBN 978-0-94045006-6.   Includes The People of the Abyss, The Road, The Iron Heel, Martin Eden, John Barleycorn, and his essays How I Became a Socialist, The Scab, The Jungle, and Revolution.
• Raskin, Jonah (ed.) (2008). Jonah Raskin (born January 3, 1942) an American writer who left an East Coast university teaching position to participate in the 1970s radical counterculture The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution. University of California Press. ISBN 0520255461.  
• Stone, Irving (1938) Sailor on Horseback''. Dale L. Walker notes[8]: "Sailor on Horseback was a massively flawed book …. The author depended too much on London's fiction … to recreate the author's life …. Stone the novelist could not escape novelizing Sailor on Horseback (later editions were more factually subtitled A Biographical Novel). "
• Starr, Kevin (1973) Americans and the California Dream 1850-1915. Oxford University Press. 1986 reprint: ISBN 0-19-504233-6
• Stasz, Clarice [1988] (1999). American Dreamers: Charmian and Jack London. toExcel (iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska). ISBN 0-595-00002-9.  
• Stasz, Clarice (2001). Jack London's Women. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-301-8.  

External links

• Works by Jack London at Project Gutenberg
• The Jack London Collection Site featuring Information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Jack London Book Collection Photos of Jack London's first edition books
• The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings
• Jack London - his life and books Capsule biography from Jack London State Park website
• Jack London State Historic Park
• The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive
• Obituary, New YorkTimes, November 23, 1916 Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch
• IMDB entry for Jack London (1943 film]]
• IMDB entry on CBC miniseries Tales of the Klondike
• Jack London Stories Transcriptions of short stories from original magazines including the original artwork
• 'Utility and Beauty Should be One.' Article about Jack London's Beauty Ranch 1. The year 1943 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films (U 4 mb

Persondata
NAME	London, Jack
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American writer of fiction and non-fiction; Journalist
DATE OF BIRTH	January 12, 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH	San Francisco, California, United States
DATE OF DEATH	November 22, 1916
PLACE OF DEATH	Glen Ellen, California, United States

Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Glen Ellen is a Census-designated place (CDP in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County California, USA. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

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