Jack Kemp Jr.
1996 Republican Vice Presidential nominee
In office August 16, 1996 – November 5, 1996
Running mate	Bob Dole
Opponent(s)	Bill Clinton/Al Gore
Preceded by	Dan Quayle
Succeeded by	Dick Cheney
9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
In office February 13, 1989 – January 19, 1993
President	George H. W. Bush
Preceded by	Samuel Pierce
Succeeded by	Henry Cisneros
Congressman New York's 31st congressional district
In office 1983 – 1989
Preceded by	Donald J. Mitchell
Succeeded by	Bill Paxon
Congressman New York's 38th congressional district
In office 1973 – 1983
Preceded by	James F. Hastings
Succeeded by	District 38 eliminated
Congressman New York's 39th congressional district
In office 1971 – 1973
Preceded by	Richard D. McCarthy
Succeeded by	James F. Hastings
Born	July 13, 1935 (1935-07-13) (age 72) Los Angeles, California
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Joanne Kemp
Children	Jeff (July 11, 1959 (1959-07-11) (age 48)) Jennifer (b. The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4 1947 is an American politician and a former Senator from the state of Indiana. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Samuel Riley Pierce Jr ( September 8, 1922 - November 19, 2000) was Ronald Reagan 's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Gabriel Cisneros (born June 11, 1947) is an American politician businessman and community leader The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The 31st Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. Donald Jerome Mitchell ( May 8, 1923 - September 27, 2003) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives L William Paxon (born April 29, 1954) commonly known as Bill Paxon, is a former U The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The 38th Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. James Fred Hastings (born April 10, 1926) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The 39th Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. Richard Dean McCarthy ( September 24, 1927 - May 5, 1995) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives James Fred Hastings (born April 10, 1926) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Jeffrey Allan Kemp (born July 11, 1959 in Santa Ana California) is a former professional American football Quarterback from Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. c. 1961) Judith (b. c. 1963) Jimmy (June 27, 1971 (1971-06-27) (age 36))
Alma mater	Occidental College
Profession	Professional American football player; Politician
Religion	Presbyterian
Website	http://www.kemppartners.com/principals-jk1.htm

Jack French Kemp, Jr. Jimmy Kemp (Born June 27, 1971) is a former CFL Quarterback. He is the brother of former NFL quarterback Jeff Kemp and Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Occidental College is a small private coeducational liberal arts college located in Los Angeles California. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity (born July 13, 1935) is an American politician and former professional American football player. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with In the 1996 election, Kemp was Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole's running mate for Vice President. The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death He had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. -->The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties Kemp began his political career with nine terms as a Congressman for Western New York, from 1971 to 1989. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Western New York refers to the westernmost region of New York State. He also served as Housing Secretary in the George H. W. Bush administration. The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993

Before politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years in the National Football League (NFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) and American Football League (AFL). Quarterback ( QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. The Canadian Football League (CFL ( Ligue canadienne de football (LCF in Note There were three earlier and unrelated major American professional football leagues of the same name One in 1926, one in 1936-1937 and one in 1940-1941 He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive AFL championship. In team sports a captain is a title given to the member of the team The San Diego Chargers are a professional American football team based in San Diego California. The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo New York Metropolitan area, playing seven of their home games in the suburb He played in the AFL for all ten years of its existence, appeared in its All-star game seven times, played its championship game five times, and set most AFL career-passing statistical records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. Kemp served in the United States Army Reserve during his early football years. The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army.

Kemp is an economic conservative, advocating low taxes and supply-side policies. Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for Kemp's positions span the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition of abortion to his more liberal stances advocating immigration reform. An Immigration reform is the common term used in political discussions regarding changes to Immigration policy. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable as both the molder of the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (known as the Kemp–Roth tax cut). Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (also known as ERTA or the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut) was "A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage economic

Since his days in political office, Kemp has remained active as a political advocate and commentator as well as served on corporate and non-profit organization boards. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage He has promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp is the benefactor of Pepperdine University's Jack F. A benefactor is a person who gives some form of help to benefit a person group or organization (the Beneficiary, often gifting a monetary contribution in the form of an Pepperdine University is a private University of higher learning affiliated with the Churches of Christ. Kemp Institute of Political Economy. He has authored, co-authored, and edited several books.

Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Youth 1.2 College 2 Marriage and family 3 Football career 3.1 Chargers era (1960–1962) 3.2 Lou Saban era (1962–1965) 3.3 Joe Collier era (1966–1968) 3.4 John Rauch era (1969) 3.5 Career summary 4 Political career 4.1 Congress (1971–1989) 4.2 Presidential bid (1988) 4.3 Cabinet (1989–1993) 4.4 Post-HUD years (1993–1996) 4.5 Vice Presidential nomination (1996) 4.6 Legacy 5 Post-political life 6 Election Results 6.1 Congressional elections 6.2 Presidential elections 7 Books 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links

Early life

Youth

Kemp, who was born, raised and educated in Los Angeles, California,^[1] is the third of Paul and Frances Kemp's four sons. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. ^[2][3] Paul turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to fourteen trucks. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Messenger Service is a network-based system notification service included in some versions of Microsoft Windows. ^[4][5] Frances was a well-educated social worker as well as a Spanish teacher. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies ^[5][2] Jack grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles,^[6][3] but his tight-knit middle class family practiced in the Church of Christ, Scientist. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Wilshire (pronounced wilsher by residents is a region of the City of Los Angeles, California. West Los Angeles (also known as West LA or the Westside) comprises the Los Angeles city communities of Bel Air, Beverly Crest The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. The Church of Christ Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston Massachusetts, USA, by Mary Baker Eddy, author of the book Science and Health with ^[3][2] In his youth, sports consumed Kemp, who once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions, although his mother attempted to culture him with piano lessons and trips to the Hollywood Bowl. In several forms of Football a forward pass is when the ball is thrown in the direction of the opponent's end line The Hollywood Bowl is a famous modern Amphitheatre in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles California, USA, that is used primarily for music Performances ^[2]

Kemp attended Fairfax High School,^[1] which is known both for its historically high concentration of Jewish students and for producing celebrities. Fairfax High School is a Los Angeles Unified School District high school located in Los Angeles California, USA, near the border of West Hollywood Over 95 percent of Kemp's classmates were Jewish and he became a supporter of Jewish causes. ^[1] Boasting an alumni of notable actors, athletes, and musicians, Fairfax is noted by celebrity-seeking guides. ^[7] Herb Alpert, Larry Sherry and Judith A. Reisman are among the 1935-born alumni of this school, which is located on Melrose Avenue. Herbert "Herb" Alpert (born March 31, 1935) is an American Musician most associated with the group variously known as Herb Alpert Lawrence Sherry ( July 25 1935 - December 17 2006) was an American Right-handed Relief pitcher in Major Please view the Wikipedia Manual of Style regarding naming conventions at WikipediaNAMES#Academic_titles before editing here Melrose Avenue is a well-known Los Angeles street that starts from Santa Monica Boulevard at the border between Beverly Hills and West Hollywood ^[8][9] Kemp learned to embrace diversity and hard work during his experience working with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. Kemp's habit of rigorous reading, which would become important later, showed in high school where he read history and philosophy books. ^[1]

College

After graduating high school in 1953,^[10] he attended Occidental College, a founding member of NCAA Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Occidental College is a small private coeducational liberal arts college located in Los Angeles California. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations Division III (or DIII) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. Current member schools The member schools are Former member schools There are four schools that once participated in SCIAC athletic ^[11] Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which would help him to aspire to be a professional quarterback. A formation in American football refers to the position players line up in before the start of a down. ^[3] At 5 feet 10 inches (1. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 78 m) and 175 pounds (79. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass 4 kg), he considered himself to be too small to play for the major Southern California college football programs (USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins). Southern California, or So Cal, is defined as the southern portion of the U College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies The USC Trojans football program established in 1888, is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division The UCLA Bruins football program competes in NCAA Division I-A and is a member of the Pacific-10 Conference. ^[12]

At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back, place kicker and punter. For the athletic event see Javelin throw. For other uses see Javelin (disambiguation A javelin is a light Spear designed In American football and Canadian football, defensive backs are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage they Placekicker, or simply kicker ( PK or K) is the title of the player in American and Canadian football who is responsible for the A punter ( P) in American or Canadian football is a Special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and ^[12] During his years as starting quarterback the team posted 6–2 and 3–6 records. Kemp was named a Little All-American one year and threw for over 1,100 yards in a season. An All-American "team" is an honorary Sports team composed of outstanding Amateur players those considered the best players of a specific season for ^[12] Kemp and close friend Jim Mora, who would become an NFL head coach, were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. James Earnest Mora (born May 24 1935 in Glendale California) is the former head coach of the USFL 's Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars and the NFL's New For the coaching strategy game see NFL Head Coach. A head coach is a professional who is responsible for the overall actions of This article is about the student fraternity in the United States ^[12] Kemp declined to become involved in student government. ^[12]

Although he was near-sighted, Kemp was tenacious on the field. Myopia (from Greek: μυωπία myopia "near-sightedness" also called near- or short-sightedness, is a refractive defect In a game against Pomona College, his team trailed by a large margin before he led them to three scoring drives. Pomona College is a private residential liberal arts college located in Claremont California. After kicking an extra point following the final scoring drive, he turned to his teammate and said, "I guess we won. In American and Canadian football, the convert, conversion, try, extra point, point after touchdown, point-after try "^[12] However, he could not see the scoreboard and did not realize that they had not. A scoreboard is a large board for publicly displaying the score in a game or match ^[12] Kemp performed post-graduate study at Long Beach State University and California Western University, and he served in the military from 1958–1962. ^[3] Kemp, who earned a degree in physical education from Occidental, took graduate economics classes at the two schools in an effort to improve himself. ^[12]

Marriage and family

Kemp graduated from Occidental in 1957 and married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart,^[5] after she graduated from Occidental in 1958. ^[3] Joanne had grown up in Fillmore, California and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County. Fillmore is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Fillmore High is a secondary school that is located in the Santa Clara River Valley in Fillmore California. Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the US state of California ( Southern California) ^[13] Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding,^[12] and after the marriage, Kemp became a Presbyterian. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity ^[3]

They have two sons, both of whom were professional football quarterbacks: Jeff Kemp played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,^[14] and Jimmy Kemp played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. Jeffrey Allan Kemp (born July 11, 1959 in Santa Ana California) is a former professional American football Quarterback from Jimmy Kemp (Born June 27, 1971) is a former CFL Quarterback. He is the brother of former NFL quarterback Jeff Kemp and They also have two daughters: Jennifer and Judith. ^[15] Jeff, Jennifer and Judith are each two years apart and Jimmy is eight years younger than Judith. ^[2] As of June 2006, the Kemps had 16 grandchildren. ^[16] Kemp's opposition to abortion is partially affected by his wife's miscarriage. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined ^[17]

Football career

Jack Kemp
Position(s): QB	Jersey #(s): 15
Born: July 13, 1935 (1935-07-13) (age 72) Los Angeles, California
Career Information
Year(s): 1957-1969
NFL Draft: 1957 / Round: 17 / Pick: 203
College: Occidental
Professional Teams
NFL Pittsburgh Steelers (1957) CFL Calgary Stampeders (1959) AFL L.A./San Diego Chargers (1960–1962) AFL Buffalo Bills (1962–1969)
Career Stats
TD–INT	114–183
Yards	21,218
QB Rating	57. In American football, each team has 11 players on the field at one time Quarterback ( QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. In team Sports the squad number, shirt number, jersey number, sweater number, or uniform number is the Number Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In an organised Sports league, a season is the portion of one Year in which regulated Games of the sport are in session The 1969 American Football League season was the tenth regular season of the American Football League and the last one before the AFL-NFL Merger. The NFL Draft is an annual Sports draft in which NFL teams select newly-eligible players for their rosters The 1957 National Football League Draft was held on November 27 1956 This is a List of Athletic Conferences of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA Occidental College is a small private coeducational liberal arts college located in Los Angeles California. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. The 1957 NFL season was the 38th Regular season of the National Football League. The Canadian Football League (CFL ( Ligue canadienne de football (LCF in The Calgary Stampeders are a Canadian Football League team based in Calgary Alberta. The 1959 CFL season was the sixth season in modern Canadian professional football although officially it was the second season of the Canadian Football League. Note There were three earlier and unrelated major American professional football leagues of the same name One in 1926, one in 1936-1937 and one in 1940-1941 The San Diego Chargers are a professional American football team based in San Diego California. The 1960 NFL season was the 41st Regular season of the National Football League. The 1962 NFL season was the 43rd Regular season of the National Football League. The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo New York Metropolitan area, playing seven of their home games in the suburb The 1962 NFL season was the 43rd Regular season of the National Football League. The 1969 NFL season was the 50th Regular season of the National Football League, and the last one before the AFL-NFL Merger. A touchdown is the primary method of scoring in American and Canadian football. Passer rating (known as passing efficiency or pass efficiency in NCAA football) is a measure of the performance of Quarterbacks or any other passers 3
Stats at NFL.com
Career Highlights and Awards
7x AFL All Star (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969) 5x TSN All-AFL (1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966) AFL Champion (1964, 1965) Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame AFL MVP (AP, 1965) AFL Championship Game MVP (1965) Records and Leaderships AFL career regular season passing attempts AFL career regular season passing completions AFL career regular season passing yards AFL career championship game passing attempts AFL career championship game passing completions AFL career championship game passing yards AFL yards per attempt (1960, 1964)

Kemp, a 17th round 1957 NFL Draft choice by the Detroit Lions, was cut from the team before the 1957 NFL season began. The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo New York Metropolitan area, playing seven of their home games in the suburb The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio The 1957 National Football League Draft was held on November 27 1956 The Detroit Lions are an American football team based in Detroit Michigan. The 1957 NFL season was the 38th Regular season of the National Football League. ^[12][18] He spent 1957 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and 1958 on the taxi squad of the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers. The 1957 NFL season was the 38th Regular season of the National Football League. The 1958 NFL season was the 39th Regular season of the National Football League. The Taxi squad identifies a backup group of National Hockey League (NHL or minor league Ice hockey players who are designated for replacing injured players during The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York City suburb of East Rutherford New Jersey. The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team During his taxi squad tenure, he was third-string quarterback, never taking the field,^[2] for the New York Giants who lost the first overtime NFL playoff game, the 1958 NFL Championship Game against the Baltimore Colts at Yankee Stadium. Overtime is an additional period of play specified under the rules of a Sport in order to bring the game to a decision and avoid declaring the contest a tie or draw Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed change to all featured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The Indianapolis Colts are a professional football team based in Indianapolis Indiana. The original Yankee Stadium is a Stadium located in The Bronx in New York City. ^[19]

After his time in the NFL, Kemp served a year as a private in the United States Army Reserve. A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. ^[3] During this time, he played one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959. The Calgary Stampeders are a Canadian Football League team based in Calgary Alberta. The Canadian Football League (CFL ( Ligue canadienne de football (LCF in Kemp had been cut by five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers and Stampeders). ^[12] According to his older brother Tom, the family attempted to encourage him to get on with his life after he bounced around the NFL and his parents drove him from California to Calgary, Alberta only to see him get cut. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 ^[2] On February 9 and February 11, 1960, the newly-formed AFL agreed to a "no tampering" policy with the NFL and CFL respectively to keep from stealing star players. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thus, players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were common AFL signees at the time. ^[20] Kemp signed as a free agent with the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers. In Professional sports a free agent is a team player whose contract with a team has expired and the player is able to sign a contract with another team if that player Note There were three earlier and unrelated major American professional football leagues of the same name One in 1926, one in 1936-1937 and one in 1940-1941 The San Diego Chargers are a professional American football team based in San Diego California.

Chargers era (1960–1962)

In 1960, Kemp led the Los Angeles Chargers to a Western Division championship with a 10–4 record. The 1960 American Football League season was the inaugural regular season of the American Football League ^[21] Kemp finished second to Frank Tripucka in the major passing statistics (attempts, completions, and yards), led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked, and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead in the eight-team AFL. Francis (Frank Joseph Tripucka ( The Trip) (born December 8, 1927 in Bloomfield New Jersey) was an American football Quarterback In several forms of Football a forward pass is when the ball is thrown in the direction of the opponent's end line In American football and Canadian football, the sack occurs when the Quarterback is tackled behind the Line of scrimmage before he ^[22] Kemp and Tripucka became the AFL's first 3,000-yard passers in the inaugural 14-game schedule 1960 season. ^[23] Kemp led an offense that averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored over 41 points in five of their last nine games. ^[24] In the 1960 AFL Championship game, Kemp led the team to field goals on their first two possessions, but when the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers would never regain the lead. AFL Championship Game:Houston Oilers 24 Los Angeles Chargers 16 January 1, 1961, Jeppesen Stadium A field goal (formerly "goal from the field" in US football and Canadian football is a goal that may be scored during general play ("from The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville Tennessee. A touchdown is the primary method of scoring in American and Canadian football. ^[25]

In 1961, San Diego Union editor Jack Murphy convinced Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from Los Angeles to San Diego. Division Races The AFL had 8 teams grouped into two divisions The San Diego Union-Tribune is a daily Newspaper published in San Diego California, by the Copley Press. Jack Murphy ( February 5, 1923 &ndash September 24, 1980) was a sports editor and columnist for the San Diego Union newspaper William Barron Hilton I (born October 23 1927 is an American heir and Hotelier, co-chairman of the Hilton Hotel chain and the original owner of ^[26] Kemp led the relocated Chargers to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division championship. ^[27] Kemp again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda). George "The Fossil" Blanda (born September 17 1927, Youngwood Pennsylvania) is a former American football Placekicker and ^[28] The team earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers. AFL Championship Game:Houston Oilers 10 San Diego Chargers 3 December 24, 1961, Balboa Stadium However, this time the Chargers were unable to score until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss. ^[27][29]

The Berlin Wall was erected in August 1961. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including On October 15, 1961, President John F. Kennedy activated Kemp's San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company reserves unit for duty in response. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of In September, the right-handed Kemp had injured his left shoulder while playing football. Medical examiners found swelling and muscle spasms in his left shoulder and described his voluntary range of motion at 80 percent. A coroner is an official responsible for investigating deaths particularly some of those happening under unusual circumstances and determining the cause of death A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a Muscle, a group of muscles or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden Contraction of an Orifice Range of motion or ( ROM) as used in the Biomedical and Weightlifting communities is the measurement of the achievable distance between the flexed position The Surgeon General of the United States Army reviewed recommendation by Army doctors that Kemp be excused from service. This article is about the senior physician in the US Army For the head of the U Kemp underwent a second physical at a San Francisco Army hospital. Physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which a Health care provider investigates the body of a Patient for signs The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Kemp's 1961 Chargers roommate and Pro Football Hall of Famer, Ron Mix was denied a deferment but sympathized with Kemp. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the Hall of fame of the National Football League (NFL Ronald Jack Mix (born on March 10, 1938) in Los Angeles California was an American football player Kemp led the 1961 Chargers to a division title, passing for 2,686 yards and 15 touchdowns. He cited lingering effects from a later knee injury as the reason he had to fly first-class at Government expense as the Housing Secretary from 1989 to 1992. ^[30]

The Chargers drafted Lance Alworth and John Hadl in the 1962 AFL Draft. Lance Dwight Alworth (born August 3, 1940) is a former American football Wide receiver. John Willard Hadl (born February 15, 1940 in Lawrence Kansas) is a former professional American football player Boston Patriots draft picks (Selected sixth Buffalo Bills draft picks (Selected fourth Dallas Texans draft picks (Selected third Denver ^[31] Kemp won two AFL Western Division championships with the Chargers, but in a rare blunder by head coach Sid Gillman, Kemp was put on waivers to try to "hide" him when he was unable to play due to a broken middle finger after two games in 1962. The San Diego Chargers are a professional American football team based in San Diego California. For the coaching strategy game see NFL Head Coach. A head coach is a professional who is responsible for the overall actions of Sidney "Sid" Gillman ( October 26, 1911 - January 3, 2003) was an American football coach and innovator The 1962 American Football League season was the third regular season of the American Football League ^[32]

Lou Saban era (1962–1965)

Buffalo Bills coach Lou Saban noticed Kemp was available on waivers and claimed him for the $100 waiver fee on September 25, 1962,^[33] one of the biggest bargains in pro football history. The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo New York Metropolitan area, playing seven of their home games in the suburb Louis Henry Saban (born October 13, 1921) is a retired football player and coach Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[18] The AFL commissioner, Joe Foss, awarded Kemp to the Bills, who along with the Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos attempted to claim Kemp. Joseph Jacob "Joe" Foss (April 17 1915&ndashJanuary 1 2003 was a leading " ace " fighter pilot in the United States Marine Corps during The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City Missouri. The Denver Broncos are a professional American football team based in Denver, Colorado. ^[34] The signing solved the Bills' quarterback problem according to Billy Shaw. William Lewis "Billy" Shaw (born December 15, 1938 in Natchez Mississippi) was an American college and professional football ^[18] According to Van Miller, Kemp was not excited about coming to Buffalo: "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. Van Miller (born 1927 is a retired former radio and television sports announcer from Dunkirk New York. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo. "^[35] During his football career at Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including those by Henry Thoreau, which led to chidings from Saban. ^[1]

Injuries, including a broken finger,^[33] kept Kemp from playing for most of the 1962 season. Linwood Wray Carlton (born June 18, 1937 in Wallace North Carolina) is a former American football player who played professionally in both That season, Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War and received a draft waiver because of a knee problem. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia A waiver is the voluntary relinquishment or Surrender of some known Right or Privilege. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 18, 1962 by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football team based in the city of Oakland California. ^[33] He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but he still made the AFL All-Star team. The 1962 American Football League season was the third regular season of the American Football League All-League Teams The Sporting News published American Football League All-League Teams for each season ^[33] The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1. ^[36]

On December 14, 1962, the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay Wisconsin. Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States Daryle Pat Lamonica (born July 17, 1941 in Fresno, California) is a former collegiate and professional American football Quarterback ^[33] In 1963, a four-season battle for the starting quarterback position began that continued until Lamonica left for the Raiders. The 1963 American Football League season was the fourth regular season of the American Football League Lamonica felt he ". . .  learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills. "^[18] Saban suspected Al Davis of spying on the 0–3–1 Bills and made his team practice using false numbers. Allen "Al" Davis (born July 4 1929 in Brockton Massachusetts) is a Jewish-American Football executive, who currently serves as the ^[37] That week, the Bills went on to win their first game of the season over the Raiders. ^[37] In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record. ^[38] Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns. Carlton Chester "Cookie" Gilchrist (born May 25, 1935 in Brackenridge Pennsylvania) was an American football player in the American ^[39] The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28, 1963 at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo, New York in 10 °F (−10 °C) weather. The New England Patriots, commonly called the " Pats " by sports writers and fans are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston Eastern Division playoff:Boston Patriots 26 Buffalo Bills 8 December 28, 1963, War Memorial Stadium Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. War Memorial Stadium (affectionately known as The Rockpile) is the name of a Stadium that formerly stood in Buffalo New York. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. During the game, the Bills replaced Kemp with Lamonica after falling behind 16–0. ^[40] The Bills lost 26–8.

Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills, and he kept the peace. ^[18] In 1964, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, who Kemp kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. The 1964 American Football League season was the fifth regular season of the American Football League The negotiated apology was an early sign of his political abilities. ^[18] Kemp also managed the politics of the quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games. ^[41] The 1964 team relied on a running game of 250-pound (113. 4 kg) Gilchrist and 220-pound (99. 8 kg) Wray Carlton as well as a defense that set records for rushing yards, rushing TD's and quarterback sacks. Linwood Wray Carlton (born June 18, 1937 in Wallace North Carolina) is a former American football player who played professionally in both The team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for the regular season. The team won the Eastern division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks. Sid Blanks (born April 29 1940 in Del Rio Texas) is a retired American college and professional football player ^[42] In the 1964 championship game, he scored the final touchdown with just over nine minutes left in the 20–7 victory. AFL Championship Game:Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 7 December 26, 1964, War Memorial Stadium ^[43]

According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a different emphasis: "In '64 we had depended a lot on Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us.  .  . But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs. A running back ( RB) is the position of a player on an American or Canadian football team who usually lines up in the offensive backfield. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year. "^[18] In 1965, the Bills finished with a 10–3–1 record. The 1965 American Football League season was the sixth regular season of the American Football League ^[44] Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions. ^[45] Kemp felt the 1965 AFL Championship game victory was special because it came against his former team, the Chargers. 150px|right AFL Championship Game:Buffalo Bills 23 San Diego Chargers 0 December 26, 1965, Balboa Stadium, San ^[46]

Kemp led the Bills to a repeat league championship in 1965 without the 1964 AFL leader in rushing attempts, yards and touchdowns, Gilchrist, (who had been traded to the Broncos)^[18] and with the 1964 yards per reception leader, Elbert Dubenion, only playing three games. In American football, rushing has two different meanings Offense Best Record-Breaking Performance ESPY Award --> Elbert Dubenion (nicknamed "Duby" or "Golden Wheels" (born February 16, 1933 in Griffin Georgia) was an American football ^[42][47] This earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, Paul Lowe. Paul Edward Lowe (born September 27, 1936 in Homer Louisiana) is a retired American football Running back who played for the Kemp earned the Associated Press award,^[48] while Lowe won The Sporting News and United Press International awards. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Sporting News (previously The Sporting News, and known colloquially as TSN) is an American -based Sports ^[49] Kemp also earned the AFL Championship Game MVP. ^[50]

Joe Collier era (1966–1968)

Saban resigned to coach the Maryland Terrapins and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 AFL season. The Maryland Terrapins (commonly referred to as 'the Terps' is the intercollegiate football team that represents the University of Maryland in A defensive coordinator typically refers to a coach on an American football team who is in charge of the defense. Joel D Collier (born June 7, 1932) is a former American football coach. The 1966 American Football League season was the seventh regular season of the American Football League and one of the last before the AFL-NFL Merger ^[51] In 1966, Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the 1966 AFL Championship Game, which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I, the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7. Playoffs AFL Championship Game:Kansas City Chiefs 31 Buffalo Bills 7 January 1 The first AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, later to be known as Super Bowl I, was played on January 15, 1967 The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City Missouri. ^[52] Kemp was named as an AFL All-Star for the sixth consecutive year in 1966 (there was no 1960 All-Star game). ^[53] The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season. The 1967 American Football League season was the eighth regular season of the American Football League and one of the last before the AFL-NFL Merger ^[54] Kemp was not named to the All-Star game for the first time in his AFL career. ^[55]

The Bills suffered a blowout pre-season loss to the Houston Oilers on August 23, 1968. The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville Tennessee. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On August 26, Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Kemp's right knee and Kemp suffered an injury, which forced him to sit out the entire season. Roland Owen "Ron" McDole (born September 9, 1939 in Chester, Ohio) is a former American football Defensive end ^[56] The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp for the 1968 AFL season. The 1968 American Football League season was the ninth Regular season of the American Football League and it's ^[57]

John Rauch era (1969)

The Bills drafted and signed O.J. Simpson, and although Kemp returned from a year of injury, they only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 AFL season under new coach John Rauch. Orenthal James "O J" Simpson (born July 9 1947 who has also been called The Juice, is a retired American football player, The 1969 American Football League season was the tenth regular season of the American Football League and the last one before the AFL-NFL Merger. John "Johnny" Rauch ( August 20 1927 - June 10 2008) was an American football player and coach ^[58] Kemp was named as an AFL All-Star in 1969 for the seventh of the league's ten years. The 1969 American Football League season was the tenth regular season of the American Football League and the last one before the AFL-NFL Merger. ^[53] He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. Alvin Ray "Pete" Rozelle ( March 1 1926 – December 6 1996) was the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL The Ten-Year AFL Patch is a shoulder patch adapted for use on American Football League (AFL team uniforms In 1969, Kemp had a four-year no-cut contract, but the Erie County Republican Party approached him about running for the United States Congress. County of Erie, commonly referred to as Erie County, is a county located in the U The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses ^[18] After the January 17, 1970 AFL All-star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to run for Congress. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[59] Kemp said "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. . . .  I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress. "^[18]

Career summary

He led Buffalo to three straight Eastern Division titles as well as both the 1964 and the 1965 AFL championships. ^[6] Kemp had the most career passes attempted, most completions and most yards gained passing in the history of the AFL. ^[23] Kemp played in five of the ten AFL Championship games. He holds these same career-passing attempts, yards and completion records for the AFL Championship Game and is listed second for many other championship game statistics including career and single game passer rating. Passer rating (known as passing efficiency or pass efficiency in NCAA football) is a measure of the performance of Quarterbacks or any other passers ^[23] A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, he was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all ten years. Sporting News (previously The Sporting News, and known colloquially as TSN) is an American -based Sports The Sporting News published American Football League All-League Teams for each season played by the American Football League, 1960 through 1969 Kemp co-founded the AFL Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots, and was elected its president five times. Tom Addison (born April 12, 1936, Lancaster South Carolina) is a professional American football Linebacker (1960 &mdash 1967 The New England Patriots, commonly called the " Pats " by sports writers and fans are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston His founding of and involvement in the player's union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ^[1] He was one of only twenty players who were in the AFL for its entire ten-year existence.

Kemp twice led the AFL in yards per attempt and played all fourteen games in his final six AFL seasons (excluding 1968). ^[53] However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game. In American football and Canadian football, the sack occurs when the Quarterback is tackled behind the Line of scrimmage before he ^[60][61] Despite Kemp's AFL records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team. Joseph William Namath (born May 31 1943, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania) also known as Broadway Joe or Joe Willie, is a former Leonard Ray "Len" Dawson (born June 20, 1935 in Alliance Ohio) is a former American football Quarterback from Purdue ^[23] His number 15 was retired by the Bills in 1984. ^[62]

Political career

"Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy. An effigy is a representation of a person especially in the form of Sculpture. " —Jack Kemp[63]

Kemp's political career began long before his 1970 campaign. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to San Diego Union editor and future Richard Nixon aide, Herb Klein. The San Diego Union-Tribune is a daily Newspaper published in San Diego California, by the Copley Press. Herbert "Herb" Klein is an American Democratic Party Politician, who represented New Jersey's Eighth Congressional district ^[1] Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in both Barry Goldwater's 1964 Presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan's 1966 successful California Gubernatorial campaign. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses In the 1967 football off-season, Kemp worked on Governor Reagan's staff in Sacramento. In 1969, he was special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman. The Republican National Committee (RNC provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. ^[3] Kemp is a voracious reader, and his foundation came from early readings of Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, Ayn Rand libertarian novels, such as The Fountainhead, and Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. The Conscience of a Conservative is a book published under the name of Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential candidate Ayn Rand (ˈaɪn ˈrænd &ndash March 6 1982 born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум was a Russian born American The Fountainhead is a 1943 Novel by Ayn Rand. It was Rand's first major literary success and its Royalties and movie rights Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist The Constitution of Liberty is one of the most important books by Austrian economist and Nobel Prize recipient Friedrich A ^[64] Kemp's ability to work with blacks and his stands on racial equality came from playing football with black teammates: Kemp said "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader John Robert Lewis (born February 21, 1940) is an American politician and was a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do. "^[3] Kemp's football colleagues confirmed this influence: John Mackey, explained that "The huddle is colorblind. In Sport, a huddle is when a team gathers together usually in a tight circle to strategise motivate and/or celebrate "^[65] Kemp felt that he was a representative of his football compatriots. ^[66]

Congress (1971–1989)

Kemp, a self-described "bleeding-heart conservative",^[5] represented a part of the Buffalo region that is known as the southtowns and that traditionally voted Democratic in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. The South Towns or Southtowns is a region of Western New York that lies within the Snowbelt or Ski country and includes southern suburbs of. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ^[67] The Erie County, New York Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman, Richard D. McCarthy, decided to run for the United States Senate. County of Erie, commonly referred to as Erie County, is a county located in the U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Richard Dean McCarthy ( September 24, 1927 - May 5, 1995) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives ^[3] During his political birth, his district was in economic malaise, and The New York Times described him as a John F. Kennedy throwback who campaigned on family values, patriotism, sports and defense. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Family values is a political and social concept used in various cultures to describe values that are believed to be traditional in that culture and in support of the idea Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country ^[4] Upon his election to the congress in a class of sixty-two freshman, he was one of six interesting newcomers (along with Ronald Dellums, Bella Abzug, Louise Day Hicks, Robert Drinan, and Pete du Pont) discussed in Time magazine. Ronald Vernie "Ron" Dellums (born November 24 1935 is the current Mayor of Oakland, California Bella Savitsky Abzug ( July 24, 1920 &ndash March 31, 1998) was a American Congresswoman and a leader of the women’s movement Anna Louise Day Hicks ( October 16, 1916 &ndash October 21, 2003) was an American politician and lawyer from Boston Massachusetts Father Robert Frederick Drinan, SJ ( November 15 1920 &ndash January 28 2007) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (born January 22 1935) is an American Lawyer and Politician from Delaware Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The article described him as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as a man who White House Adviser Robert Finch as well as former Kemp boss Herb Klein, Nixon's Director of Communications, advised. Robert Hutchison Finch ( October 9 1925 - October 10 1995) was a Republican Politician from La Canada Flintridge California The Nixon aides helped Kemp firm up his military support by encouraging Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies. Operation Menu was the codename of a covert US Strategic Air Command (SAC bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 ^[68]

Kemp championed several Chicago school and supply-side economics issues: economic growth, free markets, free trade, tax simplification and lower tax rates on both work and investment. Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Tax reform is the process of changing the way Taxes are collected or managed by the Government. In a Tax system and in Economics, the tax rate describes the burden Ratio (usually expressed as a Percentage) at which a business or person is ^[69] He was a long-time proponent of the flat tax. A flat tax (short for flat rate tax is a Tax system with a constant tax rate ^[70] Kemp also defended the use anti-Communist forces in Central America, supported the gold standard, spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize enterprise zones,^[3] which he supported to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold An Urban Enterprise Zones ( UEZ s also known as Enterprise Zones encourage development in blighted neighborhoods by offering entrepreneurs and investors tax and regulatory An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome Job creation programs are programs or Project undertaken by a Government or State of a Nation in order to achieve assist the population Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local ^[69][71] During his career, he sometimes sounded like a liberal Democrat:^[4] he supported affirmative action,^[72][73] and he supported rights for illegal immigrants. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country ^[74] The New York Times described Kemp as the most proactive war on poverty combatant since Robert Kennedy. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a ^[75] Kemp differed from Rockefeller Republicans and earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson, since Kemp supported incentive-based systems instead of traditional social programs. In the politics of the United States of America the Rockefeller Republican s were a faction of Republicans who held liberal views similar to those of the late ^[4] For his commitment to inner city concerns from within the Republican party, David Gergen heralded him as a "courageous voice in the wilderness. David Richmond Gergen (born May 9, 1942) is best known as a political consultant and presidential advisor during the administrations of Nixon "^[76] Although he is liberal on many social issues, he is not on gay rights. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian ^[17] Kemp at times felt his role was as a "freewheeling, entrepreneurial, wildcatting backbencher. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome For other meanings see Backbench A backbencher is a Member of Parliament (MP or a legislator who does not hold governmental "^[77]

Time magazine identified 38 year-old second-term congressman Kemp as a future leader in its 1974 "Faces for the Future. "^[78] An early-career notable magazine appearances was in the October 24, 1978 issue of Esquire. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Esquire is a Men's magazine by the Hearst Corporation with a strong literary tradition ^[12][79] The article explained allegations of 1967 Sacramento office Reagan staffer homosexual activity that Kemp has been cleared of. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. ^[2] Hugh Sidey mentioned him as a contender to unseat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Hugh Sidey ( September 3, 1927 – November 21, 2005) was an American Journalist and worked for Life magazine James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan ^[80] Kemp was a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention,^[3][81] and he received 43 votes from conservative George H. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit Michigan, from July 14 W. Bush detractors. After being reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position,^[82] and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference. ^[1] This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working with Congress an economic package. David Alan Stockman (born November 10 1946) is a former US Politician and Businessman, serving as a Republican U ^[83][84] By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent. ^[2] He is as fondly remembered for his good hair and handsome looks as for his athletic prowess and political savvy,^[85] and he is described as having the charisma of the earlier J. F. K. ^[5][80] David Rosenbaum described Kemp as an independent politician who often legislated outside his committees' jurisdictions and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles rather than his party's political platforms. David E Rosenbaum ( March 1, 1942 &ndash January 8, 2006) was an American Journalist. A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended ^[3] As a supply-sider, he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as the solution. From a Keynesian point of view a balanced Budget in the Public sector is achieved when the government has enough fiscal discipline to be able to equate ^[3][86]

Kemp's original encounter with supply-side economics came in 1976 when Jude Wanniski, a The Wall Street Journal editorial writer, interviewed at Kemp's Congressional office. Jude Thaddeus Wanniski ( June 17, 1936, Pottsville Pennsylvania &ndash August 29, 2005, Morristown New Jersey) was an Kemp picked Wanniski's brain all day (all the way to Kemp's home in Bethesda, Maryland, at midnight) until Kemp was converted to University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer's supply-side discipline. Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Arthur Betz Laffer Sr (born August 14, 1940) in Youngstown Ohio, is a supply side Economist who became influential during the ^[3][87] Thereafter, Kemp espoused supply-side economics freely, and in 1978 he and William V. Roth, Jr. proposed tax-cutting legislation. For the United States Trade Representative see William M Roth. ^[3] Kemp was chiefly responsible for supply-side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan,^[88][89] although at the time of Robert Mundell's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some attributed much of the credit to Mundell, Arthur Laffer, Robert Bartley, and Jude Wanniski. Robert Alexander Mundell CC (born October 24, 1932) is a professor of economics at Columbia University. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially named The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk Arthur Betz Laffer Sr (born August 14, 1940) in Youngstown Ohio, is a supply side Economist who became influential during the Robert Leroy Bartley (October 12 1937 - December 10 2003 was the editor of the opinion page of The Wall Street Journal for more than 30 years ^[90] Although the realization of early 1980s tax cuts are attributed to Reagan, Kemp and Roth, through their Kemp-Roth Tax Cut legislation, initiated these cuts in 1981. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (also known as ERTA or the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut) was "A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage economic ^[3] Reagan's budget based on this legislation passed over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski. Committee of Ways and Means is the chief Tax -writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. Daniel David "Dan" Rostenkowski (born January 2, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois) is a former United States Representative from ^[91][92] At this time, Kemp wrote An American Renaissance (ISBN 0-06-012283-8), to deliver his message that "A rising tide lifts all boats. "^[93]

Kemp and his followers spent the Reagan years ignoring budget balancing while promoting both tax cuts and economic growth. ^[94][95] These tax cuts have been credited for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,^[96] the then largest peacetime expansion of the United States GDP,^[97][98] which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history. ^[99] Kemp notes that Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker's success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors. The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the central banking system of the United States and one of the most Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927 in Cape May New Jersey) is an American Economist In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time ^[100] Detractors note that the expansion was in undesirable sectors like gaming, prisons, medical treatment, and credit card use. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Therapy (in Greek: θεραπεία) or treatment, is the attempted Remediation of a health problem usually following a Diagnosis A credit card is part of a system of Payments named after the small Plastic card issued to users of the system ^[99]

In 1980, he considered opposing Republican United States Senator Jacob Javitz and was a potential Reagan running mate. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Jacob Koppel "Jack" Javits ( May 18, 1904 – March 7, 1986) was an American Politician who served as United States ^[3] An early Kemp tax reform attempt was an unsuccessful 1979 proposal to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations. Cost of living is the Cost of maintaining a certain Standard of living. ^[101] However, the 1980 Reagan campaign economic package included indexing along with three consecutive ten-percent annual tax cuts. ^[87] Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980. ^[102] One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax-cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was controversial and stimulated opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed. ^[103][104] In 1983, Kemp opposed the policies of Chairman Volcker on multiple occasions. The debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic ^[105][106]

Kemp delivered several speeches at the Republican National Convention. The Republican National Convention is the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States. He addressed the convention on July 15 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan and on August 21 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. The 1984 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened on August 20 to August 23, 1984, at Reunion Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. ^[107] During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee Chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G. Chester Trent Lott Sr (born October 9, 1941) is a former United States Senator from Mississippi and a member of the Republican Party Newton "Newt" Leroy Gingrich, (born Newton Leroy McPherson on June 17, 1943) is an American politician and author who served as the Speaker O. P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Howard Henry Baker Jr (born November 15, 1925) is a former Senate Majority Leader, Republican U ^[67] Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three platform planks that he proposed involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve. ^[108] Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as a draftsman was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes. ^[109][110] By 1985, Kemp was a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination. ^[111] He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. The 1992 National Convention of the Republican Party (GOP of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston Texas, from August Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. ^[112] Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in congress. ^[113]

Kemp has been a critic of the version of football known in the United States as soccer. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered ^[114] In 1986, during House floor debate concerning whether the United States should host the 1994 World Cup, Kemp proclaimed "I think it is important for all those young out there — who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands — [that] a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport. The 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 15th staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in the United States from June 17 to July 17 1994 American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with "^[115][116] Kemp has compared his speech to George Carlin's 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and has written that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech. George Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12 1937 – June 22 2008 was an American stand-up comedian, often considered one of the best of all time Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each ^[16] Despite the levity of the speech, it garners backlash to this day. ^[115][116] However, he continues to insist that soccer's main problem is "it doesn't have a quarterback". ^[16] Kemp notes that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claims to have since 'changed' his position on soccer. He even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with long time soccer fan Henry Kissinger, although he wrote during the 2006 World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but it is still a "boring game". The 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 15th staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in the United States from June 17 to July 17 1994 Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament ^[16]

Presidential bid (1988)

Main article: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988

In 1988, if Kemp had succeeded when he surrendered his congressional seat to run for President of the United States,^[3] it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield. 1988 Republican Party Presidential primaries and caucuses Vice President George H The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Abram Garfield (November 19 1831 September 19 1881 was the twentieth President of the United States. ^[117] When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins, Reagan's 1984 re-election political director, as an advisor. Edward J "Ed" Rollins (born March 19, 1943) is a Republican campaign consultant and advisor who has worked on a number of high-profile political ^[118] From the outset, Kemp clearly had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush. ^[64] Except for a select few cognoscenti,^[119] the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas. ^[64][120] In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves unfamiliar with Kemp early in his campaign. ^[119] Political pundits recognized him, however, as a visionary idea man. ^[121] In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker, who sometimes lost contact with his audience. ^[64] Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights clashed with conservative voters' social and religious values, and he committed to supporting minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming ^[64] To Democrats, Kemp's free-market philosophies were a form of laissez-faire anarchy. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” ^[122] However, as much as Kemp wanted to minimize government's role, he acknowledged that moves toward a more laissez-faire system should be well-thought out. ^[123]

After the May 1987 Gary Hart/Donna Rice scandal, a New York Times questionnaire requested things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. For the football player see Gary Hart (footballer. Gary Hart (born Gary Warren Hartpence, November 28, 1936 Donna Rice Hughes (born January 7, 1958) was a figure in the 1987 Sex scandal that ended the second presidential campaign A questionnaire is a Research instrument consisting of a series of Questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the personal privacy issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate". ^[124][125] His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire, but Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York. ^[2] Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it was quickly in the red,^[2] which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising technique. Matching funds is a term used to describe the requirement or condition that a generally minimal amount of money or services-in-kind originate from the beneficiaries of financial amounts Direct mail, also known as junk mail, advertising mail or admail, is the delivery of advertising material to recipients of postal Mail. ^[126] To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U ^[2][64] In attempt to position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on SDI. Freedom fighter is a term to describe those that engage in a struggle to achieve freedom for themselves or to free others in some matter Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America ^[127] Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a social security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old ^[128] Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in In the fall of 1987, political pundits clearly saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues. ^[129] Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF) was a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician With aspirations of support from the right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand. ^[130][131] By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates. Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22 1930 is a controversial Televangelist from the United States. ^[132]

He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention. ^[133] His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones. ^[5] In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics (ISBN 0553067311, Broadway, 1997), campaign chairman, Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles. ^[134] Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: he ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President Bush as well as both Dole and Pat Robertson ended his campaign. In the United States Super Tuesday, in general refers to the Tuesday in February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22 1930 is a controversial Televangelist from the United States. ^[5][3] After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice-President nomination. ^[135] In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Hamburg, New York to Bethesda, Maryland,^[136] where they now reside. Hamburg New York may refer to the following locations in Erie County New York, or to the village of New Hamburg Dutchess County New York on the east bank of the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Bethesda is an Unincorporated area in southern Montgomery County Maryland, just Northwest of Washington D ^[6] In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeded spending limits in Iowa and in New Hampshire, and for failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation. The Federal Election Commission (or FEC) is an independent regulatory agency that was founded in 1975 by the United States Congress to regulate the A civil penalty or civil fine is a term used to describe when a State entity or a Government agency seeks monetary relief against an individual as restitution The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. ^[137]

Cabinet (1989–1993)

As a bleeding-heart conservative, Kemp was a logical choice for Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,^[138] whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing. The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the Government, whether national Regional In Economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private Profit and is not controlled by the State. ^[139] However, the scandals of Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership. Samuel Riley Pierce Jr ( September 8, 1922 - November 19, 2000) was Ronald Reagan 's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ^[140] The goal of these two plans was to transition public housing into tenant owned residences and to lure both industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives. ^[141] Although Kemp did not affect much policy as HUD's director, he cleaned up HUD's reputation,^[140][142] and he developed a plan to salvage the troubled Federal Housing Administration. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA is a United States Government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. ^[143] He halted or revamped corrupt programs and developed an antidrug offensive,^[144][145] which enabled him to collaborate with Bill Bennett. ^[146] He supported "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing. ^[147][145]

Although Kemp coaxed Bush to support a $4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments, the Democratic Congress only allocated $361 million to the plan. Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ^[5] In addition to opposition in Congress, Kemp fought White House Budget Director Richard Darman, who opposed Kemp's pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere), which planned to sell public housing units to their tenants, as well as his proposed welfare adjustment of government offsets. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB is a Cabinet -level office and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP Richard Gordon Darman, known as Dick Darman ( May 10, 1943 - January 25, 2008) was an American Economist ^[75] HOPE was first proposed to White House chief of staff, John Sununu, in June 1989 to not only create enterprise zones, but also to expand subsidies for low-income renters, social services for the homeless and elderly, and enacting tax changes to help first-time home buyers. John Henry Sununu (born July 2, 1939 in Havana Cuba is a former Governor of New Hampshire (1983–89 and former White House Chief ^[75] Sununu opposed it at first as did most of the cabinet, but in August 1990 Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, encouraged president Bush to endorse Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (born July 16, 1932) is a Lawyer and Republican politician who served as the Governor of Pennsylvania However, the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project. ^[75] Darman battled Kemp and his allies such as Gingrich, James Pinkerton, and Vin Weber. James Pinkerton is a Columnist, Author, and Political analyst. ^[75] The budget left him with $256 million for his plan, which Kemp increased during some appropriations battles. ^[75] Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished. Clayton Keith Yeutter (born December 10, 1930) in Eustis Nebraska. ^[75]

President Bush avoided federal antipoverty issues,^[148] and he instead used Kemp as a mouthpiece to speak on the administration's low priority conservative activist agenda. ^[149][150] Bush's contribution to the urban agenda had been volunteerism through his "Points of Light" theme,^[151] and Kemp received stronger support for his ideas from Presidential candidate Bill Clinton. Volunteerism is the willingness of people to work on behalf of others without being motivated by financial gain William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States ^[152] By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform:^[5] Mort Zuckerman compared Bush's vision on racial issues to that of a man riding backwards in a railroad car. The Los Angeles riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on April 29, 1992 when a jury Mortimer Benjamin "Mort" Zuckerman (born June 4, 1937, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian-born ^[153] Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration,^[154][155] even though at first, Kemp had been overlooked. ^[156] However, Charles E. Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989 "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is the senior U Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas. ^[93] Although Kemp was unable to procure money for his visions, he was among the administration's leading users of first-class corporate jets. First class is a luxury Travel class on some airliners that exceeds "Business Class" "Premium Economy Class" and "Economy Class" Business jet, private jet or colloquially bizjet is a term describing a Jet aircraft, usually of smaller size designed for transporting groups of ^[157]

Generally, his time as Housing Secretary was considered unsuccessful. ^[3] However, although he could not get federal funding for empowerment zones passed during his tenure, by 1992 38 states had created empowerment zones,^[158] and in 1994 $3. 5 billion was approved for them under President Clinton. ^[159] A free market Kemp initiative to allow homeowners to subdivide their houses for the purpose of creating rental units without inordinate bureaucracy did not get executed under the Clinton administration, however. ^[160] In 1992, with H. Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a Vice Presidential candidate. Henry Ross Perot (born June 27 1930 is an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in ^[161][162]

Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet. The United States Cabinet (usually simplified as "the Cabinet" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the Executive branch of the Federal government ^[75] At one point, Kemp told James Baker, White House Chief of Staff, that Bush's best chance to win re-election was to dump his economic advisors in dramatic fashion. See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President ^[163] Before the 1992 Republican National Convention, Kemp and six prominent Republican conservatives prepared a controversial memo urging Bush to revise his economic policy. The 1992 National Convention of the Republican Party (GOP of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston Texas, from August ^[164] Contemporaneously, moderate Republicans in office and in the media such as William F. Buckley, Jr. and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp. William Frank Buckley Jr ( November 24 1925  – February 27 2008) was an American Author and conservative George Frederick Will (born May 4, 1941) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning conservative American newspaper Columnist, journalist James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4 1947 is an American politician and a former Senator from the state of Indiana. ^[165] This followed Kemp's reference to parts of the President's economic policy as "gimmicks" after the 1992 State of the Union Address. ^[166] Kemp was respected within the party for oppositing Bush,^[167] and towards the end of Bush's administration insiders recognized his value. ^[168] In late 1991, 81 of the 166 Republican Congressmen signed a letter co-authored by Curt Weldon and Dan Burton requesting Bush cede some domestic authority to Kemp as a "domestic policy czar. Wayne Curtis "Curt" Weldon (born July 22, 1947) is an American politician Danny "Dan" Lee Burton (born June 21 1938) American politician is a member of the United States House of Representatives for "^[167] The letter highlighting Kemp's "energy, enthusiasm and national clout" insulted Bush. ^[169] Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay in the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency,^[170] and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take tough stands. ^[171] Kemp did not expect to be retained if the Republicans were reelected in 1992,^[172] and the pundits agreed with him. ^[168]

Post-HUD years (1993–1996)

Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece between his time as Housing Secretary and his Vice Presidential nomination. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $35 million for a 1996 Presidential bid and to pay off his 1988 campaign debts. ^[5] After stepping down from his $189,000 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development job, Kemp personally earned $6. 9 million in the next three years, primarily for speaking on behalf of local Republican candidates. ^[74][173] One of Kemp's most storied fundraisers occurred during the Super Bowl XXVIII festivities. Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta Georgia, to decide ^[174]

Kemp was considered the star of the 1992 Republican National Convention. ^[175] In 1992 and 1993, Kemp was considered the favorite or co-favorite for the 1996 Presidential nomination. ^{[176][177][178]} At the time of the 1994 mid-term elections, Kemp was widely anticipated to announce his candidacy for 1996,^[179] and his supporters wanted a formal announcement by the end of the year. ^[180] In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike the most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty. Republican Party nomination A number of Republican candidates entered the field to challenge the incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton. See also Rotation in office A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office The Balanced Budget Amendment is any one of various proposed amendments to the United States Constitution which would require a balance in the projected Revenues ^[181][182] In 1995, Gloria Borger noted Kemp was not in step with the 1994 Contract with America. Gloria Anne Borger (born 1952 is a political pundit American Journalist, and Columnist. The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign ^[183] Kemp also noted a distaste for the vast fundraising necessary for a Presidential campaign. ^[184] Gergen stated that by 1996 the selection process had become so expensive, mean and personally invasive that it discouraged several top Republicans from running. ^[185] In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell, Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. ^[186]

Senate Majority Leader Dole and Gingrich appointed Kemp to head a tax reform commission in response to voter concern that the tax code had become too complicated. The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders (also called Senate Floor Leaders) are two United States Senators who are elected by the party conferences "Tax code" redirects here For the term as used in the United Kingdom PAYE system see Tax code (PAYE. ^[187] Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax,^[70] which he formally proposed after he was appointed. ^{[188][189][190]} The proposal included some politically popular income tax deductions, such as mortgage interest,^[191] but it remained fairly general. A tax deduction or a tax-deductible expense affects a taxpayer's Income tax. ^[192] Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax. Malcolm Stevenson " Steve " Forbes Jr (born July 18, 1947) is the son of Malcolm Forbes and the editor-in-chief of business William Philip Gramm (born July 8 1942, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA is an American politician who served as a Democratic ^[193][190]

During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted. ^[194][195] Forbes had tried to get Kemp to run in the 1996 campaign, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination, and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar. Andrew Lamar Alexander (born July 3, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Tennessee and a member of the Republican Party Richard Green "Dick" Lugar (born April 4, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Indiana. ^[5][196] Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the flat tax idea and other supply-side views alive. ^[197][198] Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to Dole's campaign offices. ^[5] After it became clear Dole would be the nominee, Kemp attempted to form a bipartisan seminar with Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties. In a Two-party system (such as in the United States) bipartisan refers to any bill, act, resolution, or any other action of a Felix George Rohatyn (born May 29, 1928 in Vienna Austria) is an American Investment banker known for his role in preventing the bankruptcy ^[199]

Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time: according to Kemp and a scientific index he and William Bennett support, "immigrants are a blessing, not a curse. "^[200] In 1994, Kemp and Bennett made waves by opposing California ballot Proposition 187, a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to first-term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson, one of its endorsers who was running for re-election. California Proposition 187 was a 1994 ballot initiative designed to deny Illegal immigrants social services health care and Public education. Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23 1933 is an American Politician from California. ^[201][202] Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington had also endorsed the proposition. Roy Michael Huffington Jr (born September 3, 1947, in Dallas Texas) is an American Politician belonging to the Republican ^[203] Kemp supported rights for illegal immigrants, but opposed Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson's proposed restrictions on legal immigration. Lamar Smith may refer to Lamar S Smith (born 1947 US Representative from Texas Lamar Smith (activist (c Alan Simpson may refer to Alan John Simpson (born 1948 British politician Alan K ^[204]

Vice Presidential nomination (1996)

Main article: United States presidential election, 1996

Kemp had a reputation as the highest-profile progressive Republican. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice When Dole declined an invitation to speak to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had become the Vice Presidential nominee. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations ^[205] On August 5, 1996, Dole announced a 15% flat tax in response to both the Forbes campaign and Kemp's tax reform commission. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Several of Dole's other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett's Empower America, which had Jeane Kirkpatrick, Vin Weber, Forbes and Alexander as principals. William John Bennett (born July 3, 1943) is an American Neoconservative Pundit, Politician, and Political FreedomWorks is a conservative Non-profit organization based in Washington D Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick ( November 19, 1926  &ndash December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent For example, Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick's tough foreign policy, Bennett's "right conduct" and even Alexander's school choice interest. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P ^[206]

Bennett declined the offer to be Dole's running mate, but suggested Kemp,^[207] a man described as Dole's antagonist. ^[208] On August 16, 1996,^[209] the Republican Party chose Kemp as its 1996 vice presidential nominee, running alongside former Senator Dole. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers Forbes and Pat Buchanan. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist ^[210] Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, John McCain, and Carroll Campbell,^[211] and it is assumed that this was partly because Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as senior advisors to Dole. Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr ( July 24, 1940 – December 7, 2005) was a U ^[212] Dole had had a long history of representing the budget-balancing faction of the Party, while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax-cutting advocates,^[213] and Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket. ^[214] When Kemp became Dole's running mate in 1996, they appeared on the cover of the August 19, 1996 issue of Time magazine,^[215] however the pair barely edged out the story of the discovery of extraterrestrial life on Mars, which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult their decision was. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. ^[216]

The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit-hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy's tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply-sider. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of In the early 1980s, according to David Stockman, Kemp convinced Reagan to make a 30 percent across-the-board tax cut a central 1980 presidential campaign feature. David Alan Stockman (born November 10 1946) is a former US Politician and Businessman, serving as a Republican U The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the Senate Finance Committee Chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. The US Senate Committee on Finance (or less formally Senate Finance Committee) is a Standing committee of the United States Senate. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases (that he referred to as reforms). Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned a New York Times op-ed piece, which enraged Dole. An editorial, leader (UK or leading article (UK is an article in a Newspaper or Magazine that expresses the opinion of the Editor Dole convinced Reagan to support the reforms causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982. ^[217] At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole-proofing" the platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tieing vote and Vice President Bush casting the deciding vote. An appendicectomy (or appendectomy) is the surgical removal of the Vermiform appendix. Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23 1933 is an American Politician from California. In meetings with the President that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial social security cutbacks. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 Presidential election, the two antagonized each other. After Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet, the two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March. ^[217]

Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,^[72] but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success. ^[218] For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 as well as mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California. The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and California Proposition 187 was a 1994 ballot initiative designed to deny Illegal immigrants social services health care and Public education. ^[219][209] Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a "con artist. A confidence trick or confidence game (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, scam, scheme "^[220] From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,^[221] and they faced skeptics even from within the party. ^[222] However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto. ^[223] During the campaign, Kemp and Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used. ^[224][225] However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching Bill Clinton,^{[226][227][228]} and Kemp's advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States ^[229] Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters, especially those of his native state of California,^[213] and even the democrats feared Kemp might lure voters. ^[220]

After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket’s spokesman for minorities and the inner-city. ^{[230][231][232]} Due to agreement on the self-help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March, Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan. Louis Farrakhan (born Louis Eugene Walcott, May 11, 1933) is the Supreme Minister of the Nation of Islam as the National Representative The Million Man March was a Political march convened by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in Washington DC on October 16 ^[233][234] However, Farrakhan is perceived as being anti-Semitic,^[234] and Kemp is considered an ally of Republican Jews. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[235] This issue necessitated some political sidestepping. ^[234] As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole. ^[223] In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee. ^[236][223] In addition to having overshadowed Dole, despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used, Kemp was a very positive runningmate who relied on a pep rally type campaign tour full of football-related metaphors and hyperbole. A pep rally is an event occuring in USA Canada and Puerto Rico (specificaly Notre Dame High School in Caguas ^[237] Although some enjoyed Kemp's style, referring to him as the Good Shepherd,^[237] others grew tired of the overemphasis on recounting stories of passing balls and underemphasis on stories of passing bills. A football is a Ball used to play one of the various sports known as Football. For other uses see Bill. A bill is a proposed new law introduced within a Legislature that has not been ratified, adopted ^[238] During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that the Republican party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly. ^[239] Somehow, despite Kemp's voice on minority issues, Colin Powell's support and polls that showed about 30% of blacks identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer, school vouchers and criminal justice, the Republican's were unable to improve upon historical support levels from African-American voters. School prayer in its most common usage refers to state sanctioned Prayer by students in state Schools. A school voucher, also called an education voucher, is a certificate issued by the government by which parents can pay for the Education of their children at a Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring ^[240]

Both Gore and Kemp had Presidential aspirations, which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane. ^[241] In addition, Gore and Kemp were long-time friends unlike Gore and his previous Vice-Presidential opponent Quayle. Thus, as debaters they avoided personal attacks. ^[242] However, some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks. ^[243] In the final October 9, 1996 Vice Presidential Debate against Al Gore (with the Dole-Kemp ticket trailing badly in the national polls), Kemp was soundly beaten,^[244][245] and Al Gore's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former ^[246] The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Roberto Alomar Velázquez (born February 5 1968 in Ponce, Puerto Rico) is a former Major League Baseball player (- considered by many to be one of the The Baltimore Orioles are a professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. Second base, or 2B, is the second of four stations on a Baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many Sports Officials in various sports are known by a variety of titles including referee ^[247][248] The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review. ^[249] The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,^[73] and Gore has a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater. ^[250]

Legacy

His legacy includes the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s, also known as the first of two "Reagan tax cuts". The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (also known as ERTA or the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut) was "A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage economic These served as the foundation of supply-side economics known as Reaganomics. The Domestic policy of the Reagan administration was the domestic policy in the United States from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that the key to cutting taxes spurs economic growth and reduces deficits. In Economics, the Laffer curve is used to illustrate the idea that increases in the rate of Taxation may sometimes decrease Tax revenue. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in Although George H. W. Bush called this philosophy voodoo economics, George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary, John Snow, are believers. The Domestic policy of the Reagan administration was the domestic policy in the United States from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until John Snow or Jon Snow may refer to John Snow (physician, the founder of epidemiology and a major contributor to the development of anaesthesia ^[251] Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan for influencing history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. ^[252]

In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan as the politician most responsible for the implementation supply-side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes as the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas. Malcolm Stevenson " Steve " Forbes Jr (born July 18, 1947) is the son of Malcolm Forbes and the editor-in-chief of business ^[253] He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda. ^[254][255] Today, he continues to be described as a hero to fiscal conservatives (believer that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies). Fiscal policy, taking the scope of Budgetary policy, refers to government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government taxes ^[256][89] Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party ^[257]

In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At times, he collaborated with Gingrich and Lott on deregulation and tax cuts,^[258][3] collaborated with John McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints,^[259] legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman,^[260] and fought poverty with James Pinkerton. William Philip Gramm (born July 8 1942, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA is an American politician who served as a Democratic Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24 1942 is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. James Pinkerton is a Columnist, Author, and Political analyst. ^[75] Pete du Pont was a progressive conservative ally. Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (born January 22 1935) is an American Lawyer and Politician from Delaware ^[257] After retiring from congress and serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, Vin Weber and Connie Mack. John Vincent Weber (born July 24 1952 in Slayton Minnesota) is a former Republican Congressman from Minnesota. Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy III (born October 29, 1940 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania) popularly known as Connie Mack, is a former ^{[5][261][183]} Kemp was a member of the Federal committee to promote Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a national holiday. Martin Luther King Jr Day is a United States Holiday marking the birthdate of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of ^[226] As a progressive voter, he has civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks, Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative Black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Dr Benjamin Lawson Hooks (born January 31, 1925) is an American Civil rights leader This page is about Congressman and Ambassador Andrew Young For other men with the same name see Andrew Young (disambiguation. Coretta Scott King (April 27 1927 January 30 2006 was an American Author and Activist, perhaps most recognized as the wife of Martin Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, Glenn Cartman Loury (born September 3, 1948) is a professor of Economics at Brown University. Woodson as supporters and friends. ^[93] He boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III, Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia. Charles Bernard "Charlie" Rangel (born June 11, 1930) is an American Politician. ^[4] Ken Blackwell was a Deputy Secretary under Kemp. John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is a former secretary of state of the U ^[262] During the Reagan Presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, a leading United States Senate tax-cutting proponent was Democrat Bill Bradley, a former basketball star. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives William Warren "Bill" Bradley (born July 28 1943 is an American hall of fame Basketball player Rhodes scholar, and former Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m ^[263] Several American football players have followed Kemp to Congress: Steve Largent,^[264] J. C. Watts,^[265][266] and Heath Shuler. Steven Michael Largent, born September 28, 1954 in Tulsa Oklahoma, is a retired American football player enshrined in the Pro Football J C Watts Jr (born November 18, 1957) is an American conservative Republican Politician, CNN political Joseph Heath Shuler (born December 31, 1971) is a congressman and former professional football player ^[267]

Post-political life

In 1993, Kemp co-founded (with Bennett, Kirkpatrick and the financial backing of Theodore Forstmann)^[69][268] the free market advocacy group Empower America, which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works. Theodore J Forstmann (born 1940 is one of the founding partners of Forstmann Little & Company, a Private equity firm A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers An interest group (also advocacy group, lobby group, pressure group or special interest group) is an organized collection of people who seek FreedomWorks is a conservative Non-profit organization based in Washington D Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE is a conservative political group operating in the United States, whose self-described mission is "to fight for FreedomWorks is a conservative Non-profit organization based in Washington D Empower America represented the populist wing of the party: while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights, it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit. ^[269][270] He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) questioned his ties to Samir Vincent, a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil-for-food scandal who pled guilty to four criminal charges, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended The politics of Iraq takes place in a framework of a more or less federal parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 ^[271] Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial. ^[272] Also, FBI informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election. ^[273]

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards. He has been a director for Hawk Corporation, IDT Corporation, CNL Hotels and Resorts, InPhonic, Cyrix Corporation and American Bankers Insurance Group. IDT Corporation (originally standing for International Discount Telecommunications is a Telecommunications company headquartered in Newark New Jersey. InPhonic Inc was an American company which sold wireless services and devices Online, both through its own Electronic commerce sites and through ^[274][275] Kemp has served on the board of Oracle Corporation, which is owned by friend Larry Ellison,^[276] since 1996 and was named to the board of Six Flags, Inc. in December 2005. Oracle Corporation ( specializes in developing and marketing Enterprise software products — particularly Database management systems In 2007 Oracle ranked Lawrence Joseph "Larry" Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is an American entrepreneur and the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation Six Flags Inc (commonly Six Flags) is one of the world's largest chains of Amusement parks and Theme parks, based on quantity of properties ^[277] Kemp opted not to stand for re-election to IDT's board in 2006. ^[278] He also serves on the Habitat for Humanity Board of Directors,^[279] and has served on the board of Atlanta-based software maker EzGov Inc. Habitat For Humanity International ( HFHI) (generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or simply Habitat) is an international Ecumenical ^[280] Kemp is the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm helping clients achieve both business and public policy goals.

In addition to corporate boards of directors, Kemp has served on several advisory boards such as the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board, and the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees, which he has served since 1993. The UCLA School of Public Affairs is the public affairs graduate school at UCLA. Howard University is a private, Coeducational Nonsectarian University located in Washington D ^[279] On March 25, 2003, Kemp was selected as Chairman of the Board of Directors of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League and the NFL Players Association. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The National Football League Players Association, or NFLPA, is the The organization supports Pop Warner, American Youth Football, Boys and Girls Clubs Of America, National Recreation and Park Association, Police Athletic League, YMCA and the AAU. Pop Warner Little Scholars (also known as Pop Warner, Pop Warner Football, and Junior Football Conference) is a Non-profit organization that American Youth Football (AYF was established in 1996, as an international youth football organization that promotes the development of youth through their association with adult Boys & Girls Clubs of America (or BGCA) is a national organization whose mission is to “enable all young people especially those who need us most to reach their full potential The National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA provides information and services to communities in the United States attempting to make them conscious of the environment around The Police Athletic League ( PAL) is an Organization in many American Police departments in which members of the police force coach young people The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man Official NameAmateur Athletic Union of the United States Incorporated (AAU ^[6] He is also vice president of NFL Charities. NFL Charities is a non-profit making Charitable organization, established by the member clubs of the National Football League (NFL in 1973.

In the late 1990s, Kemp remained outspoken on political issues: he was critical of Clinton's International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː ^[281] In early 1998, he was a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election, but his campaign possibilities faltered,^[282] and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican Bush. Kemp has continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education. ^[6] When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment, Kemp opposed the plan in favor of tax-cuts. ^[283] He (along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger) endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation. John David Ashcroft (born May 9 1942) is an American Politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. Alan Bennett Krueger (born September 17, 1960) is a US Economist, Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University Payroll tax generally refers to two kinds of taxes: Taxes which Employers are required to withhold from Employees Pay, also known as Withholding Double taxation is the imposition of two or more Taxes on the same income (in the case of income taxes) Asset (in the case of capital taxes) ^[284] In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against abortion when Congress was considering a bill banning partial-birth abortions. An Intact dilation and extraction ( IDX or intact D&X) also known as intact dilation and evacuation ( intact D&E) dilation and extraction ^[285] He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the 2007 joint replacement program. Assisted living residences or assisted living facilities (ALFs provide supervision or assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs coordination of services by outside Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful operations in modern Orthopaedic surgery. ^[286] Furthermore, he advocates for reforming immigration laws. ^[287]

In 1997, when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy, Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader. Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10 1953 The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at For a publishing house associated with the name of Leo Tolstoy see Intermediary (publisher An intermediary is a third party that offers ^[288] Later, in 2002, when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond, Kemp was upset, and he supported Lott's apology, saying he had encouraged him to "repudiate segregation in every manifestation. James Strom Thurmond ( December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and "^[289] Kemp was among the prominent leaders who pledged to raise money for Scooter Libby's defense in 2005. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W ^[290]

In 2006, Kemp, along with 2004 vice-presidential nominee, John Edwards, co-chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia,^[291] producing a document called "Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do". Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10 1953 The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at ^[292] After their task force roles ended, the pair advocated solutions to poverty in America at various fora. ^[293] As of May 2007, Kemp sat on the board of the Yellowstone Mountain Club, which is located in Big Sky, Montana on 13,600 acres (21. Big Sky is a Census-designated place (CDP in Gallatin and Madison counties in the southwestern part of the U Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 2 sq mi/55. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 0 km²) in the Madison Range north of Yellowstone National Park with 60 ski runs. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of A piste is the name given to a marked ski run or path down a mountain for snow Skiing, Snowboarding, or other mountain sports The Club is a private ski and golf resort where people have come from around the world to build vacation homes. A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services Golf resorts are Resorts that cater specifically to the sport of Golf, and include access to one or more golf course and or clubhouse Bill Gates and Dan Quayle are members, and Greg LeMond has accused founder, Timothy Blixseth, of borrowing hundreds of millions of dollars from the club without collateral. If you would like to experiment with Wikipedia please copy James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4 1947 is an American politician and a former Senator from the state of Indiana. Gregory James "Greg" LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood California) is a former professional Road bicycle racer from the In lending agreements collateral is a borrower's asset that is Forfeited to the lender if the borrower is insolvent—that is unable to pay back the principal and interest on ^[294] Blixseth, a close friend of Kemp, describes the club as a resort that has a "wow factor" for even the extremely wealthy. ^[295]

On January 6, 2008, he endorsed John McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary, which surprised conservative Republican tax-cutters. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common See also Democratic Party (United States presidential primaries 2008 Candidates See also United States Republican presidential candidates 2008 The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide Political party Primary elections held in the United States every four years as part of ^[296] However, as McCain neared the official nomination, the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more. ^[297] Kemp has prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh, Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain's behalf to quell their dissatisfactions. Sean Hannity (born December 30 1961 is an American radio and television host, conservative Political commentator, and Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (born January 12, 1951) is an American radio host and conservative Political commentator. Laura Anne Ingraham (born June 19, 1964) is an American radio host, Author, and conservative political commentator A talk show ( American) or chat show ( Global) is a Television or Radio program where one person or group of people come together to ^{[298][256][299]} In addition, Kemp and Phil Gramm will be advising McCain on economic policy. ^[300]

In February 2008, Kemp was associated with a group called "Defense of Democracies" that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives. Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity The group's television ad caused such controversy that some of its advisors, including Schumer and Donna Brazile, resigned. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced Donna Brazile (born December 15, 1959) is an American Author, Educator, and political activist and strategist affiliated with ^[301]

Kemp recently donated generously to Pepperdine University's School of Public Policy to establish the Jack F. Pepperdine University is a private University of higher learning affiliated with the Churches of Christ. Kemp Institute of Political Economy. ^[302] Currently Wayne Angell, James Baker, Bennett, Michael Boskin, Edwin Feulner, Forbes, George Gilder, Carla Hills, Larry Kudlow, Laffer, Ed Meese, Mundell, Michael Novak, and Watts have endorsed the Institute and have agreed to lecture at Pepperdine, as well as to serve on an advisory committee. Born June 28 1930 Liberal Kansas BA Ottawa University in Ottawa Kansas 1952 MA University of Kansas 1953 PhD in economics 1957 Chief Economist and Senior Managing Director See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political Michael Jay Boskin is the T M Friedman Professor of Economics and Senior Fellow Hoover Institution, Stanford University. Edwin John Feulner Jr (born August 12 1941 in Chicago Illinois) is President of the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, a position he has George F Gilder (born November 29, 1939, in New York City) is an American writer techno-utopian intellectual Republican Party Carla Anderson Hills (born January 3, Lawrence (Larry Kudlow (born August 20, 1947) is an American conservative, Supply-side Economics advocate and television Edwin "Ed" Meese III (born December 2, 1931 in Oakland California) served as the seventy-fifth Attorney General of the United Michael Novak (born September 9 1933) is an American Catholic philosopher journalist novelist and diplomat ^[303] The institute would create The Jack F. Kemp Library to house Kemp's papers; establish the Jack F. Kemp Distinguished Visiting Chair; and fund annual public lectures and conferences at the School. ^[302]

Election Results

Congressional elections

Dist.	Year	Republican	Votes	Pct. A congressional district is an electoral Constituency that elects a single member of a Congress.	Conservative	Votes	Pct.	Right to Life	Votes	Pct. The New York State Right to Life Party was founded to oppose the legalization of Abortion in New York in 1970	Democrat	Votes	Pct. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.	Liberal	Votes	Pct. The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American Political party that has been active only in the state of New York.	Fair Trade	Votes	Pct.
39[304]	1970	Jack Kemp	82,939	44. The 39th Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. The US House election 1970 was an election for the United States House of Representatives held on November 3, 1970, in the middle of President 1%	Jack Kemp	14,050	7. 5%				Thomas P. Flaherty	86,142	45. 8%	Thomas P. Flaherty	4,807	2. 6%
38[305]	1972	Jack Kemp	139,681	65. The 38th Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. The US House election 1972 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1972 which coincided with the landslide re-election victory of President 1%	Jack Kemp	17,286	8. 1%				Anthony P. LoRusso	54,236	25. 3%	Anthony P. LoRusso	3,349	1. 6%
38[306]	1974	Jack Kemp	111,417	63. The US House election 1974 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1974 that occurred in the wake of the Watergate scandal, which 4%	Jack Kemp	15,270	8. 7%				Barbara C. Wicks	46,596	26. 5%	Barbara C. Wicks	2,333	1. 3%
38[307]	1976	Jack Kemp	151,610	71. The US House election 1976 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1976 which coincided with Jimmy Carter 's election as President 5%	Jack Kemp	14,092	6. 6%				Peter J. Geraci	44,034	20. 8%	Peter J. Geraci	2,273	1. 1%
38[308]	1978	Jack Kemp	100,032	83. The US House election 1978 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1978 which occurred in the middle of President Jimmy Carter 3%	Jack Kemp	13,896	11. 6%							James A. Peck	6,204	5. 2%
38[309]	1980	Jack Kemp	141,763	69. The US House election 1980 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1980 which coincided with the election of Ronald Reagan 0%	Jack Kemp	16,108	7. 8%	Jack Kemp	9,563	4. 7%	Gale A. Denn	35,681	17. 4%	Gale A. Denn	2,194	1. 1%
31[310]	1982	Jack Kemp	121,266	68. The 31st Congressional District of New York was a Congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. The US House election 1982 was an election for the United States House of Representatives on 1982-11-02 in the middle of President Ronald Reagan 4%	Jack Kemp	12,196	6. 9%				James A. Martin	42,204	23. 8%	James A. Martin	1,639	0. 9%
31[311]	1984	Jack Kemp	152,810	68. The US House election 1984 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1984 which coincided with the re-election of President 1%	Jack Kemp	15,522	6. 9%				Peter J. Martinelli	53,513	23. 8%	Peter J. Martinelli	2,643	1. 2%
31[312]	1986	Jack Kemp	80,904	50. The US House election 1986 was an election for the United States House of Representatives held on November 4, 1986, in the middle of President 3%	Jack Kemp	7,068	4. 4%	Jack Kemp	4,536	2. 8%	James P. Keane	66,956	41. 6%	Gerald R. Morgan	913	0. 6%	James P. Keane	618	0. 4%

Presidential elections

1988 Republican presidential primaries^[313]:

• George H. W. Bush - 8,258,512 (67. 1988 Republican Party Presidential primaries and caucuses Vice President George H George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 91%)
• Bob Dole - 2,333,375 (19. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time 19%)
• Pat Robertson - 1,097,446 (9. Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22 1930 is a controversial Televangelist from the United States. 02%)
• Jack Kemp - 331,333 (2. 72%)
• Unpledged - 56,990 (0. 47%)
• Pierre S. du Pont, IV - 49,783 (0. Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (born January 22 1935) is an American Lawyer and Politician from Delaware 41%)
• Alexander M. Haig - 26,619 (0. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U 22%)
• Harold Stassen - 2,682 (0. Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13, 1907 March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943 and a later Perennial 02%)

United States presidential election, 1996^[314]

• Bill Clinton/Al Gore (D) (inc. The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former ) - 47,401,898 (49. 2%) and 379 electoral votes (31 states and D. C. carried)
• Bob Dole/Jack Kemp (R) - 39,198,482 (40. Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time 7%) and 159 electoral votes (19 states carried)
• Ross Perot/Pat Choate (Reform) - 7,680,908 (8. Henry Ross Perot (born June 27 1930 is an American businessman from Texas, who is best known for seeking the office of President of the United States in Pat Choate (born 27 April 1941) is an Economist who is perhaps most known for being the 1996 Reform Party Vice President 0%)
• Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke (Green) - 654,731 (0. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President Winona LaDuke (born 1959 is a Native American Activist, Environmentalist, Economist, and Writer. 7%)
• Harry Browne/Jo Jorgensen (Libertarian) - 485,134 (0. Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician, Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian Party candidate for Vice-president in the 1996 U 5%)
• Howard Phillips/Herbert Titus (Taxpayers) - 182,723 (0. Howard Phillips (born February 6 1941 has served as the Chairman of The Conservative Caucus, a Conservative public policy advocacy group since 1974 Herbert W Titus (born October 17, 1937 in Baker Oregon, United States) is a former candidate for Vice-President of the United States 2%)
• John Hagelin/Michael Tompkins (Natural Law) - 111,528 (0. John Hagelin, scientist educator and three-time third-party candidate for President of the United States is Professor of Physics and Director of the Institute of Science Technology 1%)
• Others - 674,414 (0. 7%)

Books

In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman, Kemp has authored or co-authored several books:

• An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth, (ISBN , Goodrich, 1985)
• An American Renaissance: Strategy for the 1980's, (ISBN 0-06-012283-8, Harper & Row, 1979)
• The IRS v. The People, (ISBN 089195077X, Heritage Books, 2005) Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp
• Trusting the People : The Dole-Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America, (ISBN 0694518042 audiobook, ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins, 1996) coauthored with Bob Dole, narrated by Christine Todd Whitman
• Together We Can Meet the Challenge : Winning the Fight Against Drugs, (ISBN 9780788102721, U. John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is a former secretary of state of the U Christine Todd "Christie" Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican Politician and Author who S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1994)
• Pro Sports: Should the Government Intervene?, (ISBN 9780844720975, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977)
• 'U. S. By the Numbers: What's Left, Right & Wrong with America, (ISBN 9781892123145, Capital Books, Incorporated, 2000) with Raymond J. Keating, and Thomas N. Edmonds
• Our Communities, Our Homes: Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America's Cities and States, (ISBN 9780976148111, Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2007) with Henry G. Cisneros, Kent W. Henry Gabriel Cisneros (born June 11, 1947) is an American politician businessman and community leader Colton, and Nicolas P. Retsinas
• Reaganomics: Supply Side Economics in Action (ISBN 0870005057, 1981) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer

Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books:

• Raoul Wallenberg: Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld (ISBN 0879751770, Prometheus Books, 1982)
• Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year: 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks (ed. A foreword is a (usually short piece of writing often found at the beginning of a book or other piece of Literature, before the introduction, and written by someone Raoul Wallenberg (August 4 1912 &ndash July 17 1947? was a Swedish Humanitarian of the prominent Swedish Wallenberg family who worked in Budapest ) (ISBN 9780882896052, Pelican Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1986)
• Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain (ISBN 9781930819023, Tapestry Press, 2001)
• Whole World's Watching: Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O'Connell (ISBN 9780471499817, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2001)

See also

• List of American Football League players

Notes