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John Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover

J. Edgar Hoover, photographed September 28, 1961
In office
March 22, 1935 – May 2, 1972
Succeeded by L. Patrick Gray
In office
May 10, 1924 – March 22, 1935
Preceded by William J. Burns
Born January 1, 1895(1895-01-01)
Washington, D.C.
Died May 2, 1972 (aged 77)
Washington, D.C.
Religion Presbyterianism
Signature J. Edgar Hoover's signature

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972), known popularly as J. Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are appointed by the President of the United States. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18 1916 – July 6 2005 was acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI from May 2 1972 to April 27 1973 Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are appointed by the President of the United States. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William J Burns ( October 19, 1861 – April 14, 1932) is known for being the director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI (predecessor New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edgar Hoover, was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are appointed by the President of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972. During his life, Hoover was highly regarded by much of the U. S. public, but since his death various allegations have tarnished this image.

Hoover's leadership spanned eight presidential administrations, encompassed Prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia During this time, the United States moved from being a rural nation with strong isolationist tendencies to an urbanized superpower. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale

From nearly the beginning of his career with the FBI,[1] Hoover was accused of exceeding and abusing his authority, criticism that grew especially strong in the 1960s. He is known to have investigated individuals and groups because of their political beliefs rather than their suspected criminal activity, as well as using the FBI for other illegal activities, such as burglaries and illegal wiretaps. Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in [2] Hoover frequently fired FBI agents by singling out those who he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers" or he considered to be "pinheads. "[3] He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. Melvin Purvis was a prime example; he was one of the more effective agents in capturing and breaking up 1930s gangs and received substantial public recognition, but a jealous Hoover maneuvered him out of the FBI. Melvin Horace Purvis Jr ( October 24, 1903 &ndash February 29, 1960) was an American lawman and FBI agent [4] It is because of Hoover's long and controversial reign that FBI directors are now limited to 10-year terms. [5]

Contents

Early life and education

Hoover was born on New Year's Day in 1895 in Washington, D.C., to Anna Marie Scheitlin and Dickerson Naylor Hoover, Sr. New Year's Day is the first day of the Year. On the modern Gregorian calendar, it is celebrated on January 1, as it was also in ancient Rome (though Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D , and grew up in the Eastern Market section of the city. The Eastern Market is a Public market in the Capitol Hill Neighborhood of Washington D Few details are known of his early years; his birth certificate was not filed until 1938. A birth certificate is a Vital record that documents the birth of a child What little is known about his upbringing generally can be traced back to a single 1937 profile by journalist Jack Alexander. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Hoover was educated at George Washington University, graduating in 1917 with a law degree. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D During his time there, he worked at the Library of Congress[6] and also became a member of Kappa Alpha Order (Alpha Nu 1914). The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress History Kappa Alpha Order was originally founded as Phi Kappa Chi on December 21 1865, at Washington and Lee University in Lexington Virginia. While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of Anthony Comstock, the New York City U.S. Postal Inspector, who waged prolonged campaigns against fraud and vice (as well as pornography and information on birth control) a generation earlier. Anthony Comstock ( March 7 1844 &ndash September 21 1915) was a former United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated The City of New York The United States Postal Inspection Service (or USPIS) is the law enforcement arm of the United States Postal Service. Hoover is thought to have studied Comstock's methods and modeled his early career on Comstock's reputation for relentless pursuit and occasional procedural violations in crime fighting.

FBI career

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Abbreviation FBI
Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

During World War I, Hoover found work with the Justice Department. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department He soon proved himself capable and was promoted to head of the Enemy Aliens Registration Section. In 1919, he became head of the new General Intelligence Division of the Justice Department (see the Palmer Raids). The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the U From there, in 1921, he joined the Bureau of Investigation as deputy head, and in 1924, the Attorney General made him the acting director. On May 10, 1924, Hoover was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to be the sixth director of the Bureau of Investigation, following President Warren Harding's death and in response to allegations that the prior director, William J. Burns, was involved in the financial scandal(s) of the Harding administration. When Hoover took over the Bureau of Investigation, it had approximately 650 employees, including 441 Special Agents. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 William J Burns ( October 19, 1861 – April 14, 1932) is known for being the director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI (predecessor Teapot Dome scandal refers to a Bribery scandal of the White House administration of United States President Warren G

Gangster wars

In the early thirties, there was an epidemic of bank robberies in the Midwest orchestrated by colorful criminal gangs who took advantage of superior firepower and fast get-away cars to bedevil local law enforcement agencies. To the chagrin and increasing discomfort of authorities, such robbers were often viewed as somewhat noble in their assaults upon the banking industry, which at the time was evicting many farmers from their homesteads. That empathy reached the point that many of these desperadoes, particularly the dashing John Dillinger (who became famous for leaping over bank cages and his repeated escapes from jails and police traps), were de facto folk heroes whose exploits frequently captured headlines. John Herbert Dillinger (June 22 1903–July 22 1934 was a notorious Bank robber in mid-western America State officials began to implore Washington to aid them in containing this lawlessness. The fact that the robbers frequently took stolen cars across state lines (a federal offense) gave Hoover and his men the authority to pursue them. Things did not go as planned, however, and there were some embarrassing foul-ups on the part of the FBI, particularly clashes with the Dillinger gang (actually led by "Handsome" Harry Pierpont). Harry Pierpont ( October 13 1902 - October 17 1934) was a Prohibition era Gangster.

Hoover in 1935.
Hoover in 1935.

A raid on a summer lodge named "Little Bohemia" in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, left an agent and a hapless civilian bystander dead, along with others wounded. All the gangsters escaped. Hoover realized that his job was now on the line, and he pulled out all stops to capture the culprits. Hoover was particularly fixated on eliminating Dillinger, whose misdeeds he considered to be insults aimed directly at him and "his" bureau. In late July 1934, Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on the whereabouts of John Dillinger. Melvin Horace Purvis Jr ( October 24, 1903 &ndash February 29, 1960) was an American lawman and FBI agent That paid off when the gangster was cut down in a hail of gunfire outside the Biograph Theater. The Biograph Theater is located at 2433-43 North Lincoln Avenue in Lincoln Park in Chicago Illinois.

Because of several highly-publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and bank robbers including Dillinger, Alvin Karpis, and Machine Gun Kelly, the Bureau's powers were broadened and it was re-named the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. Alvin Francis "Creepy Karpis" Karpowicz ( August 10, 1907  – August 26, 1979) born Alvin Karpowicz, nicknamed George Kelly Barnes aka George R Kelly aka George "Machine Gun" Kelly ( July 18, 1895 — July 18, 1954) In 1939, the FBI became pre-eminent in the field of domestic intelligence. Intelligence (abbreviated int or intel) is not Information, but the product of evaluated information valued for its currency and relevance rather than Hoover made changes, such as expanding and combining fingerprint files in the Identification Division to compile the largest collection of fingerprints ever. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger [7][8]

Hoover also helped to greatly expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine evidence found by the FBI.

Investigation of subversion and radicals

Hoover was concerned about subversion, and under his leadership, the FBI spied upon tens of thousands of suspected subversives and radicals. Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State. Ultra-left|Radical left|Radicalism (historical|Hard left Far left and extreme left are terms used to discuss the position a group or person occupies within a Political spectrum Hoover tended to exaggerate the dangers of subversives, and many times overstepped his bounds in his pursuit of eliminating that perceived threat. [9]

The FBI had some successes against actual subversives and spies. For example, in the Quirin affair during World War II, German U-boats set two small groups of Nazi agents ashore in Florida and Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country. Ex parte Quirin,, is a Supreme Court of the United States case that upheld the jurisdiction of a United States Military tribunal over the trial U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Although the members of these teams were apprehended, this was due entirely to the fact that one of the would-be saboteurs went to the FBI and confessed. [10] Nevertheless, President Harry Truman wrote in his memoirs: "The country had reason to be proud of and have confidence in our security agencies. They had kept us almost totally free of sabotage and espionage during the World War II". [1]

Another example of Hoover's concern over subversion is his handling of the Venona Project. The Venona project was a long-running and highly secret collaboration between Intelligence agencies of the United States and United Kingdom that involved The FBI inherited a pre-World War II joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. Hoover kept the intercepts — America's greatest counterintelligence secret — in a locked safe in his office, choosing not to inform Truman, his Attorney General McGraith, or two Secretaries of State — Dean Acheson and General George Marshall — while they held office. Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of He informed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the Venona Project in 1952. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all

According to documents declassified in 2007, Hoover maintained a list of 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty with the intention of detaining them and to do so by suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief Hoover submitted his plan to President Harry Truman at the outbreak of the Korean War, but there is no evidence that Truman accepted the plan. [11]

COINTELPRO years

In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute Communists. At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO. COINTELPRO (an acronym for Co unter Intel ligence Pro gram was a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau [12] This program remained in place until it was revealed to the public in 1971, and was the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party, and later such organizations such as the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s SCLC, the Ku Klux Klan, and others. The Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist Political party in the United States. The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC) is an American Civil rights organization Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are Its methods included infiltration, burglaries, illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations. [13] Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders. [14] In 1975, the activities of COINTELPRO were investigated by the Senate Church Committee and declared illegal and contrary to the Constitution. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a [15]

Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially politicians. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person According to Laurence Silberman, appointed Deputy Attorney General in early 1974, Director Clarence M. Kelley thought such files either did not exist or had been destroyed. Laurence Hirsch Silberman (born October 12, 1935) is a senior Federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit United States Deputy Attorney General is the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice. Clarence M Kelley ( October 24, 1911 - August 5, 1997) was a public servant and former director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation After The Washington Post broke a story in January 1975, Kelley searched and found them in his outer office. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The House Judiciary Committee then demanded that Silberman testify about them. An extensive investigation of Hoover's files by David Garrow showed that Hoover and next-in-command William Sullivan, as well as the FBI itself as an agency, were responsible.

In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (b March 4 1908, Murray Kentucky - d Mound Bayou is a city in Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to thoroughly investigate the racially-motivated murders of George W. Lee, Lamar Smith (activist), and Emmett Till. George W Lee (1904 – May 7, 1955) was an African American Civil rights leader minister, and Entrepreneur. See disambiguation page for other people of the same name Lamar Smith (c Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till ( July 25 1941 August 28 1955) was a black fourteen year old from Chicago, Illinois Hoover not only wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible" but secretly enlisted the help of NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall in a campaign to discredit Howard. Thurgood Marshall ( July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American Jurist and the first African American

Response to Mafia and civil rights groups

In the 1950s, evidence of Hoover's unwillingness to focus FBI resources on the Mafia became grist for the media and his many detractors, after famed muckraker Jack Anderson exposed the immense scope of the Mafia's organized crime network, a threat Hoover had long downplayed. The Law of evidence governs the use of Testimony (eg oral or written statements such as an Affidavit) and exhibits (e The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century Mass media are the means through which information is transmitted to a large audience For other meanings see Muckraker (disambiguation The term muckraker most associated with a group of American investigative reporters Jackson Northman Anderson ( October 19, 1922 &ndash December 17, 2005) was an American "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Hoover's retaliation and continual harassment of Anderson lasted into the 1970s. Hoover has also been accused of trying to undermine the reputations of members of the civil rights movement. His alleged treatment of actress Jean Seberg and Martin Luther King, Jr. are two such examples. Jean Dorothy Seberg ( November 13, 1938 – September 8, 1979) was an American actress. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader It is of great irony that Hoover, considered by most peoople to be guilty of flagrant racist acts in his persecution of King and others, was probably more responsible than anyone else for the virtual destruciton of the Ku Klux Klan which he considered to be a dangerous subversive group. So successful was Hoover in destroying the Klan that at one time, one out three KKK members was believed to be an active FBI informant.

Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas The House Select Committee on Assassinations issued a report in 1979 critical of the performance by the FBI, the Warren Commission as well as other agencies. The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the John F The report also criticized what it characterized as the FBI's reluctance to thoroughly investigate the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the president. [16]

Late career and death

Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson each considered firing Hoover but concluded that the political cost of doing so would be too great. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of [17]

Hoover maintained strong support in Congress until his death in 1972 from the effects of high blood pressure. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses [18] Operational command of the Bureau passed to Associate Director Clyde Tolson. Clyde Anderson Tolson (22 May 1900 – 14 April 1975 was Associate Director of the FBI primarily responsible for personnel and discipline not front-line crime-fighting Soon thereafter, President Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray, a Justice Department official with no FBI experience, as Acting Director, with W. Mark Felt remaining as Associate Director. Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18 1916 – July 6 2005 was acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI from May 2 1972 to April 27 1973 William Mark Felt Sr (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973

Legacy

Hoover was a consultant to Warner Brothers on a 1959 theatrical film about the FBI, The FBI Story, and in 1965 on Warner Brothers' long-running spin-off television series, The F.B.I.. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and The FBI Story is a 1959 Drama film directed and produced by Mervyn LeRoy and starring James Stewart. The FBI is an American Television series that was broadcast on ABC from 1965 to 1974 Hoover personally made sure that Warner Brothers would portray the FBI more favorably than other crime dramas of the times.

In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) under Senator Richard Schweiker, which had re-opened the investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy, reported that Hoover's FBI "failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President. The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the John F Richard Schultz Schweiker (born June 1 1926) is a former US Congressman and Senator representing the state of Pennsylvania The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas " The HSCA further reported that Hoover's FBI "was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments. " As a result, various conspiracy theories abound regarding the negligence of Hoover's leadership in performing due diligence with regard to the JFK assassination. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas [19]

The FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. is named after Hoover. The J Edgar Hoover Building is in Washington DC. It is the Headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Because of the controversial nature of Hoover's legacy, there have been periodic proposals to rename it. In 2001, Senator Harry Reid sponsored an amendment to strip Hoover's name from the building. Harry Mason Reid (born December 2 1939 is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party, as well as "J. Edgar Hoover's name on the FBI building is a stain on the building," Reid said. [20] The amendment was not adopted by the Senate.

Personal life

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and Associate FBI Director Clyde Tolson.
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and Associate FBI Director Clyde Tolson.

Hoover was a lifelong bachelor, and since at least the 1940s, rumors have circulated that he was homosexual, but no hard evidence of these claims has yet arisen. A bachelor is a man above the Age of majority who has never been married (see single) Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [21] It has also been suggested that his long association with Clyde Tolson, an associate director of the FBI who was also Hoover's heir, was that of a gay couple. Clyde Anderson Tolson (22 May 1900 – 14 April 1975 was Associate Director of the FBI primarily responsible for personnel and discipline not front-line crime-fighting [22] Some authors have dismissed the rumors about Hoover's sexuality and his relationship with Tolson in particular as unlikely,[23] while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed",[24] and still others have reported them without stating an opinion. [25] Attorney Roy Cohn,[26] an associate of Hoover during the '50s investigations of Communists and himself a closeted homosexual, opined that Hoover was too frightened of his own sexuality to have anything approaching a normal sexual or romantic relationship. Roy Marcus Cohn ( February 20, 1927 &ndash August 2, 1986) was an American conservative Lawyer of Jewish Coming outThe expressions " closeted " or "in the closet " generally refer to undisclosed sexual behavior, Sexual orientation or Gender

Hoover described Tolson as his alter ego: the men not only worked closely together during the day, but also took meals, went to night clubs and vacationed together. An alter ego ( Latin, "the other I" is a second self, a second Personality or Persona within a Person [27] The exceedingly close relationship between the two is often cited as evidence that the two were lovers, though some FBI employees who knew them, such as Felt, say that the relationship was merely "brotherly". Agents also report that Tolson was picked up first and dropped off last by the vehicle that transported Hoover to and from his office every day.

Tolson inherited Hoover's estate worth approximately USD$551,000 and moved into his home, having also accepted the American flag that draped Hoover's casket. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating Tolson is buried a few yards away from Hoover in the Congressional Cemetery. The Congressional Cemetery is an historic Cemetery located at 1801 E Street SE in Washington D

Hoover's biographer Richard Hack[28] reports that Hoover was romantically linked to actress Dorothy Lamour in the late '30s and early '40s, and that after Hoover's death, Lamour did not deny rumors that she'd had an affair with Hoover in the years between her two marriages. Richard Hack ( March 20 1958) is an American writer best known for his biographical books and screenplays Dorothy Lamour ( December 10, 1914 – September 22, 1996) was an American motion picture actress. Hack additionally reports that during the '40s and '50s, Hoover so often attended social events with Lela Rogers, the divorced mother of dancer and actress Ginger Rogers, that many of their mutual friends assumed the pair would eventually marry. Ginger Rogers ( July 16, 1911 &ndash April 25, 1995) was an Academy Award -winning American film and stage actress

In his 1993 biography Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover, Anthony Summers quoted a witness who said to have seen Hoover engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual acts on two occasions in the 1950s. Anthony Bruce Summers ( 3 December, 1942) is an author producer and journalist in the United Kingdom Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular Society. [29][30] Summers also said that the Mafia had blackmail material on Hoover, and that as a consequence, Hoover had been reluctant to aggressively pursue organized crime. Although never corroborated, the allegation of cross-dressing has been widely repeated, and "J. Edna Hoover" has become the subject of humor on television, in movies and elsewhere. In the words of author Thomas Doherty, "For American popular culture, the image of the zaftig FBI director as a Christine Jorgensen wanna-be was too delicious not to savor. " Big Beautiful Woman " (commonly abbreviated as BBW) is a Neologism most frequently used in the context of affirmation of or Sexual attraction Christine Jorgensen (born George William Jorgensen Jr May 30, 1926 in The Bronx, New York City, USA died May 3, "[31] Most biographers consider the story of Mafia blackmail to be unlikely in light of the FBI's actual investigations of the Mafia. [32]

Grave of J. Edgar Hoover in Congressional Cemetery (Washington, DC, USA)
Grave of J. Edgar Hoover in Congressional Cemetery (Washington, DC, USA)

Hoover has been described as becoming increasingly a caricature of himself towards the end of his life. The Congressional Cemetery is an historic Cemetery located at 1801 E Street SE in Washington D The book, "No Left Turns," by former agent Joseph L. Schott, portrays a rigid, paranoid old man who terrified everyone. For example, Hoover liked to write on the margins of memos. According to Schott, when one memo had too narrow margins he wrote, "watch the borders!" No one had the nerve to ask him why, but they sent inquiries to the Border Patrol about any strange activities on the Canadian and Mexican frontiers. It took a week before an HQ staffer realized the message related to the borders of the memo paper. [33] Schott has also stated that the mistakenly increased border activity during this period resulted in the arrest of American Communist Party leader Gus Hall. Gus Hall ( October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was a leader of the Communist Party USA and its four-time U

African American author Millie McGhee[34] claims in her 2000 book Secrets Uncovered to be related to J. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Edgar Hoover. [35] McGhee's oral family history holds that a branch of her Mississippi family, also named Hoover, is related to the Washington, D. C. , Hoovers, and that further, J. Edgar's father was not Dickerson Hoover as recorded, but rather Ivery Hoover of Mississippi. Genealogist George Ott investigated these claims and found some supporting circumstantial evidence, as well as unusual alterations of records pertaining to Hoover's officially recorded family in Washington, D. C. , but found no conclusive proof. J. Edgar Hoover's birth certificate was not filed until 1938, when he was 43 years old.

Honors

See also

Writings

J. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and G-Man (short for G overnment Man) is Slang for a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI agent McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s Edgar Hoover was the nominal author of a number of books and articles. Although it is widely believed that all of these were ghostwritten by FBI employees,[37] Hoover received the credit and royalties.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Hack, Richard Puppetmaster: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. (2007). Phoenix Books. ISBN 1597775126
  2. ^ Documented in Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.   and elsewhere.
  3. ^ Schott, Joseph L (1975). No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-33630-1.  
  4. ^ Purvis, Alston; and Tresinowski, Alex (2005). The Vendetta: FBI Hero Melvin Purvis's War Against Crime and J. Edgar Hoover's War Against Him. Public Affairs, pp 183+. ISBN 1-58648-301-3.  
  5. ^ U. S. Code Title 28, part 2, chapter 33. sec. 533, Confirmation and Compensation of Director; Term of Service (b)
  6. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Directors, Then and Now
  7. ^ "More Fingerprints Called Necessary. J. E. Hoover Urges Criminologists At Rochester To File Records In The Capital Bureau.", New York Times, July 23, 1931. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.  
  8. ^ "Washington Develops a World Clearing House For Identifying Criminals by Fingerprints.", New York Times, August 10, 1932. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.  "Through the medium of the fingerprint, the Department of Justice is developing an international clearing house for the identification of criminals. " 
  9. ^ See, for example, Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.  
  10. ^ Ardman, Harvey (February, 1997), “German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942”, World War II magazine (HistoryNet. com), <http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-german-saboteurs-invade-america-in-1942.htm> 
  11. ^ "Hoover Planned Mass Jailing in 1950.", New York Times, December 23, 2007. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English  
  12. ^ Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, pg. 312. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.  
  13. ^ Kessler, Ronald (2002). Ronald Borek Kessler (born December 31, 1943) is an American journalist and author The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. St. Martin's Paperbacks, pp 107, 174, 184, 215. ISBN 0-312-98977-6.  
  14. ^ See for example James, Joy (2000). States of Confinement: Policing, Detention, and Prisons. Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 335. ISBN 0-312-21777-3.  , Williams, Kristian (2004). Our Enemies In Blue: Police And Power In America. Soft Skull Press, pg. 183. ISBN 1-887128-85-9.   and Churchill, Ward and Wall, Jim Vander (2001). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. South End Press, pp 53+. ISBN 0-89608-646-1.  .
  15. ^ Intelligence Activities And The Rights Of Americans (1976). Retrieved on 2006-10-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
  16. ^ Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration (1979). Retrieved on 2006-10-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
  17. ^ Hack, 2007
  18. ^ a b "J. Edgar Hoover, 77, Dies", New York Times, May 3, 1972, Wednesday. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-03-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty  
  19. ^ [1]. HCSA Conclusions, 1979.
  20. ^ King, Colbert I. (May 5, 2001), “No thanks to Hoover”, The Washington Post, <http://www.polkonline.com/stories/050701/opi_hoover.shtml> 
  21. ^ Terry, Jennifer (1999). Colbert I King (born 1939-09-20) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning columnist for the Washington Post. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. University of Chicago Press, pg. 350. ISBN 0-226-79366-4.  
  22. ^ Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.  
  23. ^ For example,
    Felt, W. Mark and O'Connor, John D. (2006). A G-man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' And the Struggle for Honor in Washington. Public Affairs, pg. 167. ISBN 1-58648-377-3.  ,
    Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (2003). Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence. Yale University Press, pg. 93. ISBN 0-300-10159-7.  ,
    Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.   "The strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all. "
  24. ^ For example,
    Percy, William A. and Johansson , Warren (1994). Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Haworth Press, pp 85+. ISBN 1-56024-419-4.  ,
    Summers, Anthony (1993). Anthony Bruce Summers ( 3 December, 1942) is an author producer and journalist in the United Kingdom Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-88087-X.  
  25. ^ For example,
    Edited by Theoharis, Athan G. (1998). Athan George Theoharis (born August 3 1936 is a professor of history emeritus at Marquette University. The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Oryx Press, pp 291, 301, 397. ISBN 0-89774-991-X.  ,
    Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press, pp 254, 255. ISBN 0-231-12952-1.  
  26. ^ Hack, 2007
  27. ^ Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press, pg. 108. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.  
  28. ^ Hack, Richard Puppetmaster: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. (2007). Phoenix Books. ISBN 1597775126
  29. ^ Summers, Anthony (1993). Anthony Bruce Summers ( 3 December, 1942) is an author producer and journalist in the United Kingdom Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-88087-X.  
  30. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (born 1934 is an American journalist critic and novelist who has worked in the field of books all of his professional career "Books of The Times; Catalogue of Accusations Against J. Edgar Hoover.", New York Times, February 15, 1993. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom  
  31. ^ Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press, pg. 255. ISBN 0-231-12952-1.  
  32. ^ See for example Kessler, Ronald (2002). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. St. Martin's Paperbacks, pp 120+. ISBN 0-312-98977-6.  
  33. ^ Schott, Joseph L (1975). No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-33630-1.  
  34. ^ Millie McGhee biography
  35. ^ McGhee, Millie L. (2000). Secrets Uncovered: J. Edgar Hoover--Passing for White?. Inland Empire Services. ISBN 0-9701822-2-8.  
  36. ^ Citation and Remarks at Presentation of the National Security Medal to J. Edgar Hoover.
  37. ^ See, for example:
    Anderson, Jack (1999). Jackson Northman Anderson ( October 19, 1922 &ndash December 17, 2005) was an American Peace, War, and Politics: An Eyewitness Account. Forge Books, pg. 174. ISBN 0-312-87497-9.  ,
    Powers, Richard Gid (2004). Broken: the troubled past and uncertain future of the FBI. Free Press, pg. 238. ISBN 0-684-83371-9.  ,
    Theoharis, Athan G. (editor) (1998). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Oryx Press, pg. 264. ISBN 0-89774-991-X.  
  38. ^ "Conspirators Against the American Way.", New York Times, March 9, 1958. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.  

References and further reading

External links

Government offices
Preceded by
William J. Burns
as Director of the Bureau of Investigation		 Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
1924 – 1972		 Succeeded by
L. Patrick Gray
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Everett Dirksen		 Persons who have lain in state or honor
in the United States Capitol rotunda
May 3 – May 4, 1972		 Succeeded by
Lyndon B. Johnson
Persondata
NAME Hoover, John Edgar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION FBI director
DATE OF BIRTH January 1, 1895(1895-01-01)
PLACE OF BIRTH Washington, D.C., United States
DATE OF DEATH May 2, 1977
PLACE OF DEATH Washington, D.C., United States
William J Burns ( October 19, 1861 – April 14, 1932) is known for being the director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI (predecessor Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation are appointed by the President of the United States. Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18 1916 – July 6 2005 was acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI from May 2 1972 to April 27 1973 Everett McKinley Dirksen ( January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was a Republican U Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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