J. D. Salinger
Salinger in 1951.
Born	Jerome David Salinger January 1, 1919 (1919-01-01) (age 89) Manhattan, New York
Occupation	Novelist, writer
Writing period	1940-1965
Notable work(s)	The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
Influences Sherwood Anderson, Anton Chekhov, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gustave Flaubert, Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, Ring Lardner, Leo Tolstoy
Influenced Wes Anderson, Stephen Chbosky, Carl Hiaasen, Haruki Murakami, Tom Robbins, Philip Roth, Louis Sachar, John Updike, Richard Yates, K.J. Stevens
Signature

Jerome David Salinger (born January 1, 1919) (pronounced /ˈsælɨndʒɚ/) is an American author, best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye, as well as for his reclusive nature. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently Sherwood Anderson (September 13 1876 &ndash March 8 1941 was an American writer mainly of short stories, most notably the collection Winesburg Ohio Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24 1896 – December 21 1940 was an American writer of Novels and Short stories, whose works are evocative of the Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Ringgold Wilmer Lardner ( March 6 1885 – September 25 1933) was an American sports columnist and Short story writer best Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American director, writer, Actor, and producer of features Stephen Chbosky' (born January 25, 1970) is an American novelist, Screenwriter, and Film director best known Carl Hiaasen (ˈhaɪəsɛn (born March 12, 1953) is an American Journalist and Novelist. is a popular contemporary Japanese Writer and Translator. His work has been described by the Virginia Quarterly Review as "easily accessible Thomas Eugene Robbins (born July 22, 1936 in Blowing Rock, North Carolina) is an American Author. Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933, Newark New Jersey) is an American novelist Louis Sachar (ˈsækɚ or "Sacker" (born March 20, 1954) is an American Author of children's books who is best known for John Hoyer Updike (born March 18 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American Novelist, Poet, Short story Richard Yates ( February 3 1926 &ndash November 7 1992) was an American Novelist and Short story writer KJ Stevens (born June 4, 1973) is an American Novelist and Short story writer. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently A recluse is someone in isolation who hides away from the attention of the public a person who lives in Solitude, i He has not published a new work since 1965.

Raised in Manhattan, New York, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1948 he published the critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" in The New Yorker, which became home to much of his subsequent work. " A Perfect Day for Bananafish " is a short story by J The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry In 1951 Salinger published his first novel, The Catcher in the Rye, an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. Holden Caulfield is a Fictional character, the Protagonist of J ^[1] The novel remains widely read, selling about 250,000 copies a year.

The success of The Catcher in the Rye led to public attention and scrutiny; Salinger became reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. He followed Catcher with three collections of short stories: Nine Stories (1953), Franny and Zooey (1961), and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). Nine Stories (1953 is a collection of short stories by American fiction writer J Franny and Zooey is a novel by J D Salinger, published in 1961. Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters and Seymour An Introduction was a 1963 book by J His last published work, a novella entitled "Hapworth 16, 1924," appeared in The New Yorker in 1965. A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. " Hapworth 16 1924 " is the "youngest" of J D

Afterwards, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover, and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. Robert Ian Hamilton ( 24 March 1938 - 27 December 2001) was a British literary critic reviewer biographer poet magazine editor Daphne Joyce Maynard (born November 5, 1953) is an American Author who in addition to her own literary career is known for the relationship In 1997, a small publisher announced a deal with Salinger to publish "Hapworth 16, 1924" in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity, the release was delayed indefinitely.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 World War II 1.2 Post-war years 1.3 The Catcher in the Rye 1.4 Writing in the 1950s and move to Cornish 1.5 Marriage, family, and religious beliefs 1.6 Last publications and Maynard relationship 1.7 Legal conflicts in 1980s and 1990s 1.8 Recent privacy invasions 2 Literary style and themes 3 Influence 4 List of works 4.1 Books 4.2 Published and anthologized stories 4.3 Published and unanthologized stories 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Biography

World War II

In 1941, Salinger started dating Oona O'Neill, daughter of the playwright Eugene O'Neill. Oona Lady Chaplin (née O'Neill) ( May 13, 1925 – September 27, 1991) was the daughter of Nobel and Pulitzer Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright Despite finding the debutante self-absorbed (he confided to a friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love with little Oona"), he called her often and wrote her long letters. ^[2] Their relationship ended when Oona began seeing Charlie Chaplin, whom she eventually married in June 1943 despite a 36-year age difference (Chaplin was 54 and O'Neill was 18. )^[3] In late 1941, Salinger briefly worked on a Caribbean cruise ship, serving as an activity director and possibly as a performer. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience ^[4]

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The New Yorker. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry A selective magazine, it rejected seven of Salinger's stories that year, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler. " In December 1941, however, it accepted "Slight Rebellion off Madison," a Manhattan-set story about a disaffected teenager named Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters. " Slight Rebellion off Madison " is a short story written by J Holden Caulfield is a Fictional character, the Protagonist of J "^[5] When Japan carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor that month, the story was rendered "unpublishable"; it did not appear in the magazine until 1946. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by ^[5] In the spring of 1942, several months after the United States entered World War II, Salinger was drafted into the Army, where he saw combat with the U.S. 12th Infantry Regiment in some of the fiercest fighting of the war. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[4] He was active at Utah Beach on D-Day and in the Battle of the Bulge. Utah Beach was the codename for one of the Allied landing beaches during the D-Day Invasion of Normandy, as part of Operation Overlord on 6 June D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains ^[6]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged to meet with Ernest Hemingway, a writer who had influenced him and was working as a war correspondent in Paris. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. ^[7] Salinger was impressed with Hemingway's friendliness and modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona. ^[8] Hemingway was impressed by Salinger's writing, and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent. "^[1] The two writers began corresponding; Salinger wrote Hemingway in July 1946 that their talks were among his few positive memories of the war. ^[8] Salinger added that he was working on a play about Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of his story "Slight Rebellion off Madison," and hoped to play the part himself. ^[8]

Salinger was assigned to a counter-intelligence division, where he used his proficiency in French and German to interrogate prisoners of war. This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. ^[9] He was also among the first soldiers to enter a liberated concentration camp. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial ^[9] Salinger's experiences in the war affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks for combat stress reaction after Germany was defeated,^[10][11] and he later told his daughter: "You never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live. "^[12] Both of his biographers speculate that Salinger drew upon his wartime experiences in several stories,^[13] such as "For Esmé with Love and Squalor," which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. " For Esmé with Love and Squalor " is a Short story by J Salinger wrote while serving, and published several stories in slick magazines such as Collier's and the Saturday Evening Post. Collier's Weekly was an American Magazine founded by Peter Fenelon Collier and published from 1888 to 1957 The Saturday Evening Post was a weekly Magazine published in the United States from August 4, 1821 to February 8, He continued to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it rejected all of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, and in 1945 rejected a group of 15 poems. ^[5]

Post-war years

After Germany's defeat, Salinger signed up for six months of "de-Nazification" duty in Germany. ^[14] He met a French woman named Sylvia, and they married in 1945. ^[15] They lived in Germany, but their marriage fell apart for unknown reasons, and Sylvia left for France. ^[15] In 1972, his daughter Margaret was with her father when he received a letter from Sylvia. He looked at the envelope, and without reading it, tore it apart. It was the first time he had heard from her since the breakup, but as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with a person, he was through with them. "^[16]

In 1946, Whit Burnett agreed to help Salinger publish a collection of his short stories through Lippincott's Story Press imprint. ^[17] Titled The Young Folks, the collection was to consist of twenty stories — ten, like the title story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison," were already in print; ten were previously unpublished. ^[17] Though Burnett implied the book would be published and even negotiated Salinger a $1,000 advance on its sale, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book. ^[17] Salinger blamed Burnett for the book's failure to see print, and the two became estranged. ^[18]

By the late 1940s, Salinger had become an avid follower of Zen Buddhism, to the point that he "gave reading lists on the subject to his dates"^[1] and arranged a meeting with Buddhist scholar D. T. Suzuki. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. In 1948, he submitted a short story titled "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" to The New Yorker. " A Perfect Day for Bananafish " is a short story by J The magazine was so impressed with "the singular quality of the story" that its editors accepted it for publication immediately, and signed Salinger to a contract that allowed them right of first refusal on any future stories. Right of first refusal (ROFR or RFR is a contractual right that gives its holder the option to enter a business transaction with the owner of something according to specified terms before ^[19] The critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish", coupled with problems Salinger had with stories being altered by the "slicks", led him to publish almost exclusively in The New Yorker. ^[20] "Bananafish" was also the first of Salinger's published stories to feature the Glasses, a fictional family consisting of two retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Buddy, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, and Franny. The Glass family is a group of fictional characters that have been featured in a number of J Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s ^[21] Salinger eventually published seven stories about the Glasses, developing a detailed family history and focusing particularly on Seymour, the troubled eldest child. ^[21]

In the early 1940s, Salinger had confided in a letter to Whit Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories in order to achieve financial security. ^[22] According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when "rumblings from Hollywood" over his 1943 short story "The Varioni Brothers" came to nothing. "The Varioni Brothers" is a short story by J D Salinger, first published in the Saturday Evening Post on July 17, 1943. Therefore he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to buy the film rights to his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut. Samuel Goldwyn ( ca. July 1879 &ndash 31 January 1974) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning producer " Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut " is a short story by J "^[22] Though Salinger sold his story with the hope — in the words of his agent Dorothy Olding — that it "would make a good movie,"^[23] the film version of "Wiggly" was lambasted by critics upon its release in 1949. ^[24] Renamed My Foolish Heart and starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the melodramatic film departed to such an extent from Salinger's story that Goldwyn biographer A. Scott Berg referred to it as a “bastardization”. For the 1999 television miniseries see Foolish Heart. My Foolish Heart is an Academy Award -nominated 1949 Dana Andrews ( January 1 1909 - December 17 1992) was an American film actor Susan Hayward ( June 30, 1917 &ndash March 14, 1975) was an Academy Award -winning American Actress. Andrew Scott Berg (born December 4 1949 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American biographer. ^[24] As a result of this experience, Salinger never again permitted film adaptations to be made from his work. ^[25]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the 1940s, Salinger confided to several people that he was working on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist of his short story "Slight Rebellion off Madison,"^[26] and The Catcher in the Rye was published on July 16, 1951. The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The novel's plot is simple,^[27] detailing sixteen-year-old Holden's experiences in New York City following his expulsion from an elite prep school. A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, or prep school The book is more notable for the iconic persona and testimonial voice of its first-person narrator, Holden. See also First person First-person narrative is a Narrative mode in which a Story is narrated by one character, who explicitly ^[28] He serves as an insightful but unreliable narrator who expounds on the importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" of adulthood, and his own duplicity. In literature film theatre and music an unreliable narrator (a term coined by Wayne C ^[28] In a 1953 interview with a high-school newspaper, Salinger admitted that the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining that "My boyhood was very much the same as that of the boy in the book. … [I]t was a great relief telling people about it. "^[29]

Initial reactions were mixed, ranging from The New York Times's praise of Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[30] to denigrations of the book's monotonous language and the "immorality and perversion" of Holden,^[31] who uses religious slurs and casually discusses premarital sex and prostitution. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. ^[32] The novel was a popular success; within months of its publication, The Catcher in the Rye had been reprinted eight times, and it went on to spend thirty weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list. The New York Times Best Seller List is widely considered to be the preeminent list of best-selling books in the United States. ^[27]

The book's initial success was followed by a brief lull in popularity, but by the late 1950s, according to Ian Hamilton, it had "become the book all brooding adolescents had to buy, the indispensable manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed. "^[33] Newspapers began publishing articles about the "Catcher Cult",^[33] and the novel was banned in several countries – as well as some U. S. schools – because of its subject matter and what Catholic World reviewer Riley Hughes called an "excessive use of amateur swearing and coarse language". Catholic World was a periodical founded by Paulist Father Isaac Thomas Hecker in April 1865 ^[34] One irate parent counted 237 appearances of the word "goddam" in the novel, along with 58 "bastard"s, 31 "Chrissakes," and 6 "fucks. "^[34]

In the 1970s, several U. S. high school teachers who assigned the book were fired or forced to resign. In 1979 one book-length study of censorship noted that The Catcher in the Rye "had the dubious distinction of being at once the most frequently censored book across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public high schools [after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men]. John Steinbeck III (February 27 1902—December 20 1968 was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century Of Mice and Men is a Novella written by Nobel Prize -winning author John Steinbeck. "^[35] The book remains widely read; as of 2004, the novel was selling about 250,000 copies per year, "with total worldwide sales over – probably way over – 10 million. "^[36]

In the wake of its 1950s success, Salinger received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher in the Rye for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn. ^[24] Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in the novel among filmmakers, with Billy Wilder,^[37] Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[38] among those seeking to secure the rights. Billy Wilder ( June 22, 1906 – March 27, 2002) was an Austrian born Jewish - American Journalist Harvey Weinstein, CBE (Hon (born March 19, 1952) is an American Film producer and movie studio chairman Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Salinger stated in the 1970s that "Jerry Lewis tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden. Jerry Lewis (born March 16, 1926) is an American Comedian, award-winning actor producer writer and director best-known for his slapstick "^[39] The author has repeatedly refused, though, and in 1999, Joyce Maynard definitively concluded: "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger. "^[39]

Writing in the 1950s and move to Cornish

In a July 1951 profile in Book of the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger about his literary influences. William Keepers Maxwell Jr ( August 16 1908 – July 31, 2000) was an American Novelist and editor. Salinger responded: "A writer, when he's asked to discuss his craft, ought to get up and call out in a loud voice just the names of the writers he loves. I love Kafka, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Lorca, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Blake, Coleridge. Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Seán O'Casey ( Irish Seán Ó Cathasaigh (30 March 1880 &ndash 18 September 1964 was a major Irish dramatist and Memoirist A committed irish Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Jane Austen (16 Henry James, OM ( –) son of theologian Henry James Sr, brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher I won't name any living writers. I don't think it's right. "^[40] In letters written in the 1940s, Salinger had expressed his admiration of three living, or recently deceased, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Lardner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald;^[41] Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor. Sherwood Anderson (September 13 1876 &ndash March 8 1941 was an American writer mainly of short stories, most notably the collection Winesburg Ohio Ringgold Wilmer Lardner ( March 6 1885 – September 25 1933) was an American sports columnist and Short story writer best Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24 1896 – December 21 1940 was an American writer of Novels and Short stories, whose works are evocative of the "^[42]

After several years of practicing Zen Buddhism, in 1952, while reading the gospels of Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna, Salinger wrote friends of a momentous change in his life. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ( Bangla: রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo) ( February 18, 1836 - ^[43] He became an adherent of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment from human responsibilities such as family. Advaita Vedanta ( IAST Advaita Vedānta; Sanskrit अद्वैत वेदान्त əd̪vait̪ə veːd̪ɑːnt̪ə is a sub-school of the ^[44][45] Salinger also studied the writings of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in the story "Hapworth 16, 1924", the character of Seymour Glass describes him as "one of the most exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century. Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( "^[44]

In 1953, Salinger published a collection of seven stories from The New Yorker ("Bananafish" among them), as well as two that the magazine had rejected. The collection was published as Nine Stories in the United States, and For Esmé with Love and Squalor in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. Nine Stories (1953 is a collection of short stories by American fiction writer J " For Esmé with Love and Squalor " is a Short story by J ^[46] The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success – "remarkably so for a volume of short stories," according to Hamilton. ^[47] Nine Stories spent three months on the New York Times Bestseller list. ^[47] Already tightening his grip on publicity, though, Salinger refused to allow publishers of the collection to depict his characters in dust jacket illustrations, lest readers form preconceived notions of them.

As the notoriety of The Catcher in the Rye grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. In 1953, he moved from New York to Cornish, New Hampshire. Cornish is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor High School. Windsor High School may refer to Windsor High School (England in Halesowen England Windsor High School (California in Windsor California Salinger invited them to his house frequently to play records and talk about problems at school. ^[48] One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to be interviewed for the high school page of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. However, after Blaney's interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's editorial section, Salinger cut off all contact with the high schoolers without explanation. ^[48] He was also seen less frequently around town, only seeing one close friend with any regularity, jurist Learned Hand. Billings Learned Hand (January 27 1872 – August 18 1961 ^[49]

Marriage, family, and religious beliefs

In June 1955, at the age of 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas, a Radcliffe student. Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge Massachusetts, and was the Coordinate college for Harvard University They had two children, Margaret (b. December 10, 1955) and Matt (b. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Matthew Salinger (born February 13, 1960 in Windsor Vermont) is an American Actor, the son of author J February 13, 1960). Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir Dream Catcher that she believes her parents would not have married – nor would she have been born – had her father not read the teachings of a disciple of Paramahansa Yogananda, which held out the possibility of enlightenment to those following the path of the "householder" (a married person with children). Paramahansa Yogananda ( Bengali: পরমহংস যোগানন্দ Pôromohôngsho Joganondo, Sanskrit: परमहंस योगानं‍द ^[50] After their marriage, J. D. and Claire were initiated into the path of Kriya yoga in a small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1955. Kriya Yoga is described by its practitioners as the ancient Yoga system revived in modern times by Mahavatar Babaji through his disciple Lahiri Mahasaya Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D ^[51] They received a mantra and breathing exercises to practice for ten minutes twice a day. ^[51]

Salinger also insisted that Claire drop out of school and live with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did. Certain elements of the story "Franny", published in January, 1955, are based on his relationship with Claire, including the fact that Claire owned the book The Way of the Pilgrim. The Way of a Pilgrim is the English title of a 19th century anonymous Russian work detailing the narrator's journey across the country while discovering ^[52] Because of their isolated location and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other people for long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by J. D. 's ever-changing religious beliefs. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, she remembered that Salinger would chronically leave Cornish to work on a story "for several weeks only to return with the piece he was supposed to be finishing all undone or destroyed and some new 'ism' we had to follow. "^[53] Claire believed "it was to cover the fact that Jerry had just destroyed or junked or couldn't face the quality of, or couldn't face publishing, what he had created. "^[53]

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger tried Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder L. Ron Hubbard, according to Claire. Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices initially created by American Science fiction author L Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13 1911 &ndash January 24 1986 was a fiction writer who devised a self-help technique called Dianetics and philosophy known as Scientology ^[53][54] This was followed by adherence to a number of spiritual, medical, and nutritional belief systems including Christian Science, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, the teachings of Edgar Cayce, fasting, vomiting to remove impurities, megadoses of Vitamin C, urine therapy, "speaking in tongues" (or Charismatic glossolalia), and sitting in a Reichian "orgone box" to accumulate "orgone energy". Christian Science is believed by its supporters to be a system of spiritually scientific truths which are summed up in the two commandments having one God one Mind one Life Truth This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation History Antiquity In China, the practice of acupuncture can perhaps be traced as far back as A macrobiotic diet (or macrobiotics) from the Greek "macro" (large long and "bios" (life is a dietary regimen that involves Edgar Cayce ( March 18, 1877 &ndash January 3, 1945) (ˈkeɪsiː was an American psychic. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian In Alternative medicine, the term urine therapy (also urotherapy, urinotherapy or uropathy) refers to various applications of human Urine The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Glossolalia is commonly called "speaking in tongues" For other uses of "speaking in tongues" see Speaking in Tongues (disambiguation. Wilhelm Reich ( March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Orgone energy is a hypothetical and largely disputed extrapolation of the Freudian concept of Libido first proposed and promoted in the 1930's by Psychoanalyst ^{[55][56][57][58]}

Salinger's family life was further marked by discord after the first child was born; according to Margaret, Claire felt that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. ^[59] The infant Margaret was sick much of the time, but Salinger, having embraced the tenets of Christian Science, refused to take her to a doctor. Christian Science is believed by its supporters to be a system of spiritually scientific truths which are summed up in the two commandments having one God one Mind one Life Truth ^[60] According to Margaret, her mother admitted to her years later that she went "over the edge" in the winter of 1957 and had made plans to murder her thirteen-month-old infant and then commit suicide. Claire had intended to do it during a trip to New York City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a sudden impulse to take Margaret from the hotel and run away. After a few months, Salinger persuaded her to return to Cornish. ^[60]

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published the collections Franny and Zooey in 1961, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction in 1963. Franny and Zooey is a novel by J D Salinger, published in 1961. Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters and Seymour An Introduction was a 1963 book by J Each book contained two short stories or novellas, previously published in The New Yorker, about members of the Glass family. A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. On the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, in reference to his interest in privacy: "It is my rather subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are the second most valuable property on loan to him during his working years. "^[61]

On September 15, 1961, Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger, in an article that profiled his "life of recluse"; Time reported that the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion…Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy". Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[1] However, Salinger has only published one other story since. His last published work was "Hapworth 16, 1924," an epistolary novella in the form of a long letter from seven-year-old Seymour Glass from summer camp. " Hapworth 16 1924 " is the "youngest" of J D It took up most of the June 19, 1965 issue of The New Yorker. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Around this time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends and relatives and made her – in the words of Margaret Salinger – "a virtual prisoner. "^[53] Claire separated from him in September 1966; their divorce was finalized on October 3, 1967. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ^[62]

In 1972, at the age of 53, Salinger had a year-long relationship with 18-year-old Joyce Maynard, already an experienced writer for Seventeen magazine. Daphne Joyce Maynard (born November 5, 1953) is an American Author who in addition to her own literary career is known for the relationship Seventeen is an American Magazine for teenagers. It was first published in 1944. The New York Times had asked Maynard to write an article, which, when published as "An Eighteen Year Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, 1972, made her a celebrity. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Salinger wrote a letter to her warning about living with fame. After exchanging 25 letters, Maynard moved in with Salinger the summer after her freshman year at Yale University. ^[63] Maynard did not return to Yale that fall, and spent ten months as a guest in Salinger's Cornish home. The relationship ended, he told his daughter Margaret at a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he felt he was too old. ^[64]

Salinger continued to write in a disciplined fashion, a few hours every morning; according to Maynard, by 1972 he had completed two new novels. ^[65][66] In a rare 1974 interview with The New York Times, he explained: "There is a marvelous peace in not publishing. … I like to write. I love to write. But I write just for myself and my own pleasure. "^[67] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption. "^[68] In her memoir, Margaret Salinger describes the detailed filing system her father had for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if I die before I finish my work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but edit first, and so on. "^[69]

Legal conflicts in 1980s and 1990s

Although Salinger tried to escape public exposure as much as possible, he continued to struggle with unwanted attention from both the media and the public. ^[70] Readers of his work and students from nearby Dartmouth College often came to Cornish in groups, hoping to catch a glimpse of him. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U ^[71] Upon learning in 1986 that the British writer Ian Hamilton intended to publish In Search of J. Robert Ian Hamilton ( 24 March 1938 - 27 December 2001) was a British literary critic reviewer biographer poet magazine editor D. Salinger: A Writing Life (1935-65), a biography including letters Salinger had written to other authors and friends, Salinger sued to stop the book's publication. The book was finally published in 1988 with the letters' contents paraphrased. The court ruled that Hamilton's extensive use of the letters went beyond the limits of fair use, and that "the author of letters is entitled to a copyright in the letters, as with any other work of literary authorship. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for "^[72]

An unintended consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's private life, including that he had spent the last twenty years writing, in his words, "Just a work of fiction. Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation … That's all",^[25] became public in the form of court transcripts. Excerpts from his letters were also widely disseminated, most notably a bitter remark written in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

I can see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and nude, atop his chiffonier, swinging his thyroid around his head by his bamboo cane, like a dead rat. A Cheffonier or Chiffonier, is a piece of Furniture differentiated from the Sideboard by its smaller size and by the enclosure of the whole of the front Oona in an aquamarine gown, applauding madly from the bathroom. ^[72][3]

Salinger was romantically involved with television actress Elaine Joyce for quite a few years in the 1980s. Elaine Joyce (born December 19 1945) is an American stage and television actress ^[63] The relationship ended when he met Colleen O'Neill (b. June 11, 1959), a nurse and quiltmaker, whom he married around 1988. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[73] O'Neill, forty years his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to have a child. ^[74]

In 1995, Iranian director Dariush Mehrjui released the film Pari, an unauthorized and loose adaptation of Salinger's Franny and Zooey. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film Pari ( Persian: پری) is a 1995 motion picture directed by Dariush Mehrjui. Though the film could be distributed legally in Iran since the country has no official copyright relations with the United States,^[75] Salinger had his lawyers block a planned screening of the film at the Lincoln Center in 1998. ^[76] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering," explaining that he saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange. "^[76]

In 1997, Salinger gave a small publisher, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, 1924," the previously uncollected novella. It was to be published that year, and listings for it appeared at Amazon.com and other book-sellers. Amazoncom Inc ( is an American electronic commerce ( E-commerce) company in Seattle Washington. After a flurry of articles and critical reviews of the story appeared in the press, the publication date was pushed back repeatedly, the last time to 2002. It was not published and no new date has been set. ^[77]

Recent privacy invasions

In 1999, twenty-four years after the end of their relationship, Joyce Maynard put up for auction a series of letters Salinger had written to her. Maynard's memoir of her life and her relationship with Salinger, At Home in the World: A Memoir, was published the same year. Among other indiscretions, the book described how Maynard's mother had consulted with her on how to appeal to the aging author, and described Maynard's relationship with him at length. In the ensuing controversy over both the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction the letters for financial reasons; she would have preferred to donate them to Beinecke Library. Yale University 's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (BRBL was a 1963 gift of the Beinecke family Software developer Peter Norton bought the letters for $156,500 and announced his intention to return them to Salinger. Peter Norton (born November 14 1943) is an American Software Publisher, Author, and Philanthropist. ^[78]

A year later, Salinger's daughter Margaret, by his second wife Claire Douglas, published Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In her book, Ms. Salinger described the harrowing control Salinger had over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger myths established by Ian Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder left him psychologically scarred, and that he was unable to deal with the traumatic nature of his war service. Post traumatic stress disorder It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to Though Ms. Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived through ['bloody Mortain,' a battle in which her father fought] were left with much to sicken them, body and soul,"^[79] she also painted a picture of J. Mortain is a small town and commune in the Manche département, France. D. as a man immensely proud of his service record, maintaining his military haircut, service jacket, and moving about his compound (and town) in an old Jeep.

Both Margaret and Maynard characterized Salinger as a devoted film buff. According to Margaret, his favorite movies include Gigi, The Lady Vanishes, The 39 Steps (Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), and the comedies of W.C. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, and the Marx Brothers. Not to be confused with Gigli. Gigi is a 1958 motion picture musical set in Paris France. The Lady Vanishes ( 1938) is a Film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The 39 Steps is a 1935 Film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on the adventure Novel The Thirty-nine Steps W C Fields ( January 29, 1880 &ndash December 25, 1946) was an American Juggler, Comedian, and Actor Laurel and Hardy were the popular American -based comedy team of thin British-born Stan Laurel (1890-1965 and heavy American-born Oliver Hardy (1892-1957 The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling Comedians who appeared in Vaudeville, stage plays film and television ^[80] Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive collection of classic movies from the 1940s in 16 mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films",^[81] and his daughter argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie. A Puerto Rican ('puertorriqueño' ( Taíno term boricua) is a person who was born in Puerto Rico. "^[82]

Margaret also offered many insights into other Salinger myths, including her father's supposed long-time interest in macrobiotics and involvement with alternative medicine and Eastern philosophies. A macrobiotic diet (or macrobiotics) from the Greek "macro" (large long and "bios" (life is a dietary regimen that involves The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. A few weeks after Dream Catcher was published, Margaret's brother Matt discredited the memoir in a letter to The New York Observer. Matthew Salinger (born February 13, 1960 in Windsor Vermont) is an American Actor, the son of author J The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, by Arthur L He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" and stated: "I can't say with any authority that she is consciously making anything up. I just know that I grew up in a very different house, with two very different parents from those my sister describes. "^[83]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in 1946, he wrote: "I almost always write about very young people", a statement which has been referred to as his credo. Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is a monthly general-interest Magazine of literature politics culture finance and the arts The credo ( Latin for "I Believe" ˈkɾeːd̪oː is a statement of Religious belief, such as the Nicene Creed (or less often another creed ^[84] Adolescents are featured or appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first published short story, "The Young Folks", to The Catcher in the Rye and his Glass family stories. The Glass family is a group of fictional characters that have been featured in a number of J In 1961, the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his appeal to young readers, but another was "a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually to them, in a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that capture their most secret judgments of the world. Alfred Kazin ( June 5 1915 &ndash June 5 1998) was an American Writer and Literary critic, many of whose writings "^[85] Salinger's language, especially his energetic, realistically sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time his first stories were published, and was seen by several critics as "the most distinguishing thing" about his work. ^[86]

Salinger identified closely with his characters,^[68] and used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, and extended telephone calls to display his gift for dialogue. Such style elements also "[gave] him the illusion of having, as it were, delivered his characters' destinies into their own keeping. "^[87] Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the "corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large",^[88] the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults,^[88] and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children. ^[13]

Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-Catcher story collections. ^[89][83] Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took the standards of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his writing into the "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" qualities of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", The Catcher in the Rye, and his stories of the early 1950s. William Shawn ( August 31, 1907 – December 8, 1992) was an American magazine editor who edited The New Yorker ^[90] By the late 1950s, as Salinger became more reclusive and involved in religious study, Hamilton notes that his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and increasingly filled with digression and parenthetical remarks. Digression ( parekbasis in Greek, egressio, digressio and excursion in Latin) is a section of a composition or speech that ^[91] Louis Menand agrees, writing in The New Yorker that Salinger "stopped writing stories, in the conventional sense. Louis Menand (born January 21, 1952) is a prominent American writer and academic best known for his … He seemed to lose interest in fiction as an art form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control. "^[13] Margaret Salinger, in her memoir, also cites her father's "beloved" Dostoyevski's The House of the Dead as another influence on her father's Sturm und Drang, existential externalization. ^[92] Dostoyevski's semi-autobiographical book is about that author's experience serving four years of hard labor at a Siberian gulag, which Dostoyevski himself likened to a living hell. Judging by Salinger's main characters in "Teddy" and "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" in Nine Stories, one can see the influence on those who would rather go to their own death than live a life with, or perhaps a life with too much -- though unwarranted -- purpose.

In recent years, Salinger's later work has been defended by some critics; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece. Janet Malcolm (born 1934 is an American writer and journalist on staff at The New Yorker magazine The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current … Rereading it and its companion piece "Franny" is no less rewarding than rereading The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is a Novel by the American author F Scott Fitzgerald. "^[83]

Influence

Salinger's writing has influenced several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (himself an O. Henry Award-winning author) to state in 1991: "His is the most influential body of work in English prose by anyone since Hemingway. Harold Brodkey ( October 25, 1930 &ndash January 26, 1996) was an American author The O Henry Award is the only yearly award given to short stories of exceptional merit "^[93] Of the writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist John Updike attested that "the short stories of J. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, John Hoyer Updike (born March 18 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American Novelist, Poet, Short story D. Salinger really opened my eyes as to how you can weave fiction out of a set of events that seem almost unconnected, or very lightly connected. … [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind as really having moved me a step up, as it were, toward knowing how to handle my own material. "^[94] The critic Louis Menand has observed that the early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Roth were affected by "Salinger's voice and comic timing. Louis Menand (born January 21, 1952) is a prominent American writer and academic best known for his Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933, Newark New Jersey) is an American novelist "^[13]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The New York Times in 1977 that reading Salinger's stories for the first time was a landmark experience, and that "nothing quite like it has happened to me since. The National Book Awards are among the most eminent literary prizes in the United States. Richard Yates ( February 3 1926 &ndash November 7 1992) was an American Novelist and Short story writer "^[95] Yates describes Salinger as "a man who used language as if it were pure energy beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what he was doing in every silence as well as in every word. " Gordon Lish's O. Gordon Jay Lish (born February 11, 1934 in Hewlett New York) is an American Writer. Henry Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (1977, collected in What I Know So Far, 1984), is a parody of Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor. "^[96]

In 2001, Louis Menand wrote in The New Yorker that "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" among each new generation had become "a literary genre all its own. "^[13] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963), Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (1984), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000). Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer. The Bell Jar is American writer Sylvia Plath 's only novel which was originally published under the Pseudonym "Victoria Lucas" Hunter Stockton Thompson ( July 18, 1937 &ndash February 20, 2005) was an American Journalist and Author, most John Barrett McInerney Jr (born January 13, 1955 in Hartford Connecticut) (ˈmækənɝni is an American Writer. Dave Eggers (born March 12, 1970) is an American Writer, editor, and publisher. A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (ISBN 0-330-48455-9 is a Memoir by Dave Eggers released in 2000. The writer Aimee Bender was struggling with her first short stories when a friend gave her a copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye in a day, and that incredible feeling of ease inspires writing. Aimee Bender (born June 28, 1969) is an American Novelist and short story writer known for her surreal plots and characters Inspires the pursuit of voice. Not his voice. My voice. Your voice. "^[97] Authors such as Stephen Chbosky,^[98] Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[99] Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[100] Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[101] Megan McCafferty, and Joel Stein,^[102] along with Academy Award-nominated writer-director Wes Anderson, have cited Salinger as an influence. Stephen Chbosky' (born January 25, 1970) is an American novelist, Screenwriter, and Film director best known Carl Hiaasen (ˈhaɪəsɛn (born March 12, 1953) is an American Journalist and Novelist. Susan Minot is a popular contemporary Japanese Writer and Translator. His work has been described by the Virginia Quarterly Review as "easily accessible Gwendoline Riley is an English writer born in 1979 Born in London, she now lives in Manchester, where she attended Manchester Metropolitan University Thomas Eugene Robbins (born July 22, 1936 in Blowing Rock, North Carolina) is an American Author. Louis Sachar (ˈsækɚ or "Sacker" (born March 20, 1954) is an American Author of children's books who is best known for Megan McCafferty (born 1973 is a contemporary United States author known for her series of books about Jessica Darling, a witty teenage heroine Joel Stein (born 23 July 1971 is an American Journalist. He is a Columnist for the Los Angeles Times and a regular contributor to "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American director, writer, Actor, and producer of features

List of works

Books

• The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
• Nine Stories (1953)
  • "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" (1948)
  • "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" (1948)
  • "Just Before the War with the Eskimos" (1948)
  • "The Laughing Man" (1949)
  • "Down at the Dinghy" (1949)
  • "For Esmé with Love and Squalor" (1950)
  • "Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes" (1951)
  • "De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period" (1952)
  • "Teddy" (1953)
• Franny and Zooey (1961)
  • "Franny" (1955)
  • "Zooey" (1957)
• Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963)
  • "Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters" (1955)
  • "Seymour: An Introduction" (1959)

Published and anthologized stories

• "Go See Eddie" (1940, republished in Fiction: Form & Experience, ed. The Catcher in the Rye is a Novel by J D Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951 the novel has been a frequently Nine Stories (1953 is a collection of short stories by American fiction writer J " A Perfect Day for Bananafish " is a short story by J " Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut " is a short story by J "Just Before the War with the Eskimos" is a short story by J " The Laughing Man " is a short story written by J D Salinger and originally published in The New Yorker magazine on March 19, 1949 " Down at the Dinghy " is a Short story by J D Salinger. " For Esmé with Love and Squalor " is a Short story by J " Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes " is a Short story written by J "De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period" is a Short story that is part of the Nine Stories collection by J “Teddy” is a short story by J D Salinger, originally published in the January 31 1953 issue of The New Yorker and reprinted in Salinger’s Franny and Zooey is a novel by J D Salinger, published in 1961. Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters and Seymour An Introduction was a 1963 book by J "Go See Eddie" was one of J D Salinger 's first short stories William M. Jones, 1969)
• "The Hang of It" (1941, republished in The Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, 1943)
• "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (1942, republished in Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed. "The Hang of It", another of Salinger's uncollected stories is a commercial tale of a soldier who just can't seem to get "The Hang of It" A uncollected story written by J D Salinger, "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" is the tale of a Debutante and her long process of coming out Whit Burnett, 1949)
• "A Boy in France" (1945, republished in Post Stories 1942-45, ed. "A Boy in France" is a short story by J D Salinger. It is the second part of a trilogy of stories following the character Babe Gladwaller. Ben Hibbs, 1946)
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (1945, republished in The Armchair Esquire, ed. L. Rust Hills, 1959)
• "A Girl I Knew" (1948, republished in Best American Short Stories 1949, ed. Martha Foley, 1949)
• "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (1946, republished in Wonderful Town: New York Stories from The New Yorker, ed. " Slight Rebellion off Madison " is a short story written by J David Remnick, 2000)

Published and unanthologized stories

• "The Young Folks" (1940)
• "The Heart of a Broken Story" (1941)
• "Personal Notes of an Infantryman" (1942)
• "The Varioni Brothers" (1943)
• "Both Parties Concerned" (1944)
• "Soft Boiled Sergeant" (1944)
• "Last Day of the Last Furlough" (1944)
• "Once a Week Won't Kill You" (1944)
• "Elaine" (1945)
• "The Stranger" (1945)
• "I'm Crazy" (1945)
• "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All" (1947)
• "The Inverted Forest" (1947)
• "Blue Melody" (1948)
• "Hapworth 16, 1924" (1965)

Notes

References

• Alexander, Paul (1999). Salinger: A Biography. Los Angeles: Renaissance. ISBN 1-58063-080-4.  
• Bloom, Harold (1990). Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Holden Caulfield. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 079100953X.  
• Crawford, Catherine (editor) (2006). If You Really Want to Hear About It: Writers on J. D. Salinger and His Work. New York: Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 978-1560258803.  
• Hamilton, Ian (1988). Robert Ian Hamilton ( 24 March 1938 - 27 December 2001) was a British literary critic reviewer biographer poet magazine editor In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9.  
• Kubica, Chris; Hochman, Will (2002). Letters to J. D. Salinger. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-17800-5.  
• Lutz, Norma Jean (2001). "Biography of J. D. Salinger", in Bloom, Harold, ed. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations : Bloom's BioCritiques: J. D. Salinger. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, pp. 3–44. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2.  
• Maynard, Joyce (1998). Daphne Joyce Maynard (born November 5, 1953) is an American Author who in addition to her own literary career is known for the relationship At Home in the World. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-19556-7.  
• Salinger, Margaret (2000). Dream Catcher: A Memoir. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-04281-5.  
• Whitfield, Stephen J. (Dec 1997). "Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Cultural History of The Catcher in the Rye,". The New England Quarterly 70 (4): 567–600. The New England Quarterly is a journal consisting of articles on New England 's cultural literary political and social history doi:10.2307/366646. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.   Reprinted in Bloom, Harold (editor) (2001). Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Bloom's BioCritiques: J. D. Salinger. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, pp. 77–105. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2.  

External links

• The Letters to J. D. Salinger Web Site.
• The J. D. Salinger "Bananafish" discussion list.
• Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting (from http://www.tversu.ru/Science/Hermeneutics/1998-2.html )
• Salinger.org - A Fan site
• Dead Caulfields. The early life and work of J.D. Salinger
• 1988 Audio Interview with Ian Hamilton, author of In Search of J. D. Salinger - RealAudio at Wired for Books. Wired for Books is an online educational project of the WOUB Center for Public Media at Ohio University in Athens Ohio.

Persondata
NAME	Salinger, J. D.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Salinger, Jerome David
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American novelist and writer
DATE OF BIRTH	January 1, 1919 (1919-01-01) (age 89)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Manhattan, New York
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York

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