J. C. R. Licklider - Citizendia

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider

Born	March 11, 1915(1915-03-11) St. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Louis, Missouri, USA
Died	June 26, 1990 (aged 75) Arlington, Massachusetts
Nationality	North American
Other names	J. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the C. R Lick "Computing's Johnny Appleseed"
Education	Washington University in St. Louis University of Rochester
Known for	Artificial Intelligence Cybernetics "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet)

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), known simply as J. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) C. R. or "Lick" was an American computer scientist, considered one of the most important figures in computer science and general computing history. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of Computer science that emerged in the twentieth century The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software.

1 Biography
2 Work
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links

Biography

Licklider was born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He was the only child of an insurance salesman and his wife. An only child is a child with no Siblings, either Biological or adopted. He displayed early engineering talent, building model airplanes. Model aircraft are flying or non-flying models of existing or imaginary Aircraft, often scaled down versions of full size planes using materials such as balsa He carried on with his hobby of refurbishing automobiles throughout his life.

He studied at Washington University in St. Louis, where he received a BA in 1937, majoring in physics, math and psychology, and an MA in psychology in 1938. He received a PhD in psychoacoustics from the University of Rochester in 1942, and worked at the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University from 1943 to 1950. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Psychoacoustics is the study of subjective human Perception of Sounds Alternatively it can be described as the study of the Psychological correlates The University of Rochester ( U of R UR) is a private, nonsectarian Coeducational Research University located in Rochester

He became interested in information technology, and moved to MIT in 1950 as an associate professor, where he served on a committee that established MIT Lincoln Laboratory and established a psychology programme for engineering students. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a Federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA, the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government He would then convince Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and Lawrence G. Roberts that an all-encompassing computer network was a very important concept. Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is an American Computer scientist and Internet pioneer Robert W Taylor (born 1932 was director of ARPA 's Information Processing Techniques Office (1965-69 founder and later manager of Xerox PARC 's Computer Lawrence G Roberts (born 1937 in Connecticut) received the Draper Prize in 2001 Robert Kahn, and Vinton Cerf.

In 1968, J. C. R. Licklider became director of Project MAC at MIT, and a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Project MAC (the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS) was a research laboratory at MIT Project MAC had produced the first computer time-sharing system, CTSS, and one of the first online setups with the development of Multics (work on which commenced in 1964). A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics Multics ( Mult iplexed I nformation and C omputing S ervice was an extremely influential early Time-sharing Operating system Multics was the direct ancestor of the Unix operating system developed at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1970. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Kenneth Lane Thompson (born February 4 1943) commonly referred to as Ken Thompson (or simply Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (born September 9, 1941) is an American computer scientist notable for his influence on C and other Programming

He retired and became a professor emeritus in 1985. Emeritus (ɨˈmɛrɨtəs is an Adjective that is used in the title of a retired Professor, Bishop or other professional He died in Arlington, Massachusetts. Arlington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, six miles (10 km northwest of Boston.

Work

Psychoacoustics

In the psychoacoustics field, Licklider is most remembered for his 1951 "Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception," presented in a paper^[1] that has been cited hundreds of times,^[2] was reprinted in a 1979 book,^[3] and formed the basis for modern models of pitch perception. Psychoacoustics is the study of subjective human Perception of Sounds Alternatively it can be described as the study of the Psychological correlates Pitch is the property of a sound that allows the construction of melodies pitches are compared as "higher" and "lower" and are quantified as frequencies ^[4]

Information technology

Licklider became interested in information technology early in his career. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Much like Vannevar Bush, J. Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː C. R. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas, not inventions. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate wherever it was needed. He has been called "computing's Johnny Appleseed" for having planted the seeds of computing in the digital age. Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman (September 26 1774 – February 18 1845 was an American pioneer nurseryman who introduced apples to large parts of Ohio

Licklider was instrumental in conceiving, funding and managing the research that led to modern personal computers and the Internet. His seminal paper on Man-Computer Symbiosis foreshadowed interactive computing, and he went on to fund early efforts in time-sharing and application development, most notably the work of Douglas Engelbart, who founded the Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute and created the famous On-Line System. Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor. Stanford Research Institute 's Augmentation Research Center (ARC was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. NLS, or the "oN-Line System" was a revolutionary Computer collaboration system designed by Douglas Engelbart and the researchers

Semi Automatic Ground Environment

A SAGE operator's terminal.

He worked on a Cold War project known as Semi Automatic Ground Environment (better known by its acronym "SAGE"), designed to create a computer-aided air defense system. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE) was an automated control system for tracking and intercepting enemy Bomber aircraft used by NORAD from Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name The SAGE system included computers that collected and presented data to a human operator, who then chose the appropriate response. In 1957, he became a Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing. The PDP-1 ( P rogrammed D ata P rocessor- 1) was the first Computer in Digital Equipment Corporation 's Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. He was elected president of the Acoustical Society of America in 1958. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA is an international scientific society dedicated to increasing and diffusing the knowledge of Acoustics and its practical applications

He played a similar role in conceiving of and funding early networking research, most notably the ARPAnet. The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational His 1968 paper on The Computer as a Communication Device predicts the use of computer networks to support communities of common interest and collaboration without regard to location.

Man-Computer Symbiosis

In 1960, Licklider wrote his famous paper Man-Computer Symbiosis, which outlined the need for simpler interaction between computers and computer users. Intelligence amplification ( IA) (also referred to as cognitive augmentation and machine augmented intelligence) refers to the effective use of Licklider has been credited as an early pioneer of cybernetics and artificial intelligence (AI). Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback [1] Unlike many AI practitioners, Licklider never felt that men would be replaced by computer-based beings. As he wrote in that article: "Men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. "

Global computer network

Licklider formulated the earliest ideas of a global computer network in August 1962 at BBN, in a series of memos discussing the "Intergalactic Computer Network" concept. Intergalactic Computer Network can be said to be the first conception of what would eventually become the Internet. These ideas contained almost everything that the Internet is today. His paper The Computer as a Communication Device, Science and Technology, April 1968, illustrates his vision of network applications.

Project MAC

During his two-year term of office in 1962, he granted funding to develop Project MAC at MIT, a large mainframe computer that was designed to be shared by up to 30 simultaneous users, each sitting at a separate typewriter terminal. Project MAC (the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS) was a research laboratory at MIT Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium He also granted funding to similar projects at Stanford University, UCLA, UC Berkeley, and the System Development Corporation, all in California, and to the Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute, headed by Douglas Englebart, who later invented the computer mouse. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley System Development Corporation (SDC based in Santa Monica California, was arguably the world's first Computer software company California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Stanford Research Institute 's Augmentation Research Center (ARC was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses)

References

External links

J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network – Living Internet
Oral history interview with J. C. R. Licklider at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing
Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing Kahn discusses the work of various DARPA and IPTO personnel including J. C. R. Licklider.

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