Ivy League
Data
Classification	NCAA Division I FCS
Established	1954
Members	8
Sports fielded	33
Region	Northeast
States	7 - Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island
Headquarters	Princeton, New Jersey
Other names	Ancient Eight, Ivies
Executive Director	Jeffrey H. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this Orleans

The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education located in the Northeastern United States. An athletic conference is a collection of Sports teams playing competitively against each other at the collegiate or High school level A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group. ^[1] The term also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a reputation for social elitism. Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect

The term became official, especially in sports terminology, after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954,^[2] when much of the nation polarized around favorite college teams. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The use of the phrase is no longer limited to athletics, and now represents an educational philosophy inherent to the nation's oldest schools. ^[3]

All of the Ivy League's institutions place near the top in the U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings and rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D In Higher education, college and university rankings are listings of Universities and Liberal arts colleges in an order determined by any combination of Seven of the eight schools were founded during America's colonial period; the exception is Cornell, which was founded in 1865. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the Ivy League institutions, therefore, account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Ivies also are all located in the Northeast region of the United States and are privately owned and controlled. Although many of them receive funding from the federal or state governments to pursue research, only Cornell has state-supported academic units, termed "statutory" or "contract" colleges, that are an integral part of the institution. In American Higher education, particular to the state of New York, a statutory college or contract college is a college or school that is a component

Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4,000 to 14,000,^[4] making them larger than those of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Liberal arts colleges are primarily colleges with an emphasis upon Undergraduate study in the Liberal arts. Ivy League university financial endowments range from Brown's $2. A financial endowment is a Transfer of Money or Property donated to an Institution, usually with the stipulation that it be invested 8 billion to Harvard's $34. 9 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world. The following are three lists of US institutions of higher education by endowment: Largest endowments Largest endowments per student Certain universities

Contents 1 Members 2 History 2.1 Year Founded 2.2 Origin of the name 2.3 Before there was an Ivy League 2.4 History of the athletic league 3 Cohesiveness of the group 3.1 Social elitism 4 Cooperation 5 Competition and athletics 5.1 Conference facilities 6 Other Ivies 7 Championships 7.1 Football 7.2 Men's Basketball 7.3 Men's Ice Hockey 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Members

Institution	Location	Athletic Nickname	Undergraduate enrollment	Motto
Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island	Bears	5,821[5]	In deo speramus (In God we hope)
Columbia University	New York, New York	Lions	7,407[6]	In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (In Thy light shall we see the light)
Cornell University	Ithaca, New York	Big Red	13,510[7]	I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. The Brown Bears is a name shared by all sports teams at Brown University, a University located in Providence Rhode Island in the United States Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The City of New York Ivy League athletics The eight-institution athletic league to which Columbia University belongs the Ivy League, also includes Brown University, Cornell The City of Ithaca (named for the Greek island of Ithaca) sits on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York The Cornell Big Red is the name of the sports teams and other competitive teams at Cornell University.
Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire	Big Green	4,164[8]	Vox clamantis in deserto (A voice crying in the wilderness, The voice of one crying in the wilderness)[9]
Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Crimson	6,715[10]	Veritas (Truth)
Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey	Tigers	4,678[11]	Dei sub numine viget (Under God's power she flourishes)
University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Quakers	10,163[12]	Leges sine moribus vanae (Laws without morals are useless)[13]
Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut	Bulldogs	5,275[14]	אורים ותומים Lux et veritas (Light and truth)

History

Year Founded

Institution	Founded	Founding religious affiliation
Harvard University[15]	1636, but named Harvard College in 1639	Puritan Congregationalist; sided with the Unitarians in their 1825 split from Congregationalists
Yale University	1701 as Collegiate School	Congregationalist
University of Pennsylvania	1740[16]	Nonsectarian,[17] but founded by Church of England members[18][19]
Princeton University	1746 as College of New Jersey	Nonsectarian, but founded by Presbyterians[20]
Columbia University	1754 as King's College	Church of England
Brown University	1764 as College of Rhode Island	Baptist, but founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[21]
Dartmouth College	1769	Congregationalist
Cornell University	1865	Nonsectarian

Note Founding dates and religious affiliations are those stated by the institution itself. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Hanover is a town along the Connecticut River in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The Dartmouth College Big Green are the varsity and club athletic teams of Dartmouth College, an American university located in in Hanover New Hampshire Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. In ancient Israelite religion and culture Urim and Thummim (האורים והתומים Standard   haʾUrim vəhaTummim Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Nonsectarian, in its most literal sense refers to a lack of Sectarianism. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Nonsectarian, in its most literal sense refers to a lack of Sectarianism. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Nonsectarian, in its most literal sense refers to a lack of Sectarianism. Many of them had complex histories in their early years and the stories of their origins are subject to interpretation. See footnotes for details where appropriate. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.

Origin of the name

The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895-1965).

“	A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.	”
—Stanley Woodward, New York Tribune, October 14, 1933, describing the football season[22]

According to book Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (1988), author William Morris writes that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow New York Tribune sportswriter Caswell Adams. The New York Tribune was an American newspaper first established by Horace Greeley in 1841 which was long considered one of the leading Newspapers in the Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The New York Tribune was an American newspaper first established by Horace Greeley in 1841 which was long considered one of the leading Newspapers in the Morris writes that during the 1930s, the Fordham University football team was running roughshod over all its opponents. Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies One day in the sports room at the Tribune, the merits of Fordham's football team were being compared to Princeton and Columbia. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Adams remarked disparagingly of the latter two, saying they were "only Ivy League. " Woodward, the sports editor of the Tribune, picked up the term and printed the next day.

Note though that in the above quote Woodward used the term ivy college, not ivy league as Adams is said to have used, so there is a discrepancy in this theory, although it seems certain the term ivy college and shortly later Ivy League acquired its name from the sports world.

The first known instance of the term Ivy League being used appeared in the Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935^[23][24][25] Several sports-writers and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions would make efforts to form an athletic league.

The Ivy League's name derives from the ivy plants, symbolic of their age, that cover many of these institutions' historic buildings. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (also known as Japanese creeper, Boston ivy, Grape ivy, or Japanese ivy) is a Flowering plant The Ivy League universities are also called the "Ancient Eight" or simply the Ivies.

A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numerals for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a 4th school that varies depending on who is telling the story. ^[26][27][28]

However, representatives from four schools, Rutgers, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in Manhattan on 19 October 1873 to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate athletic competition, and particularly to codify the new game of college football (which at the time, largely resembled what is currently called rugby^[29]). Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Though invited, Harvard chose not to attend. While no formal organization or conference was established, the results of this meeting governed athletic events between these schools well into the twentieth century. ^[30][31]

Before there was an Ivy League

Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South These seven provided the overwhelming majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were also some British graduates - more from the University of Cambridge than Oxford, but also from the University of Edinburgh and elsewhere. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The founders of Rutgers, in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so for many of the colleges formed after the Revolution. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were Cornell professors. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in David Starr Jordan PhD LLD ( January 19, 1851 &ndash September 19, 1931) was a leading eugenicist, Ichthyologist The founders of UC Berkeley came from Yale, hence their school colors of Yale Blue, and California Gold. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Yale Blue – the dark Blue Color used in association with Yale University – varies with use and history ^[32]

As a group, the Ivy League has or had an identifiable Protestant "tone. " Church of England King's College broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public non-sectarian Columbia College. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican History Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of England in the In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries; but a denominational tone, and such relics as compulsory chapel, often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian; Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience," but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has always been strongly non-sectarian.

"Ivy League" therefore also became, like WASP, a way of referring to this elite, and elitist, class. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, commonly abbreviated to the Acronym WASP, is a sociological and cultural Ethnonym Elite (also spelled Élite) is taken originally from the Latin, eligere, "to elect" Elitism is the belief or attitude that those individuals who are considered members of the Elite &mdash a select group of people with outstanding personal abilities intellect Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. This sense^[33] dates back to at least 1935. ^[34] Novels^[35] and memoirs^[36] attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.

After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement ^[37]

History of the athletic league

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U. S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, in 1852. Lake Winnipesaukee is the largest Lake in New Hampshire. It is approximately 21 miles (34 km long (northwest-southeast and from one to nine miles (1 New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. As an informal football league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when Yale took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with For many years Army (the United States Military Academy) and Navy (the United States Naval Academy) were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States For instance, Army traditionally had a rivalry with Yale, and Rutgers had rivalries with Princeton and Columbia, which continue today in sports other than football. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with

Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". For the Greek and Roman sports arenas see Palaestra The Palestra, also known as the Cathedral of College Basketball, is a In 1935, The Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:

the athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio ^[38]

Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:

I can say with certainty that in the last five years — and markedly in the last three months — there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Romeyn Berry was an American sports administrator Nicknamed "Rym" Berry attended Cornell University, graduating in 1904 and earning a law degree in 1906

Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League. " That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment. ^[39]

Within a year of this statement and having held one-month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator, The Cornell Daily Sun, The Dartmouth, The Harvard Crimson, The Daily Pennsylvanian, The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Columbia Daily Spectator is the daily newspaper written by Columbia University undergraduates servicing the university community and the neighborhood of Morningside The Cornell Daily Sun is an independent daily Newspaper published in Ithaca New York by students at Cornell University. The Dartmouth (informally known as The D) is the student newspaper at Dartmouth College and the campus’s only daily The Harvard Crimson, the daily Student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873 The Daily Pennsylvanian (The DP is the independent daily Student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. The Daily Princetonian is the daily independent Student newspaper of Princeton University. The Yale Daily News is a Newspaper published by Yale University students in New Haven Connecticut since January 28, 1878 ^[40] Part of the editorial read as follows:

The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics. ^[41]

The proposal did not succeed — on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration. "^[42]

In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:

The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. An athletic scholarship is a form of Scholarship to attend a College or University awarded to an individual based predominantly on his or her ability to Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students. ^[43]

In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season.

As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. The Seven Sisters are seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge Massachusetts, and was the Coordinate college for Harvard University The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. Smith College is a private, independent women's liberal arts college located in Northampton Massachusetts. Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts women's college in South Hadley, Massachusetts. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "the 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges. The Seven Sisters are seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. "^[44]

Cohesiveness of the group

The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates ranging from about 7 to 20 percent from an application pool that consists of the top high school students in the country. ^[45]

These universities engage in a heated competition to attract students, illustrated by a 2002 incident in which admissions officers at Princeton logged into the Yale admissions website fourteen times to view the admissions status of cross-applicants, using the names, birth dates, and social security numbers indicated on their Princeton applications; Princeton later asserted that it had been considering a similar system of early Internet notification, and was surprised to find that Yale had used no password besides the Social Security number. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Yale's administration notified the FBI about the actions after conducting its own investigation. Princeton moved one admissions official to a different department over the incident and the university's Dean of Admissions retired soon thereafter, though Princeton president Shirley Tilghman said that the dean's decision to retire was unconnected to the incident. Shirley Marie Tilghman FRS (née Caldwell September 17, 1946) is the President of Princeton University (the first woman to hold the position ^[46]

Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The Ivy Council is a student-led student-directed non-profit organization which consists of representatives of the Ivy League student governments At these multi-day conferences, student representatives from each school meet to discuss issues facing their respective institutions, with a variety of topics ranging from financial aid to gender-neutral housing.

Social elitism

The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected, not only with academic excellence, but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportwriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth, and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. In urging them to consider "Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:

It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose. ^[47]

The Ivy League was specifically associated with the WASP establishment. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, commonly abbreviated to the Acronym WASP, is a sociological and cultural Ethnonym ^[48] Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"^[49] are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the twentieth century. A Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges". Louis Stanton Auchincloss (pronounced Awk-kin-claus; born September 27, 1917) is a prolific American novelist historian and essayist ^[50] A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):

"We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization. "^[51]

Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic "^[52] New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained however that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. Maureen Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is a Washington DC -based Columnist for The New York Times. . . . Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. ^[53]. Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. Russell Wayne Baker (born August 14, 1925) is an American Pulitzer Prize -winning writer known for his satirical commentary and self-critical All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets. An undershirt is an article of Underwear worn underneath a Shirt. "^[54]

Cooperation

Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct interlibrary loan program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants with a waiting period of four working days. Interlibrary loan (abbreviated ILL, and sometimes called interloan, document delivery, or document supply etc ^[55] This ILL program is not affiliated with the formal Ivy arrangement. Interlibrary loan (abbreviated ILL, and sometimes called interloan, document delivery, or document supply etc

The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group Presidents. The Council of Ivy Group Presidents is the governing body of the Ivy League athletic conference During their meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives.

Competition and athletics

Ivy champions are recognized in 33 men's and women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other. (For example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey; but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. ECAC Hockey is one of the six conferences that compete in NCAA Division I Ice hockey. ) Unlike all other Division I basketball conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title;^[56] the school with the best conference record represents the conference in the Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament (with a playoff in the case of a tie). Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m The NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship is a single elimination Tournament held each spring featuring 65 College basketball teams in the

On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools.

Harvard and Yale are celebrated football and crew rivals. The Game (always capitalized is a title given to several US College football rivalry games but most particularly the annual contest between Harvard The Harvard-Yale Boat Race or Harvard-Yale Regatta is an annual rowing race between Yale and Harvard universities

Princeton and Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals^[57] and "Puck Fenn" and "Puck Frinceton" t-shirts are worn at games. General Name of School University of Pennsylvania (Penn Location (Zip Philadelphia Pa ^[58] In only five instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only two seasons since Dartmouth's 1957-58 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,^[59] with each champion or co-champion 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).

Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey (either team has won or shared the men's title each of the last five years^[60]), and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001. Cornell-Harvard Hockey Game or The Game is a men's Ice hockey Sports rivalry between the Big Red of Cornell University and the Crimson of ^[61]).

In addition, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title since 1972, with Harvard winning the 34 year series 19-15 as of 2006.

Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid). Student financial aid refers to funding intended to help students pay education expenses including Tuition and fees Room and board, books and supplies etc ^[62] Ivy League teams out of league games are usually against the members of the Patriot League which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies. The Patriot League is a College athletic conference which operates in the Northeastern United States.

In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 24 recognized national championships in college football (Last Div I-A championship in 1911), and Yale won 19 (Last Div I-A championship in 1927). College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Notre Dame, which has won 12, and USC, which has won 11. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10, 2001. Walter Chauncey Camp ( April 7, 1859 &ndash March 14, 1925) was a sports writer and American football coach known as the "Father The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 17.

Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is rowing. Rowing is the oldest intercollegiate sport in the United States. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include Cal, Washington, Wisconsin and Navy). The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley See Washington (disambiguation for other uses The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research University A Naval Academy is a national institution that provides undergraduate level education for prospective Naval officers Many nations support naval academies some of which are Most recently, on the men's side, Harvard won the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004 NCAA Rowing Championships, respectively. The Intercollegiate Rowing Association runs the IRA Championship Regatta, which is considered to be the United States collegiate national Championship The NCAA Rowing Championship is a rowing championship held by the NCAA for Division I II and III women's heavyweight (or openweight collegiate crews Additionally, Cornell's men's lightweight team won back to back IRA National Championships in 2006 and 2007. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in both men's and women's hockey.

The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams. Collegiate club rugby (a collegiate version of Rugby union) is played throughout universities in the United States of America. These teams meet annually to compete in a tourney. The 2006 Ivy League Tournament was hosted by Yale, and the 2005 tournament was hosted by the University of Pennsylvania.

Conference facilities

School[63]	Football stadium		Basketball arena		Ice hockey rink		Soccer stadium
	Name	Capacity	Name	Capacity	Name	Capacity	Name	Capacity
Brown	Brown Stadium	20,000	Pizzitola Sports Center	2,800	Meehan Auditorium	3,100	Stevenson Field	3,500
Columbia	Wien Stadium	17,000	Levien Gymnasium	3,408	N/A		Columbia Soccer Stadium	3,500
Cornell	Schoellkopf Field	25,597	Newman Arena	4,473	Lynah Rink	3,836	Charles F. Berman Field	1,000
Dartmouth	Memorial Field	13,000	Leede Arena	2,100	Thompson Arena	5,000	Burnham Soccer Facility	1,600
Harvard	Harvard Stadium	30,898	Lavietes Pavilion	2,195	Bright Hockey Center	2,850	Ohiri Field	1,500
Penn	Franklin Field	52,593	The Palestra	8,722	The Class of 1923 Arena	2,900	Rhodes Field	~700
Princeton	Princeton Stadium	27,800	Jadwin Gymnasium	6,854	Hobey Baker Memorial Rink	2,094	Lourie-Love Field	2,000
Yale	Yale Bowl	64,269	Payne Whitney Gym	3,100	Ingalls Rink	3,486	Reese Stadium	3,000

Dartmouth also owns and operates the Dartmouth Skiway, the home racing grounds for the 2007 NCAA skiing champions. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. Brown Stadium is a football stadium located in Providence Rhode Island. The Paul Bailey Pizzitola Memorial Sports Center, often referred to as "the Pitz" by students is a 2800-seat multi-purpose athletic center in Providence Rhode The George V Meehan Auditorium is a 3059-seat hockey Arena in Providence Rhode Island. Stevenson Field is a stadium in Providence Rhode Island on the campus of Brown University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium at the Baker Field Athletics Complex is a Stadium located in Manhattan New York. Levien Gymnasium is a 3408-seat Arena at Columbia University in New York City. Columbia Soccer Stadium is a multi-purpose Stadium located on the campus of Columbia University in New York City. Schoellkopf Field is a 25597-capacity Stadium at Cornell University 's Ithaca -campus that opened in 1915 and is used for the Big Red Newman Arena is a 4473-seat multi-purpose Arena at Cornell University in Ithaca New York, located in Bartels Hall which is adjacent to Lynah Rink (pronounced LIE-nuh is a 4267-seat hockey Arena at Cornell University in Ithaca New York, that opened in 1957 Charles F Berman Field is a multi-use stadium in Ithaca New York on the campus of Cornell University. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U For other Memorial Fields see Memorial Field Memorial Field is a football stadium located in Hanover New Hampshire, Edward Leede Arena is a 2100-seat multi-purpose Arena in Hanover New Hampshire. Rupert C Thompson Arena is a 3500-seat hockey Arena in Hanover New Hampshire. Harvard Stadium is a Horseshoe -shaped football Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston Massachusetts, in the United States The Ray Lavietes Basketball Pavilion at the Briggs Athletic Center is a 2195-seat multi-purpose Arena in the Allston neighborhood of Boston Massachusetts. The Alexander C Bright Hockey Center is a 2850-seat ice hockey Arena in Boston Massachusetts, United States. Ohiri Field is a multi-purpose Stadium located on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Franklin Field is the University of Pennsylvania 's stadium for football, Field hockey, Lacrosse, Sprint football, and Track For the Greek and Roman sports arenas see Palaestra The Palestra, also known as the Cathedral of College Basketball, is a The Class of 1923 Arena is the official skating rink for the University of Pennsylvania. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton University Stadium is a Stadium in Princeton New Jersey, United States. The L Stockwell Jadwin Gymnasium is a 6854-seat multi-purpose Arena in Princeton New Jersey. Hobey Baker Memorial Rink is a 2092-seat hockey Arena in Princeton New Jersey. Lourie-Love Field was a Soccer Stadium located on the Campus of Princeton University in Princeton New Jersey. The Yale Bowl is a football Stadium in New Haven Connecticut on the border of West Haven, about 1-1/2 miles west of Yale's main campus The Payne Whitney Gymnasium is the gymnasium of Yale University. David S Ingalls Rink is a hockey rink designed by architect Eero Saarinen and built between 1953 and 1958 for Yale University. Reese Stadium is a multi-purpose Stadium located on the campus of Yale University in New Haven Connecticut. Dartmouth Skiway is a ski area located about twenty minutes north of Dartmouth College in Lyme New Hampshire.

Other Ivies

Marketing groups, journalists, and some educators sometimes promote other colleges as "Ivies," as in Little Ivies; Public Ivies; Southern Ivies; and Canadian Ivies. Little Ivies is a colloquialism referring to a group of small selective American colleges and universities however it does not denote any official organization Public Ivy is a term coined by Richard Moll in his 1985 book Public Ivys A Guide to America's best public undergraduate colleges and universities to refer to universities which "Southern Ivy" is a colloquialism that has been used in the U The Canadian Ivy League, or "Canadian Ivies", is an informal term used to describe five or six selective Canadian universities that resemble the Ivy These uses of "ivy" are intended to promote the other schools by comparing them to the Ivy League, but unlike the "Ivy League" label, they have no canonical definition. For example, in the 2007 edition of Newsweek's How to Get Into College Now, the editors designated twenty-five schools as "New Ivies," some of which share no characteristics with the Ivy League colleges except a good reputation. ^[64]

Championships

Football

1956 Yale [65] 1957 Princeton 1958 Dartmouth 1959 Pennsylvania 1960 Yale 1961 Columbia and Harvard 1962 Dartmouth 1963 Dartmouth and Princeton 1964 Princeton 1965 Dartmouth 1966 Dartmouth, Harvard and Princeton 1967 Yale 1968 Harvard and Yale 1969 Dartmouth, Princeton and Yale 1970 Dartmouth 1971 Cornell and Dartmouth 1972 Dartmouth 1973 Dartmouth 1974 Harvard and Yale 1975 Harvard 1976 Brown and Yale 1977 Yale 1978 Dartmouth 1979 Yale 1980 Yale 1981 Dartmouth and Yale

1982 Dartmouth, Harvard and Pennsylvania 1983 Harvard and Pennsylvania 1984 Pennsylvania 1985 Pennsylvania 1986 Pennsylvania 1987 Harvard 1988 Cornell and Pennsylvania 1989 Princeton and Yale 1990 Cornell and Dartmouth 1991 Dartmouth 1992 Dartmouth and Princeton 1993 Pennsylvania 1994 Pennsylvania 1995 Princeton 1996 Dartmouth 1997 Harvard 1998 Pennsylvania 1999 Brown and Yale 2000 Pennsylvania 2001 Harvard 2002 Pennsylvania 2003 Pennsylvania 2004 Harvard 2005 Brown 2006 Princeton and Yale 2007 Harvard

Men's Basketball

1955-56 Dartmouth[66] 1956-57 Yale 1957-58 Dartmouth 1958-59 Dartmouth, Princeton 1959-60 Princeton 1960-61 Princeton 1961-62 Yale 1962-63 Princeton, Yale 1963-64 Princeton 1964-65 Princeton 1965-66 Pennsylvania 1966-67 Princeton 1967-68 Columbia, Princeton 1968-69 Princeton 1969-70 Pennsylvania 1970-71 Pennsylvania 1971-72 Pennsylvania 1972-73 Pennsylvania 1973-74 Pennsylvania 1974-75 Pennsylvania 1975-76 Princeton 1976-77 Princeton 1977-78 Pennsylvania 1978-79 Pennsylvania 1979-80 Pennsylvania, Princeton 1980-81 Pennsylvania, Princeton 1981-82 Pennsylvania

1982-83 Princeton 1983-84 Princeton 1984-85 Pennsylvania 1985-86 Brown 1986-87 Pennsylvania 1987-88 Cornell 1988-89 Princeton 1989-90 Princeton 1990-91 Princeton 1991-92 Princeton 1992-93 Pennsylvania 1993-94 Pennsylvania 1994-95 Pennsylvania 1995-96 Pennsylvania, Princeton 1996-97 Princeton 1997-98 Princeton 1998-99 Pennsylvania 1999-00 Pennsylvania 2000-01 Princeton 2001-02 Pennsylvania, Princeton, Yale 2002-03 Pennsylvania 2003-04 Princeton 2004-05 Pennsylvania 2005-06 Pennsylvania 2006-07 Pennsylvania 2007-08 Cornell

Men's Ice Hockey

1934 Dartmouth[67] 1935 Yale 1936 Harvard 1937 Harvard 1938 Dartmouth 1939 Dartmouth 1940 Yale 1941 Princeton 1942 Dartmouth 1943 Dartmouth 1947 Dartmouth 1948 Dartmouth 1949 Dartmouth 1950 Brown 1951 Brown 1952 Yale 1953 Princeton 1954 Harvard 1955 Harvard 1956 Harvard 1957 Harvard 1958 Harvard 1959 Dartmouth 1960 Dartmouth 1961 Harvard 1962 Harvard 1963 Harvard 1964 Dartmouth 1965 Brown 1966 Cornell 1967 Cornell 1968 Cornell 1969 Cornell 1970 Cornell 1971 Cornell 1972 Cornell

1973 Cornell 1974 Harvard 1975 Harvard 1976 Brown 1977 Cornell 1978 Cornell 1979 Dartmouth 1980 Dartmouth 1981 Yale 1982 Harvard 1983 Harvard, Cornell 1984 Harvard 1985 Cornell, Harvard, Yale 1986 Harvard 1987 Harvard 1988 Harvard 1989 Harvard 1990 Harvard 1991 Brown 1992 Yale 1993 Harvard 1994 Harvard 1995 Brown 1996 Cornell 1997 Cornell 1998 Yale 1999 Princeton, Yale 2000 Harvard 2001 Yale 2002 Cornell 2003 Cornell 2004 Brown, Cornell 2005 Cornell 2006 Harvard 2007 Dartmouth, Yale 2008 Princeton

See also

• Big Three (universities) — a term used to refer to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
• Colonial colleges — the oldest U. The Big Three is an historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 S. colleges, overlaps the Ivy League with the exception of Cornell
• Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence
• Jesuit Ivy — Complimentary use of "Ivy" to characterize Boston College
• Little Ivies — group of U. Hidden Ivies Thirty Colleges of Excellence, is a college educational guide published in 2000 The "Jesuit Ivy" is the title of a commencement speech delivered at and subsequently a Nickname given to Boston College in Chestnut Hill For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. Little Ivies is a colloquialism referring to a group of small selective American colleges and universities however it does not denote any official organization S. liberal arts colleges that parallel the Ivy League in some respects
• Public Ivies — Group of public U. Liberal arts colleges are primarily colleges with an emphasis upon Undergraduate study in the Liberal arts. Public Ivy is a term coined by Richard Moll in his 1985 book Public Ivys A Guide to America's best public undergraduate colleges and universities to refer to universities which S. universities thought to "provide an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price"
• Seven Sisters — Historically, these were women's colleges each of which had a close tie to an Ivy League school. The Seven Sisters are seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges.
• Southern Ivies — Complimentary use of "Ivy" to characterize excellent universities in the U. "Southern Ivy" is a colloquialism that has been used in the U S. South
• Canadian Ivy League
• Category:University organizations — other groups of universities

References

External links

Conference

• IvyLeagueSports.com: Official Home of the Ivy League
  • Ivy League American Football venues
  • Ivy League Basketball venues
  • Ivy League Ice Hockey venues
  • Ivy League Soccer venues
• National Collegiate Athletics Association

Members homepages

• Brown University
• Columbia University
• Cornell University
• Dartmouth College
• Harvard University
• Princeton University
• University of Pennsylvania
• Yale University

Athletic homepages

• Brown Bears
• Columbia Lions
• Cornell Big Red
• Dartmouth Big Green
• Harvard Crimson
• Penn Quakers
• Princeton Tigers
• Yale Bulldogs

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