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Ivan Mazepa
Ivan Mazepa
In office
July 25, 1687 – November 11, 1708
Preceded by Ivan Samoylovych
Succeeded by Ivan Skoropadsky
Born March 20, 1639
Bila Tserkva, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died October 2, 1709 (aged 70)
Bendery, Ottoman Empire
Nationality Ukrainian
Religion Greek Orthodox

Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Ukrainian: Іван Степанович Мазепа historically spelled as Mazeppa; 20 March 1639—2 October 1709), Cossack Hetman of the Hetmanate in Left-bank Ukraine, in 1687–1708. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Ivan Samoylovych (Іван Самойлович was the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine from 1672 to 1687 Ivan Skoropadsky (Іван Скоропадський (1646 - September 3, 1722; reigned 1708&ndash1722 was a Hetman of the Ukrainian Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Bila Tserkva (Бiла Церква Белая Церковь Belaya Tserkov) is a City located on the Ros' River in the Kiev Oblast ( The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Bendery or Bender, also known as Tighina, is a city in Moldova. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke Left-bank Ukraine ( Livoberezhna Ukrayina; Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; Lewobrzeżna Ukraina is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (East Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Contents

Early life

Mazepa was born circa in 1644 near Bila Tserkva, then a part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, into a noble family. Bila Tserkva (Бiла Церква Белая Церковь Belaya Tserkov) is a City located on the Ros' River in the Kiev Oblast ( The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic He was educated first in the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, then at a Jesuit college in Warsaw and abroad. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ( NaUKMA) (Національний університет «Києво-Могилянська академія» (НаУКМА Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. From 1659 he served at the court of the Polish king, John II Casimir. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic For other monarchs with similar names please see John of Poland.

Cossack general

In 1669–1673, Mazepa served under Hetman Petro Doroshenko, and in 1674–1681, under Hetman Ivan Samoylovych. Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the Monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698 Петро Дорошенко was a Cossack political and military leader Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine Ivan Samoylovych (Іван Самойлович was the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine from 1672 to 1687 A young educated Mazepa quickly rose through the Cossack ranks and in 1682–1686, he served as a General Yesaul. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern For the town in Armenia see Ovuni. Yesaul, or Osaul ( Turkic: yasaul ="chief" есау́л) a

Hetman

Old 10 Hryvnia banknote depicting Ivan Mazepa.
Old 10 Hryvnia banknote depicting Ivan Mazepa. The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya or (incorrectly hryvna or hrivna (гривня ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɑ sign: ₴, code:

In 1687, Ivan Mazepa accused Samoylovych of conspiring to secede from Russia, secured his ouster and was elected the Hetman of the Left-bank Ukraine, with the support of Vasily Galitzine's Muscovite government. The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke Left-bank Ukraine ( Livoberezhna Ukrayina; Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; Lewobrzeżna Ukraina is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (East The Galitzines, more correctly the Golitsyns (Голи́цын are one of the largest and noblest Princely houses of Russia.

Gradually, Mazepa accumulated great wealth, becoming one of Europe's biggest land owners. A multitude of churches were built all over Ukraine during his reign in the Ukrainian Baroque style. Ukrainian Baroque or Cossack Baroque is an architectural style that emerged in Ukraine during the Hetmanate era in the 17th and 18th centuries He expanded the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time, to accommodate 2,000 students, founded schools and printing houses. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ( NaUKMA) (Національний університет «Києво-Могилянська академія» (НаУКМА Many Cossacks, however, grew increasingly frustrated with the repressive and authoritarian rule of the Hetmanate nobility (starshyna). Starshina, or Starshyna (старшина́ старши́на from старший starshyi, "senior" had a number of meanings all related to the position Several uprisings against his rule, started in the Zaporizhian Sich, failed. Zaporizhian Sich (Запорізька Січ Zaporiz'ka Sich) original Slavonic name "Zaporizhska Sich'" was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks

In 1702, the Cossacks of Right-bank Ukraine, under the leadership of hetman Semen Paliy, began an uprising against Poland, which after early successes was defeated. Right-bank Ukraine ( Pravoberezhna Ukrayina; Pravoberezhnaya Ukraina; Prawobrzeżna Ukraina a historical name of a part of Ukraine on the right (west Semen Paliy ( Ukrainian: Семен Палiй (circa 1645-1710 was a Ukrainian Cossack Polkovnyk (colonel Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar Peter I to allow him to intervene, which he successfully did, taking over major portions of Right-bank Ukraine, while Poland was weakened by invasion of Swedish king Charles XII. Right-bank Ukraine ( Pravoberezhna Ukrayina; Pravoberezhnaya Ukraina; Prawobrzeżna Ukraina a historical name of a part of Ukraine on the right (west Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Fearing the popularity of Paliy, Mazepa had him exiled to Siberia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

The Great Northern War

In the beginning of the 18th Century, as the Russian Empire suffered setbacks in the Great Northern War, Peter I decided to reform the Russian army and to centralize control over his realm. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Great Northern War (1700-21 was fought between Russia and Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. In Mazepa's opinion, the strengthening of Russia's central power could put at risk the broad autonomy granted to the Hetmanate under the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654. The Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereiaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Pereyaslav Attempts to assert control over the Cossacks included demands of having them fight in any of the tsar's wars, instead of just defending their own land against regional enemies as was agreed to in the treaty. Now Cossack forces had to fight in distant wars in Livonia and Lithuania, instead of protecting their own homes from the Tatars and Poles. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Unequipped and not properly trained to fight on par with the modern European armies, Cossacks suffered heavy losses and lowered morale, as their commanders were Russians and Germans who often did not much value their lives and military abilities. The population of Ukraine had to bear the presence of the Russian army, which was accused of disrespectful behaviour and looting in Ukrainian cities where it was stationed. The hetman himself started to feel his post threatened in the face of increasing calls to replace him with one of the abundant foreign generals of the Russian army, or with a Russian.

Change of sides

the Mazepa family coat-of-arms.
the Mazepa family coat-of-arms.

The last straw in the souring relations with Tsar Peter was his refusal to commit any significant force to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanislaus Leszczynski, an ally of Charles XII of Sweden, who threatened to attack the Cossack Hetmanate in 1708. Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke Peter expected that king Charles of Sweden was going to attack and decided he could spare no forces. In the opinion of Mazepa, this blatantly violated the Treaty of Pereyaslav, since Russia refused to protect Ukraine's territory and left it to fare on its own. The Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereiaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Pereyaslav As the Swedish and Polish armies advanced towards Ukraine, Mazepa allied himself with them on October 28, 1708. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Only about 3,000 Cossacks followed their hetman, while others remained loyal to the tsar. This was partly due to Orthodox clergymen's agitation for the tsar. The Russian army, however, sought revenge by razing the Cossack capital Baturyn, killing the defending garrison and all of its population. Baturyn (Батурин also referred to as Baturin is a historic town in the Chernihiv Oblast ( province) of northern Ukraine. The Russian army was ordered to tie up the dead Cossacks to crosses, and float them down the Dnieper River all the way to the Black Sea. For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey This was in the hope of scaring all the people loyal to Mazepa who lived along the river.

Those Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected a new hetman, Ivan Skoropadsky, on November 11, 1708. Ivan Skoropadsky (Іван Скоропадський (1646 - September 3, 1722; reigned 1708&ndash1722 was a Hetman of the Ukrainian Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1708 ( MDCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The fear of other reprisals and suspicion of Mazepa's newfound Swedish ally prevented most of Ukraine's population from siding with him. Surprisingly, the only significant support which he gathered came from the Zaporizhian Sich, which, though at odds with the hetman in the past, considered him and the nobility he represented a lesser evil compared with the tsar. Zaporizhian Sich (Запорізька Січ Zaporiz'ka Sich) original Slavonic name "Zaporizhska Sich'" was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks The Sich Cossacks paid dearly for their support of Mazepa, seen as a traitor by Russians. The Sich was destroyed in 1709 and a decree was issued to execute any active Zaporizhian Cossack.

Decisive battle

Charles XII and Mazepa at the Dnieper River after Poltava by unknown artist.
Charles XII and Mazepa at the Dnieper River after Poltava by unknown artist. Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Іван Степанович Мазепа historically spelled as Mazeppa; 20 March 1639 &mdash 2 October For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N

The Swedish and the Russian armies spent the first half of 1709 maneuvering for the advantageous position in the anticipated big battle, as well as trying to secure the support of the local population. Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Finally in June, the Battle of Poltava took place. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N It was won by Russia, which put an end to Mazepa's hopes of transferring Ukraine under control of Sweden, which had promised independence in an earlier treaty. He fled to the Turkish fortress of Bendery together with Charles XII, where he died shortly thereafter. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Bendery or Bender, also known as Tighina, is a city in Moldova.

Historical legacy

Mazepa's decision to abandon his allegiance to the Russian Empire was considered treason by the Russian tsar and a violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav. The Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereiaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Pereyaslav However others argue that it was Imperial Russia who broke the treaty, because it failed to even try to protect the Cossack homeland while busy fighting abroad. The image of a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history. The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated him. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community A positive view of Mazepa was taboo in the Soviet Union and considered as a sign of "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism". The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Bourgeois nationalism is a term from Marxist phraseology It refers to the practice of dividing people by Nationality, race, Ethnicity, or During the years of Perestroika, however, many historical works saw light which viewed Mazepa differently. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev After Ukraine's independence in 1991, Mazepa was proclaimed a national hero in Ukraine's official historiography and mainstream media, because he was the first post-Pereyaslav Treaty hetman to take a stand against the Tsar, who failed to ratify that Treaty. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. This view however is still disputed by the pro-Russian factions. Mazepa's portrait is found on Ukrainian currency - the 10 hryvnia bill. The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya or (incorrectly hryvna or hrivna (гривня ˈɦrɪu̯nʲɑ sign: ₴, code:

Cultural legacy

"Mazeppa" by Théodore Géricault; based on an episode in Byron's poem when the young Mazeppa is punished by being tied to a wild horse.
"Mazeppa" by Théodore Géricault; based on an episode in Byron's poem when the young Mazeppa is punished by being tied to a wild horse. Théodore Géricault ( September 26, 1791 &ndash January 26, 1824) was an important French painter and lithographer known for

The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary and musical works:

References

  1. ^ Molitva za getmana Mazepu (2002)

External links

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