Citizendia

This article is about the Austrian philosopher. For the novella, see The Death of Ivan Ilyich. For the Austrian development critic see Ivan Illich The Death of Ivan Ilych (Смерть Ивана Ильича Smert' Ivana
Western philosophy
Contemporary philosophy
Name
Ivan Illich
BirthSeptember 4, 1926(1926-09-04)
Vienna, Austria
DeathDecember 2, 2002 (aged 76)
Bremen, Germany
School/traditionAnarchism, Catholicism
Main interestsPhilosophy of education, Philosophy of technology
Influenced byArnold J. Toynbee, Everett Reimer, Jacques Maritain, Leopold Kohr, Jacques Ellul
InfluencedEverett Reimer, André Gorz, Lee Felsenstein, Wolfgang Sachs

Ivan Illich (pronounced [ɪˈvɑn ˈɪlɪtʃ][1]) (Vienna, 4 September 1926 – Bremen, 2 December 2002) was an Austrian philosopher and anarchist social critic. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] Contemporary philosophy is the period in the history of philosophy that began at the end of the nineteenth Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The philosophy of education is the study of the purpose process nature and ideals of Education. The philosophy of technology is a philosophical field dedicated to studying the nature of Technology and its social effects This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee for the economic historian Arnold Toynbee see this article. Everett W Reimer authored a number of books on educational policy and was a proponent of Deschooling. Jacques Maritain ( November 18, 1882 &ndash April 28, 1973) was a French Catholic Philosopher. Leopold Kohr (born 5 October, 1909 in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria, died February 26, 1994 in Gloucester, Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 &ndash May 19 1994) was a French Philosopher, sociologist, theologian Everett W Reimer authored a number of books on educational policy and was a proponent of Deschooling. André Gorz (February 1923 &ndash September 22, 2007) also known by his Pen name Michel Bosquet was an Austrian and French Lee Felsenstein (born 1945 in Philadelphia) is a Computer engineer who played a central role in the development of the Personal computer. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i He authored a series of critiques of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects of the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, and economic development.

Contents

Personal life

Illich was born in Vienna to a Croatian father and Sephardic-Jewish mother and had Italian, French and German as native languages. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [2] He later learned Serbo-Croatian, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, and other languages. [2] Thereafter, he studied histology and crystallography at the University of Florence (Italy) as well as theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in the Vatican (from 1942 to 1946), and medieval history in Salzburg. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The The University of Florence ( Università degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Università Gregoriana (also known as the Gregorianum) is a Pontifical university located in Rome, Italy Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. [2]

He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian Arnold J. Toynbee and would return to that subject in his later years. This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee for the economic historian Arnold Toynbee see this article. In 1951, he was assigned as an assistant parish priest in New York City[2] after which he was appointed in 1956, at the age of 30, as the vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. The City of New York The Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico is a catholic university located in Las Americas Avenue in Ponce Puerto Rico. [2] It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Everett W Reimer authored a number of books on educational policy and was a proponent of Deschooling. In 1959, he traveled throughout South America on foot and by bus. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [2]

In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program[2] initiated by John F. Kennedy. Cuernavaca (Cuauhnāhuac|kʷaw̥'naːwak is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Alliance for Progress initiated by US President John F Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of However, his intent was to counterfoil the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of industrial hegemony and, as such, an act of "war on subsistence. " He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church to identify themselves instead as guests of the host country.

After ten years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by the Church brought the organization into conflict with the Vatican. Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a report from the CIA. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all [2] In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own "institutionalization," shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently continued language schools in Cuernavaca, of which some still exist. Illich himself resigned as a priest in the late 1960s.

In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz. André Gorz (February 1923 &ndash September 22, 2007) also known by his Pen name Michel Bosquet was an Austrian and French However, his influence declined after the 1981 election of François Mitterrand as he was considered too pessimistic at a time when the French Left took control of the government. The French presidential election of 1981 was won by François Mitterrand, the first Socialist President of the Fifth Republic. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main Political parties, the Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party [2]

In the 1980s and beyond, Ivan Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. He held an appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Technology and Society at Penn State. The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant, space grant public research University He also taught at the University of Bremen. The University of Bremen ( German Universität Bremen) is a university of approximately 23500 people from 126 countries that are studying teaching researching and

During his later years, he suffered from a cancerous growth on his face that, in accordance with his critique of professionalized medicine, was treated with traditional methods. He regularly smoked opium to deal with the pain caused by this tumor. At an early stage, he consulted a doctor about having the tumor removed, but was told that there was too great a chance of losing his ability to speak, and so he lived with the tumor as best he could. He called it "my mortality. "

Deschooling Society

Main article: Deschooling Society

The book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention was Deschooling Society (1971), a critical discourse on education as practised in "modern" economies. Deschooling Society (1971 was the book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention Full of detail on then-current programs and concerns, the book's core assertions and propositions remain as radical today as they were at the time. Giving real-world examples of the ineffectual nature of institutionalized education, Illich posited self-directed education, supported by intentional social relations, in fluid, informal arrangements:

Universal education through schooling is not feasible. It would be no more feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style of present schools. Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their pupils nor the proliferation of educational hardware or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to expand the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver universal education. The current search for new educational funnels must be reversed into the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the opportunity for each one to transform each moment of his living into one of learning, sharing, and caring. We hope to contribute concepts needed by those who conduct such counterfoil research on education--and also to those who seek alternatives to other established service industries.

—Ivan Illich, [1]

The last sentence makes clear what the title suggests -- that the institutionalization of education is considered to tend towards the institutionalization of society, and conversely that ideas for de-institutionalizing education may be a starting point for a de-institutionalized society.

The book is more than a critique -- it contains positive suggestions for a reinvention of learning throughout society and throughout every individual lifetime. Particularly striking is his call (in 1971) for the use of advanced technology to support "learning webs. "

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The user would identify himself by name and address and describe the activity for which he sought a peer. A computer would send him back the names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same description. It is amazing that such a simple utility has never been used on a broad scale for publicly valued activity.

—Ivan Illich

Tools for Conviviality

Tools for Conviviality (1973) was published only two years after Deschooling Society. In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen. Illich proposed that we should "invert the present deep structure of tools" in order to "give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency. "[3]

Tools for Conviviality attracted world-wide attention. A resume of it was published by French social philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing the Future. André Gorz (February 1923 &ndash September 22, 2007) also known by his Pen name Michel Bosquet was an Austrian and French Les Temps modernes ( French for Modern Times) is a political literary and philosophical French magazine (named after the Charlie Chaplin film "[4] The book's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users had a significant influence on the first developers of the personal computer, notably Lee Felsenstein. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated Lee Felsenstein (born 1945 in Philadelphia) is a Computer engineer who played a central role in the development of the Personal computer. [5]

List of works

Bibliography

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ See inogolo:pronunciation of Ivan Illich.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thierry Paquot, The Non-Conformist, Le Monde diplomatique, January 2003 (English) (French version freely-available, and Portuguese and Esperanto translations available)
  3. ^ Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality (1973) ISBN 0-06-080308-8 ISBN 0-06-012138-6
  4. ^ <http://www.techno-science.net/?onglet=glossaire&definition=1048
  5. ^ Convivial Cybernetic Devices, From Vacuum Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Altair, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1), The Analytical Engine (Newsletter of the Computer History Association of California, ISSN 1071-6351), Volume 3, Number 1, November 1995, http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/engv3n1.html


Persondata
NAMEIllich, Ivan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTIONAustrian philosopher and anarchist social critic
DATE OF BIRTHSeptember 4, 1926
PLACE OF BIRTHVienna
DATE OF DEATHDecember 2, 2002
PLACE OF DEATHBremen, Germany
Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen
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