Iuliu Maniu
Prime Minister of Romania
In office November 10, 1928 – June 7, 1930 June 13, 1930 – October 10, 1930 October 20, 1932 – January 14, 1933
Preceded by	Vintilă Brătianu Gheorghe Mironescu Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Succeeded by	Gheorghe Mironescu Gheorghe Mironescu Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Born	January 8, 1873(1873-01-08) Bădăcin, Romania (Transylvania)
Died	February 5, 1953 (aged 80) Sighet, Romania
Political party	National Peasants' Party
Profession	lawyer
Religion	Greek-Catholic

Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was an Romanian politician. The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vintilă Brătianu ( 1867 - 23 December 1930) was a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 24 November 1927 Gheorghe G Mironescu, commonly known as G G Mironescu ( January 29, 1874 &mdash1949 was a Romanian politician member of the National Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter Gheorghe G Mironescu, commonly known as G G Mironescu ( January 29, 1874 &mdash1949 was a Romanian politician member of the National Gheorghe G Mironescu, commonly known as G G Mironescu ( January 29, 1874 &mdash1949 was a Romanian politician member of the National Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Sighet" redirects here For the Hasidic dynasy see Sighet (Hasidic dynasty. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania A leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, he served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms during 1928–1933, and, with Ion Mihalache, co-founded the National Peasants' Party. The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. "Mihalache" redirects here For other people of the same name see Mihalache (disambiguation Ion Mihalache ( March 3, 1882 The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion

Early years

Maniu was born to an ethnic Romanian family in Bădăcin, near Şimleu Silvaniei, Transylvania - part of the Hungarian Kingdom in Austria-Hungary until the end of World War I. Şimleu Silvaniei (Szilágysomlyó Schomlenmarkt is a town in Sălaj County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 16066 people (2002 census The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 He finished lyceum in Zalău, and studied Law at the University of Cluj, then at the University of Budapest and that of Vienna, being awarded the doctorate in 1896. This article is about Lyceum as school or as public hall Lyceum can also be short for Lyceum Theatre. Zalău ( Hungarian: Zilah, German: Zillenmarkt or Waltenberg) is the seat of Sălaj County, Romania. The Babeş-Bolyai University (UBB—Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai in Cluj-Napoca is the largest University in Romania. The University of Vienna (Universität Wien is a Public university located in Vienna, Austria. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement

Maniu joined the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat (PNR), became a member of its collective leadership body in 1897, and represented it in the Budapest Parliament on several occasions. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, He settled in Blaj, and served as lawyer for the Greek Catholic Church (to which he belonged). Blaj (blaʒ in Romanian; Hungarian: Balázsfalva; German: Blasendorf) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major

After serving as an advisor for Archduke Franz Ferdinand, counseling on the latter's projects to redefine the Habsburg states along the lines of a United States of Greater Austria, Maniu moved towards the option of a union with the Romanian Old Kingdom when the Archduke was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of The United States of Greater Austria (Vereinigte Staaten von Groß-Österreich was an idea created by a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Romanian Old Kingdom ( Romanian: Vechiul Regat or just Regat; German: Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring

PNR leadership

Together with such figures as Vasile Goldiş, Gheorghe Pop de Băseşti, the Romanian Orthodox cleric Miron Cristea, and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, he engaged in an intensive unionist campaign, leading to the Alba-Iulia gathering on December 1, 1918 (during which Romanians and Transylvanian Saxons demanded separation from Hungary). Vasile Goldiş was born on 12 November 1862 in his grandfather's ( Teodor Goldiş) house in the village of Mocirla Gheorghe Pop de Băseşti ( August 1, 1835 &ndash February 23, 1919) was an Austro-Hungarian -born Romanian politician The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Miron Cristea, ( monastic name of Elie Cristea; July 20, 1868 &mdash March 6, 1939) was an Austro-Hungarian Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod ( February 27, 1872 &mdash March 19, 1950) was a Romanian politician who was a supporter Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on. The national holiday of Romania, the Union Day (also called Unification Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th On December 2, Maniu became head of Transylvania's Directory Council—a position equivalent to interim governorship. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government

After the creation of Greater Romania, the PNR formed the government in Bucharest—a cabinet led by Vaida-Voevod and allied with Ion Mihalache's Peasants' Party. See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. "Mihalache" redirects here For other people of the same name see Mihalache (disambiguation Ion Mihalache ( March 3, 1882 The Peasants' Party ( Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PŢ) was a Political party in post- World War I Romania that espoused It entered a competition with the traditional force of Romanian politics, the National Liberal Party, and with its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, when the Peasants' Party deadlocked the Parliament of Romania with calls for a widespread land reform. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the The Parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers The Chamber of Deputies The Senate Prior to Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government

After King Ferdinand I dissolved the Parliament, Iuliu Maniu found himself at odds with the national leadership, especially after the new Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu (with support from the National Liberals) dissolved the Transylvanian Council in April 1920. See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Ferdinand I ( 24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927) was the King of the Romanians from October 10 1914 until his death The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Alexandru Averescu ( &mdash October 2 1938 was a Romanian marshal and populist politician Consequently, Maniu refused to attend Ferdinand's crowning ceremony as King of Greater Romania (held in Alba Iulia, in 1922), seeing it as an attempt to tie multi-religious Transylvania to Orthodoxy. Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı At the same time, the PNR rejected the centralization imposed by the 1923 Constitution favored by Brătianu, and demanded that any constitutional reform be passed by a Constituent Assembly, and not by a regular vote in Parliament. A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject The 1923 Constitution of Romania, also called the Constitution of Union was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting and in some cases adopting a Constitution. Citing fears that the PNL had ensured a grip over Romanian politics, the PNR and the Peasants' Party united in 1926, and Maniu was leader of the new group, the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ), for the following seven years, and again between 1937 and 1947. The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion

PNŢ in democratic Romania

Despite its success in elections, the PNŢ was blocked out of government by the Royal Prerogative of King Ferdinand (who had preferred to nominate Brătianu, Averescu, and Barbu Ştirbey). The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy Prince Barbu Ştirbey (1873&ndash1946 was briefly Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Romania in 1927 Maniu publicly protested, and attempted to organize a peasants' march on Bucharest as a public show of support modeled on the Alba Iulia assembly. He also showed himself open to deals proposed by Viscount Rothermere regarding a review of the Treaty of Trianon, and, as King Ferdinand's death approached, started negotiations with the disinherited Prince Carol (Ferdinand's son), proposing that the latter bypass the Constitution and crown himself in Alba Iulia (as a new foundation for the Romanian Kingdom). Harold Sidney Harmsworth 1st Viscount Rothermere ( 26 April 1868 – 26 November 1940) was a highly successful British Newspaper The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 Talks with Carol were ended abruptly after the Romanian authorities called on the United Kingdom to expel the Prince from its territory. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

The PNŢ only came to power in November 1928, after both Ferdinand and Brătianu had died (in the elections of that year, it allied itself with the Romanian Social Democratic Party and the German Party). The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic The German Party (Deutsche Partei in Rumänien Partidul German din România PGR) was a Political party in post- World War I Romania, claiming In 1930, Maniu maneuvered against the Constitution, and, together with Gheorghe Mironescu, brought about Carol's return and deposition of his son Michael. Gheorghe G Mironescu, commonly known as G G Mironescu ( January 29, 1874 &mdash1949 was a Romanian politician member of the National Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea However, Carol did not respect the terms of his agreement with Maniu, refusing to resume his marriage to Queen Elena. Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark ( 2 May / 3 May, 1896 - 28 November, 1982) was the wife of King Carol II of Romania and After alternating governments of Maniu and Vaida-Voevod that had brought the party into conflict with the King's inner circle and with his lover Magda Lupescu, and had to deal with major problems caused by the Great Depression (including strike actions—see Griviţa Strike of 1933), Carol ultimately removed the PNŢ from national leadership. Elena Lupescu ( 15 September 1895 (? in Iaşi (Jassy Romania – 29 June 1977) better known as Magda Lupescu Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. The Griviţa Strike of 1933 was a railway strike which was started at the Griviţa Workshops, Bucharest, Romania, on February 16, 1933

Under successive dictatorships

The country moved towards an authoritarian regime formed around Carol and prompted by the rapid growth of the fascist Iron Guard. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party In 1937, Maniu agreed to sign an electoral pact with the Iron Guard's Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, in the hope that this would block the monarch's maneuvers. The king instead sought an agreement with other members of the political class, including the National Liberal Ion Duca and the former PNŢ politician Armand Călinescu, while clamping down on the Iron Guard—leading to a wave of terrorist actions in reprisal. Ion G Duca ( 1879 - December 30, 1933) was prime minister of Romania from November 14 to December 30, 1933 when he Armand Călinescu ( &ndash September 21, 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician who served as Prime Minister between March 1939 and the Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion

With the loss of Northern Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Northern Dobruja in 1940, Carol conceded power and exiled himself, leading to the creation of the National Legionary State around the Iron Guard and General Ion Antonescu, a regime which aligned Romania with Nazi Germany and the Axis. Northern Transylvania is a region of Transylvania, situated within the territory of Romania. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea Северна Добруджа Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania. The National Legionary State (Statul Naţional Legionar was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940 — January 23, 1941. The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The PNŢ survived in semi-clandestinity and, after Antonescu purged the Guard, achieved some unofficial status when Maniu began holding talks with the general over several issues (notably, he called for an end to persecution of the Jews and transports of Jews to Transnistria). The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. He remained an opponent of Antonescu, a view which he balanced with his adversity towards the Soviet Union, and joined the plotters of the pro-Allied royal coup in 1944, while expressing his resentment of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) involvement. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania.

Opposition to communism

Statue of Maniu on Revolution Square in Bucharest

Subsequently, Maniu was the most prominent adversary of Soviet influence and advocate of the Western Allies, while his party became the predilect target of PCR hostility. The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958 during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. After events such as the street fighting between the its supporters and Communists in February 1945, and the loss of the general election of November 1946 through widespread electoral fraud carried out by the pro-communist Petru Groza government, the PNŢ was sidelined, with the PCR ensuring the collaboration of several former party members, such as Nicolae L. Lupu and Anton Alexandrescu. The Romanian general election of 1946 was a General election held on November 19, 1946, in Romania. Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. Petru Groza ( December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958) was a Romanian politician best known as Prime Minister of the first Dr Nicolae Lupu was a Romanian politician and Medical doctor, active in the National Peasants' Party.

The party was outlawed in July 1947. That month, Ion Mihalache was alleged to have attempted to flee the country in an airplane which landed at Tămădău, in order to establish a government in exile (see Tămădău Affair). "Mihalache" redirects here For other people of the same name see Mihalache (disambiguation Ion Mihalache ( March 3, 1882 A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign The Tămădău Affair ( Romanian: Afacerea Tămădău, Înscenarea de la Tămădău - "the Tămădău Frameup " - or This was judged as treasonable, and both Maniu and Mihalache faced a kangaroo court that sentenced them to life imprisonment in a hard labour prison; given their advanced age, this amounted to a death sentence. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. A kangaroo court or kangaroo trial, sometimes likened to a Drumhead court-martial or Drumhead trial, is a sham Legal proceeding or Court Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Penal labour or penal servitude is a form of Unfree labour. The term may refer to two different notions labour as a form of punishment and labour as a form of occupation The show trial, signaling the suppression of opposition groups, was a significant step towards the establishment of a communist regime in Romania. The term show trial is a pejorative description of a type of highly Public trial.

Iuliu Maniu died in 1953 in Sighet prison, and his body was thrown into the common grave in the courtyard. The Sighet prison, located in the town of Sighetu Marmaţiei, Maramureş county, Romania, was used by the communist regime to hold