Kingdom of Judea redirects here. For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom, see Kingdom of Judah

Iudaea (Hebrew: יהודה, Standard Yehuda Tiberian Yehûḏāh; Greek: Ιουδαία; Latin: Iudaea) was a Roman province that extended over the region of Judea proper, later renamed Palestine. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It was named in reference to the ancient Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE, which had subsequently been conquered by Babylonia, the Persian Empire, and contested by the Seleucid and Ptolemaic Empires in the six Syrian Wars of the 2nd century BCE. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region of Coele-Syria The majority of the population, and the local rulers, remained Jewish until after the Bar Kokhba's revolt. Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province

Rome's involvement in the area dated from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when Rome made Syria a province. Year 63 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Pompey conquers Phonecia, Coele-Syria The Third Mithridatic War ( 75 - 65 BC) was one of three Mithridatic Wars fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, general Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) remained to secure the area. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Subsequently, during the 1st century BCE, Judea's Hasmonean Kingdom became a client kingdom and then a province of the Roman Empire. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

Iudaea Province was the stage of three major rebellions (see Jewish-Roman wars), including the Great Jewish Revolt (66-70 CE) the Kitos War (115-117 CE), and Bar Kokhba's revolt (132-135 CE), after which Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina in an attempt to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance Year 66 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Kitos War ( 115 — 117) (מרד הגלויות mered ha'galoyot or mered ha'tfutzot (מרד התפוצות translation Rebellion of the Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after The History of Palestine is the account of events in the greater geographic area in the Southern Levant known as Palestine, which includes not just the West Bank Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied ^[1]

Contents 1 The client kingdom of Judea 2 Iudaea 3 References 4 External links

The client kingdom of Judea

The first intervention of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when Rome made a province of Syria. Year 63 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Pompey conquers Phonecia, Coele-Syria The Third Mithridatic War ( 75 - 65 BC) was one of three Mithridatic Wars fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, Pompey (Pompey the Great) remained there to secure the area. See Mithridates for people and concepts with the same name Mithridates VI (Μιθριδάτης 132&ndash63 BC also known as Mithridates Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation

Judea at the time was not a peaceful place. Queen Salome Alexandra had recently died and her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, divided against each other in a civil war. Salome Alexandra or Alexandra of Jerusalem (139&ndash67 BCE ( Hebrew שלומציון Shelomtzion Hyrcanus II, a member of the Hasmonean dynasty was the Jewish High Priest and King of Judea in the 1st century BCE Aristobulus II was the Jewish High Priest and King of Judea, 66 BC to 63 BC from the Hasmonean Dynasty In 63 BCE, Aristobulus was besieged in Jerusalem by his brother's armies. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the He sent an envoy to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's representative in the area. Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC and son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Aristobulus offered a massive bribe to be rescued, which Pompey promptly accepted. Afterwards, Aristobulus accused Scaurus of extortion. Since Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and protégée, the general retaliated by putting Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom as Prince and High Priest. Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol ( Heb כהן גדול "Great Priest" is the title of High Priest of early Israelite

When Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus was succeeded by his courtier Antipater the Idumaean, also known as Antipas, as the first Roman Procurator. A courtier is a person who attends the court of a Monarch or other powerful person. Antipater the Idumaean (d 43 BC was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. This page lists rulers of Judea and other related Jewish Kingdoms from the Maccabean Rebellion to the final Roman annexations In 57-55 BCE, Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into Galilee, Samaria & Judea with five districts of Sanhedrin/Synedrion (councils of law). Aulus Gabinius, Roman statesman and general and supporter of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, was a prominent figure in the later days of the Roman Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly Synedrion or ' Synhedrion ( Greek: συνέδριον "sitting together" hence " assembly " or " Council " סנהדרין ^[2]

Both Caesar and Antipater were killed in 44 BCE, and the Idumean Herod the Great, Antipater's son, was designated "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE^[3]. Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. He didn't gain military control of Judea till 37 BCE. Year 37 BC was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. During his reign the last representatives of the Maccabees were eliminated, and the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built. The Maccabees ( Hebrew: מכבים or מקבים, Makabim or Maqabim; Greek Μακκαβαῖοι, /makav'εï/ were Caesarea Maritima (Greek παράλιος Καισάρεια called Caesarea Palaestina from 133 CE onwards was a city and Harbor built by Herod the Great He died in 4 BCE, and his kingdom was divided among his sons, who became tetrarchs ("rulers of fourth parts"). Year 4 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. One, Herod Archelaus, ruled Judea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor Augustus, after an appeal from his own population. Herod Archelaus (23 BC – c 18 AD was the Ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Another, Herod Antipas, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE, being then dismissed by Caligula. Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros (before 20 BC &ndash after AD 39) was a first century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor

Iudaea

Iudaea Province of the Roman Empire ← 6 – 132 → Capital Caesarea Maritima 32°30′N, 34°54′E Prefect  - 26-36 Pontius Pilate High Priest  - 6-15 Annas  - 18-36 Caiaphas History  - Census of Quirinius 6  - Crisis under Caligula 37-41  - Destruction of the Second Temple August 4, 70  - Bar Kokhba revolt 132-135

In 6 CE Judea became part of a larger Roman province, called Iudaea, which was formed by combining Judea proper with Samaria and Idumea. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Herod Archelaus (23 BC – c 18 AD was the Ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD Year 6 ( VI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Simon bar Kokhba ( Hebrew: שמעון בר כוכבא, also transliterated as Bar Kokhva or Bar Kochba) was the Jewish leader who led what This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order Caesarea Maritima (Greek παράλιος Καισάρεια called Caesarea Palaestina from 133 CE onwards was a city and Harbor built by Herod the Great Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i This page gives one list (partly traditional of the High Priests of Ancient Israel up to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Annas (also Ananus) son of Seth was a Jewish High Priest from AD 6 to 15 and remained an influential leader afterwards Yosef Bar Kayafa ( Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא joˑsef bar qayːɔfɔʔ (which translates as Joseph son of Caiaphas) also known simply as The Census of Quirinius refers to a historical enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of Year 6 ( VI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Samaria, or the Shomron ( שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn ^[4] It did not include Galilee, Gaulanitis (the Golan), nor Peraea or the Decapolis. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, This article was originally based on an entry from a Public domain edition of the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Perea ("the country beyond" a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley from about one third the The Decapolis ( Greek: deka, ten polis, city was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Jordan The capital was at Caesarea. Caesarea Maritima (Greek παράλιος Καισάρεια called Caesarea Palaestina from 133 CE onwards was a city and Harbor built by Herod the Great Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria and conducted the first Roman tax census of Iudaea, which was opposed by the Zealots. Publius Sulpicius Quirinius ( Greek Κυρήνιος - Kyrenios or Cyrenius, c A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic The Census of Quirinius refers to a historical enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of ^[5] This province was one of the few governed by a knight of the equestrian order, not a former consul or praetor of senatorial rank; even though its revenue was of little importance to the Roman treasury, it controlled the land and coastal sea routes to the bread basket Egypt and was a border province against Parthia because of the Jewish connections to Babylonia. This page lists rulers of Judea and other related Jewish Kingdoms from the Maccabean Rebellion to the final Roman annexations Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Pontius Pilate was one of these prefects, from 26 to 36 CE. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Caiaphas was one of the appointed High Priests of Herod's Temple, being appointed by the Prefect Valerius Gratus in 18. Yosef Bar Kayafa ( Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא joˑsef bar qayːɔfɔʔ (which translates as Joseph son of Caiaphas) also known simply as Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol ( Heb כהן גדול "Great Priest" is the title of High Priest of early Israelite Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Valerius Gratus was Roman Prefect or procurator of Judea under Tiberius, AD 15 - 26. Both were deposed by the Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius in 36 CE. This page is on Lucius Vitellius, the father of the emperor Vitellius.

The Crisis under Caligula (37-41) has been proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor ^[6]

Between 41 and 44 CE, Iudaea regained its nominal autonomy, when Herod Agrippa was made King of the Jews by the emperor Claudius. Year 41 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 44 was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to Following Agrippa's death, the province returned to direct Roman control for a short period. Iudaea was returned to Agrippa's son Marcus Julius Agrippa in 48. For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa II (b Year 48 was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. He was the seventh and last of the Herodians. The Herodians were a Sect or party mentioned in the New Testament as having on two occasions--once in Galilee, and again in Jerusalem --manifested There was, however, an imperial procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and tax raising. When Agrippa II died, about 100, the area returned to direct Roman Empire control. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

Iudaea was the stage of three major rebellions against the Romans. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance They were (see Jewish-Roman wars for the full account):

• 66-70 CE - first rebellion, followed by the destruction of Herod's Temple and the siege of Jerusalem (see Great Jewish Revolt, Josephus)
• 115-117 CE - second rebellion, called Kitos War, due to excessive taxation
• 132-135 CE - third rebellion, Bar Kokhba's revolt

Following the suppression of Bar Kokhba's revolt, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem became Aelia Capitolina in order to humiliate the Jewish population by attempting to erase their historical ties to the region. Year 66 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus The Kitos War ( 115 — 117) (מרד הגלויות mered ha'galoyot or mered ha'tfutzot (מרד התפוצות translation Rebellion of the Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after The History of Palestine is the account of events in the greater geographic area in the Southern Levant known as Palestine, which includes not just the West Bank Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[7]

According to historian H. H. Ben-Sasson^[8], under Diocletian (284-305) the region was divided into Palaestina Prima which was Judea, Samaria, Idumea, Peraea and the coastal plain with Caesarea as capital, Palaestina Secunda which was Galilee, Decapolis, Golan with Beth-shean as capital, and Palaestina Tertia which was the Negev with Petra as capital. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate

References

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Image of Brass Coin of Vespasian, with Inscription "Iudaea Capta." Struck in 72 C.E.
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Procurators <of Iudaea>
• The name Rome gave to the land of Israel

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic