Part of the Philosophy series on Anarchism

Schools of thought Buddhist · Capitalist · Christian Collectivist · Communist · Crypto Feminist · Green · Individualist Info · Insurrectionary · Leftist Pacifist · Philosophical Platformist · Post · Post-leftist Primitivist · Social · Syndicalist Without adjectives Theory and practice Anarch · Anarchy · Black bloc Communes · Consensus democracy Decentralization · Deep ecology Direct action · Direct democracy Dual power · Especifismo Horizontalism · Illegalism Individual reclamation · Law Participatory politics Permanent Autonomous Zone Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work · Rewilding Social ecology · Spontaneous order Issues Anarcho-capitalism · Animal rights Capitalism · Criticisms · Islam Marxism · Nationalism Orthodox Judaism · Religion Violence History Amakasu Incident · Anarchist Catalonia · Anarchist Exclusion Act Anarchy in Somalia · Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations Barcelona May Days Carnival Against Capitalism Escuela Moderna · Hague Congress Haymarket affair · High Treason Incident · International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam · Kate Sharpley Library · Kronstadt rebellion Labadie Collection · LIP · May 1968 May Day · Paris Commune Provo · Red inverted triangle Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine · Spanish Revolution Third Russian Revolution · Tragic Week · WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity Culture Anarcho-punk · Arts · Black anarchism Celtic anarchism · Culture jamming DIY culture · Freeganism Independent Media Center Infoshop · The Internationale Jewish anarchism · Lifestylism Popular education · Radical cheerleading · Radical environmentalism · Squatting Symbolism · To the Barricades Economics Agorism · Capitalism · Collectivism Communism · Co-operatives Counter-economics · Free market Free school · Free store · Geoism Gift economy · Market abolitionism Mutual aid · Mutualism Participatory economics Really Really Free Market Self-ownership · Socialism Syndicalism · Wage slavery Workers' self-management By region Africa · Austria · Brazil · Canada China · Cuba · England · France Greece · India · Ireland · Israel Italy · Japan · Korea · Mexico Poland · Russia · Spain · Sweden Turkey · Ukraine · USA · Vietnam Lists Anarcho-punk bands · Books Communities · Fictional characters Jewish anarchists · Musicians Organizations · Periodicals · Poets Related Anti-capitalism · Anti-communism Anti-consumerism · Anti-corporatism Anti-globalization · Antimilitarism Anti-statism · Antiwar · Autarchism Autonomism · Labour movement Left communism · Libertarianism Libertarian Marxism · Libertarian socialism · Situationist International Anarchism Portal Philosophy Portal · Politics Portal  v • d • e

Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought;^[1][2][3] differences on questions of ideology, values and tactics are common. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Ideas about how an anarchist society might work vary considerably, especially with respect to economics. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. There are also disagreements about how such a society might be brought about, with some anarchists being committed to a strategy of nonviolence, while others advocate armed struggle.

Contents 1 Definitional concerns 1.1 The "Zaxlebax" Problem 2 Ends and means 2.1 Participation in statist democracy 2.2 Democracy in anarchism 2.3 Violence and non-violence 2.3.1 Pacifism 2.4 Individualism vs. collectivism 3 Identity politics 3.1 Gender 3.2 Race 3.3 Religion 4 Capitalism 4.1 Globalization 5 Nationalism 6 The environment 7 Relations with the Left 7.1 Communism 8 Notes and references

Definitional concerns

Anarchist schools of thought encompass not only a range of individual schools, but also a considerable divergence in the use of some key terms. Terminology is the study of terms and their use Terms are Words and Compound words that are used in specific contexts Some terms, such as "socialism", have been subject to multiple definitions and ideological struggle throughout the period of the development of anarchism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Others, such as "capitalism" are used in in divergent, and often contradictory, ways by different schools within the tradition. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where In addition, terms such as "mutualism" have changed their meanings over time, without spawning new schools. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a All of these terminological difficulties contribute to misunderstandings within and about anarchism.

A central concern is whether the term "anarchism" is defined in opposition to hierarchy, authority or the state. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Debates over the meaning of the term emerge from the fact that it refers to both an abstract philosophical position and to intellectual, political and institutional traditions, all of which have been fraught with conflict. Some minimal, abstract definitions encourage the inclusion of figures, movements and philosophical positions which have historically positioned themselves outside, or even in opposition to, individuals and traditions that have identified themselves as "anarchist. "

The "Zaxlebax" Problem

Roderick T. Long addresses one of the key terminological difficulties—the "amalgamation of incompatible meanings" in common usage of key terms—with the example of the "zaxlebax":

Suppose I were to invent a new word, "zaxlebax," and define it as "a metallic sphere, like the Washington Monument. "

He contends that, in ordinary usage, this sort of "package-deal term" is as much the rule as the exception, and that capitalism and socialism are both subject to this sort of usage. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution

Now I think the word "capitalism," if used with the meaning most people give it, is a package-deal term. By "capitalism" most people mean neither the free market simpliciter nor the prevailing neomercantilist system simpliciter. Rather, what most people mean by "capitalism" is this free-market system that currently prevails in the western world. In short, the term "capitalism" as generally used conceals an assumption that the prevailing system is a free market. And since the prevailing system is in fact one of government favoritism toward business, the ordinary use of the term carries with it the assumption that the free market is government favoritism toward business.

The term "socialism," he claims, is subject to a similar internal contradiction: "it conveys opposition to the free market, and opposition to neomercantilism, as though these were one and the same. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Neomercantilism is a term used to describe a policy regime which encourages exports discourages imports controls capital movement and centralizes currency decisions in the hands of a " Moreover, he suggests that the function of these terms is to "to blur the distinction between the free market and neomercantilism. " Whether or not this is the case, the "package deal" aspect of these common usages creates significant problems when the terms are used in discussion or planning. Long's lecture "Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later" explores the ways in which different factions within market anarchism emphasize different elements within these "package deal" terms, and end up speaking different—apparently opposed—languages while advocating many of the same ends and projects. Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with ^[4]

Capitalism is one of the most hotly contested terms in anarchist theory. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Anti-capitalism is considered a key element of anarchism by most social anarchists, while anarcho-capitalists quite naturally disagree. The conflict arises from some combination of genuine differences of opinion on the merits of market economies, differing definitions of "capitalism," and the "package deal" character of some definitions. Although dictionary definitions of socialism have tended to emphasize social or state control of key resources, usages in political circles have varied considerably. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution In 1894, Richard Ely noted that the term had "already acquired a variety of meanings. " These included, in its most general sense, the view that society is "a living, growing organism, the laws of which are something different from the laws of individual action. "^[5] Several years earlier, in 1888, the individualist anarchist Benjamin R. Tucker included the full text of a "Socialistic Letter" by Ernest Lesigne in his essay on "State Socialism and Anarchism. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism " According to Lesigne, there are two socialisms, and "One is dictatorial, the other libertarian. "^[6]

Ends and means

Main articles: propaganda of the deed and direct action

Among anarchists, there is no consensus on the legitimacy or utility of violence in revolutionary struggle. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Mikhail Bakunin and Errico Malatesta, for example, wrote of violence as a necessary and sometimes desirable force in revolutionary settings. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist At the same time, they denounced acts of individual terrorism. (Bakunin, "The Program of the International Brotherhood" (1869)^[7] and Malatesta, "Violence as a Social Factor" (1895)). Other anarchists such as Leo Tolstoy, Dorothy Day and Henry David Thoreau have been advocates of pacifism. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Dorothy Day ( November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American Journalist turned anarchist, social activist

Anarchists have often been portrayed as dangerous and violent, possibly due to a number of high-profile violent actions, including riots, assassinations, insurrections, and terrorism committed by some anarchists as well as persistently negative media portrayals. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion ^[8] Late 19th-century revolutionaries encouraged acts of political violence, called "propaganda of the deed", such as bombings and the assassinations of heads of state to further anarchism. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state However, the term originally referred to exemplary forms of direct action meant to inspire the masses to revolution. Propaganda of the deed may be violent or nonviolent.

While all anarchists consider antimilitarism (opposition to war) to be inherent to their philosophy,^[9] anarcho-pacifists take this further, following Tolstoy's belief in pacifism. Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Although numerous anarchist initiatives have been based on the tactic of nonviolence (Earth First!, Food Not Bombs, etc), many anarchists reject pacifism as an ideology, instead supporting a "diversity of tactics. A tactic is a conceptual action used by a military unit of no larger than a division to implement a specific mission and achieve a specific objective or to advance toward a Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Earth First! is a radical environmental advocacy group that emerged in the Southwestern United States in 1979 Food Not Bombs is a loose-knit group of independent collectives serving free Vegan and Vegetarian food to others " Authors Ward Churchill (Pacifism as Pathology, 1986) and Peter Gelderloos (How Nonviolence Protects the State, 2005) have published influential books critical of pacifist doctrine, which they view as ineffectual and hypocritical. Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2 1947 is an American writer and political activist. Pacifism as Pathology Notes on an American Pseudopraxis is an Essay written in 1986 by Ward Churchill. Peter Gelderloos is an Anarchist author from Harrisonburg Virginia ( United States)

As a result of anarchism's critical view of certain types of private property, many anarchists see the destruction of property as an acceptable form of violence or argue that it is not, in fact, violence at all. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual In her widely cited 1912 essay, Direct Action, Voltairine de Cleyre drew on American historical events, including the destroying of revenue stamps and the Boston Tea Party, as a defense of such activities. Voltairine de Cleyre ( November 17 1866 June 20 1912) was according to Emma Goldman, "the most gifted and brilliant The Boston Tea Party was an act of Direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many ^[10]

Many anarchists participate in subversive organizations as a means to undermine the establishment, such as Food Not Bombs, radical labor unions, alternative media, and radical social centers. Food Not Bombs is a loose-knit group of independent collectives serving free Vegan and Vegetarian food to others The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, This is in accordance with the anarchist concept of dual power: creating the structures for a new anti-authoritarian society in the shell of the old, hierarchical one. Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February

Participation in statist democracy

Main articles: criticisms of electoralism and voluntaryism

While most anarchists firmly oppose voting, or otherwise participating in the State institution, there are a few that disagree. The prominent anarchist, Proudhon, stood for election to the French Constituent Assembly twice in 1848. The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852 Paul Brousse developed the concept of libertarian municipalism in Switzerland in the 1890s which involved participating in local elections. Paul Brousse ( Montpellier, January 23, 1844 - April 1, 1912) was a French Socialist, leader of the possibilistes Libertarian municipalism is a term first used by the well-known Libertarian socialist theorist Murray Bookchin, and is used to describe a system in which libertarian Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[11] Many anarchists oppose voting for three reasons. First, they believe it to be ineffective, at best resulting in minor reforms. Second, taking part in elections has historically resulted in radicals becoming part of the system they oppose rather than ending it. ^[12] Third, because some claim voting amounts to an acknowledgment of the state's legitimacy. ^[13] During the 2004 US Presidential election, the anarchist collective CrimethInc. launched "Don't Just Vote, Get Active," a campaign promoting the importance of direct action, rather than electoral change. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together on a specific project(s to achieve a common objective CrimethInc, also known as CWC (" CrimethInc Ex-Workers Collective " or " CrimethInc Ex-Workers Ex-Collective " is a decentralized Don't Just Vote Get Active (aka Don't Just (Not Vote) was an Open, Decentralized national campaign in the United States of America initiated Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Anarchists in other countries often engage in similar anti-voting campaigns. Others advocate a more pragmatic approach, including voting in referenda,^[14] while other prominent anarchists like Howard Zinn and Noam Chomsky have pledged their support for progressive candidates such as Ralph Nader. Howard Zinn (born August 24 1922 is an American Historian, political scientist, social critic, activist and Playwright, best known Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President ^[15]

The individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner argued that voting was a legitimate means of self-defense against the state, and noted that many supporters of the state consider both voting and abstention to be acknowledgments of the state's legitimacy. ^[16] Spooner's essay "No Treason"^[17] offers an individualist anarchist rebuttal to the argument that existing democratic governments are justified by majority consent.

Democracy in anarchism

For individualist anarchists, "the system of democracy, of majority decision, is held null and void. Any impingement upon the natural rights of the person is unjust and a symbol of majority tyranny. "^[18] Libertarian municipalist Murray Bookchin criticized individualist anarchists for opposing democracy,^[19] and said "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism,^[20] but he also preferred the term assembly rather than democracy. Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social Bookchin has in turn been accused of "municipal statism"; i. e. , non-anarchism. ^[21]

Violence and non-violence

Main article: Anarchism and violence

Anarchists have often been portrayed as dangerous and violent, due mainly to a number of high-profile violent acts including riots, assassinations, and insurrections involving anarchists. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution The use of terrorism and assassination, however, is condemned by most anarchist ideology, though there remains no consensus on the legitimacy or utility of violence. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Consensus has two common meanings One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or Community, each of which exercises some discretion in Some anarchists have opposed coercion, while others have supported it, particularly in the form of violent revolution on the path to anarchy or utopia. Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats ^[22]

Some anarchists share Leo Tolstoy's Christian anarchist belief in nonviolence. Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. These anarcho-pacifists advocate nonviolent resistance as the only method of achieving a truly anarchist revolution. Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through Symbolic Protests Civil disobedience, They often see violence as the basis of government and coercion and argue that, as such, violence is illegitimate, no matter who is the target. Some of Proudhon's French followers even saw strike action as coercive and refused to take part in such traditional socialist tactics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work.

Other anarchists advocate Marshall Rosenberg's non-violent communication that relates to peoples fundamental needs and feelings using strategies of requests, observations and empathy yet providing for the use of protective force while rejecting pacifism as a compromising strategy of the left that just perpetuates violence. Marshall Rosenberg, PhD (b October 6, 1934) is an American psychologist and the creator of Nonviolent Communication, a communication process that helps

Other anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Errico Malatesta saw violence as a necessary and sometimes desirable force. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist Malatesta took the view that it is "necessary to destroy with violence, since one cannot do otherwise, the violence which denies [the means of life and for development] to the workers" (Umanità Nova, number 125, September 6, 1921^[23]). Umanità Nova is an Italian anarchist newspaper founded in 1920

Between 1894 and 1901, individual anarchists assassinated numerous heads of state, including:

• French President Sadi Carnot (1894);
• Empress consort Elisabeth of Austria (1898);
• King Umberto I of Italy (1900); and
• United States President William McKinley (1901). The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected For the French physicist and uncle of Marie François see Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie ( 24 December, 1837 &ndash 10 September, 1898) of the House of Wittelsbach, was the Empress Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Such "propaganda of the deed" was not popular among anarchists, and many in the movement condemned the tactic. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against For example, McKinley's assassin, Leon Czolgosz, claimed to be a disciple of Emma Goldman, but she disavowed any association with him. Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches

Goldman included in her definition of anarchism the observation that all governments rest on violence, and this is one of the many reasons they should be opposed. Goldman herself didn't oppose tactics like assassination until she went to Russia, where she witnessed the violence of the Russian state and the Red Army. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya From then on she condemned the use of terrorism, especially by the state, and advocated violence only as a means of self-defense.

Depictions in the press and popular fiction (for example, a malevolent bomb-throwing anarchist in Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent) helped create a lasting public impression that anarchists are violent terrorists. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist The Secret Agent A Simple Tale is a Novel by Joseph Conrad published in 1907 This perception was enhanced by events such as the Haymarket Riot, where anarchists were blamed for throwing a bomb at police who came to break up a public meeting in Chicago. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

More recently, anarchists have been involved in protests against World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) meetings across the globe, which the media has described as violent or riots. Traditionally, May Day in London has also been a day of marching, but in recent years the Metropolitan Police have warned that a "hardcore of anarchists" are intent on causing violence. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. Anarchists often respond that it is the police who initiate violence at these demonstrations, with anarchists who are otherwise peaceful sometimes forced to defend themselves. The anarchists involved in such protests often formed black blocs at these protests and some engaged in property destruction, vandalism, or in violent conflicts with police, though others stuck to non-violent principles. A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Vandalism is the behaviour attributed to the Vandals in respect of Culture: ruthless Destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or Venerable Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence.

Those participating in black blocs distinguish between "violence" and "property destruction": they claim that violence is when a person inflicts harm to another person, while property destruction or property damage is not violence, although it can have indirect harm such as financial harm. Most anarchists, do not consider the destruction of property to be violent, as do most activists who believe in non-violence.

Pacifism

Some anarchists consider pacifism (opposition to war) to be inherent in their philosophy. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Some anarchists take it further and follow Leo Tolstoy's belief in non-violence (note, however, that these anarcho-pacifists are not necessarily Christian anarchists as Tolstoy was), advocating non-violent resistance as the only method of achieving a truly anarchist revolution. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through Symbolic Protests Civil disobedience, A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively

Anarchist literature often portrays war as an activity in which the state seeks to gain and consolidate power, both domestically and in foreign lands. Many anarchists subscribe to Randolph Bourne's view that "war is the health of the state"^[24]. Randolph Silliman Bourne ( May 30, 1886 – December 22, 1918) was a progressive writer and public intellectual born in Bloomfield Anarchists believe that if they were to support a war they would be strengthening the state — indeed, Peter Kropotkin was alienated from other anarchists when he expressed support for the British in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Just as they are critical and distrustful of most government endeavours, anarchists often view the stated reasons for war with a cynical eye. Cynicism (Kυνισμός originally comprised the various philosophies of a group of ancient Greeks called the Cynics, founded by Since the Vietnam War protests in North America and, most recently, the protests against the war in Iraq, much anarchist activity has been anti-war based. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause.

Many anarchists in the current movement however, reject complete pacifism, (although groups like Earth First!, and Food Not Bombs are based on principles of non-violence), and instead are in favor of self-defense, and sometimes violence against oppressive and authoritarian forces which they in fact also consider as defensive violence. Food Not Bombs is a loose-knit group of independent collectives serving free Vegan and Vegetarian food to others Anarchists are skeptical however of winning a direct armed conflict with the state, and instead concern themselves mostly with organizing.

Individualism vs. collectivism

While most anarchists favour collective property, some, such as individualist anarchists of historical note (e. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective g. Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner) support private property. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Tucker argues that collectivism in property is absurd: "That there is an entity known as the community which is the rightful owner of all land, Anarchists deny. . . I. . . maintain that ‘the community’ is a non-entity, that it has no existence. . . " He was particularly adamant in his opposition to "communism," even to the point of asserting that those who opposed private property were not anarchists: "Anarchism is a word without meaning, unless it includes the liberty of the individual to control his product or whatever his product has brought him through exchange in a free market — that is, private property. Whoever denies private property is of necessity an Archist. " However, these individuals opposed property titles to unused land.

Identity politics

Gender

Main articles: Anarcha-feminism and Ecofeminism

Early French feminists such as Jenny d'Héricourt and Juliette Adam criticised the misogyny in the anarchism of Proudhon during the 1850s. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Jenny d'Hericourt (1809 - 1875 was a feminist activist writer and a physician-midwife Juliette Adam ( October 4, 1836 &ndash August 23, 1936) French writer known also by her maiden name of Juliette Lambert Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was

Anarcha-feminism is a kind of radical feminism that espouses the belief that patriarchy is a fundamental problem in society. Radical feminism is a "current" within Feminism that focuses on the theory of Patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over However, it was not explicitly formulated as anarcha-feminism until early 1970s^[25], during the second-wave feminist movement. Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s Anarcha-feminism, views patriarchy as the first manifestation of hierarchy in human history; thus, the first form of oppression occurred in the dominance of male over female. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over Anarcha-feminists then conclude that if feminists are against patriarchy, they must also be against all forms of hierarchy, and therefore must reject the authoritarian nature of the state and capitalism. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ -

Early first-wave feminist Mary Wollstonecraft held proto-anarchist views, and William Godwin is often considered a feminist anarchist precursor. Mary Wollstonecraft (ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft 27 April 1759 – 10 September While most anarchists of the period did not take these ideas seriously, others, such as Florence Finch Kelly and Moses Harman held gender equality as a topic of significant importance. Moses Harman ( October 12, 1830 January 30, 1910) was an American Schoolteacher and publisher notable for his staunch support ^[26] Anarcha-feminism garnered further attention through the work of early 20th-century authors and theorists including Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Voltairine de Cleyre ( November 17 1866 June 20 1912) was according to Emma Goldman, "the most gifted and brilliant In the Spanish Civil War, an anarcha-feminist group, "Free Women", organized to defend both anarchist and feminist ideas. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of

Unlike marxist feminism and socialist feminism, anarcha-feminism does not necessarily adopt the historical model of patriarchy put across by Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. Marxist feminism is a sub-type of Feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of Capitalism as a way to liberate women Socialist feminism is a branch of Feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that Liberation can only be achieved The Origin of the Family Private Property and the State in the light of the researches of Lewis H Rather, anarcha-feminists are likely to view patriarchy as a component and symptom of interconnected systems of oppression. In such a model, opposition to patriarchy is not the sole means of opposing authoritarian repression, but instead becomes a key component of a movement opposing all interconnected forms of oppression. Anarcho-primitivists see the creation of gender roles and patriarchy as a creation of the start of civilization, and therefore consider primitivism to also be an anarchist school of thought that addresses feminist concerns. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior Eco-feminism, although not exclusively anarchist, is often considered a feminist variant of green anarchist feminist thought. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and

In anarcha-feminist circles in the United States, the slang term "manarchist" is sometimes used, pejoratively, to describe male anarchists who are either inattentive to or dismissive of (anarcha)feminist concerns.

Race

Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state, capitalism, and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Komboa Ervin, and Sam Mbah. Ashanti Alston Omowali is an Anarchist activist speaker and writer and former member of the Black Panther Party. Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin (born 1947 in Chattanooga Tennessee) is an African American writer activist and Black anarchist. Some of these theorists have had past experiences with the Black Panther Party, and came to anarchism after they became critical of the Black Panther Party's brand of Marxist-Leninism. The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Anarchist People of Color, (or APOC), was created as a forum for non-Caucasian anarchists to express their thoughts about racial issues within the anarchist movement, particularly within the United States. Anarchist People of Color is an Anarchist / Anti-authoritarian tendency created to address issues of race anti-authoritarianism and people of color struggle politics Anti-Racist Action is not an anarchist group, but many anarchists are involved. The Anti-Racist Action Network (ARA is a decentralized network of militant anti-fascist and anti-racists in North America It focuses on publicly confronting racist agitators, such as the KKK, neo-Nazi groups, etc. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism,

Most modern and historical anarchists describe themselves as anti-racists. Many early Anarchists, notably Lucy Parsons - a person of color and formerly an enslaved American - viewed Racism as one of many negative side-effects of Capitalism and expected that it would vanish in a post-capitalist world. Lucy Parsons ( 1853 - March 7, 1942) was a radical American labor organizer Anarchist (and possibly later also As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Among modern Anarchists, however, anti-racism plays a more prominent role and racism is typically viewed as one of several forms of social hierarchy and stratification which must be destroyed. No anarchist organizations has ever included racism as part of its platform, and many, particularly modern formations, include explicit anti-racism. For instance American Anarchists were alone in opposing racism against Chinese and Mexican workers in the early 1900s and late 1800s. The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement

Since the late 1970s anarchists have been involved in fighting the rise of neo-fascist groups. This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II In Germany and the United Kingdom some anarchists worked within militant anti-fascist groups alongside members of the Marxist left. Militant anti-fascism is a form of Anti-fascism that advocates the use of Violence against Fascism. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They advocated directly combating fascists with physical force rather than relying on the state. Since the late 1990s, a similar tendency has developed within US anarchism. See also: Anti-Racist Action (US), Anti-Fascist Action (UK/Europe), Antifa Anti-Racist Action is one of the largest grassroots anti-fascist and anti-racist organizations in North America today and counts many anarchists among its members. The Anti-Racist Action Network (ARA is a decentralized network of militant anti-fascist and anti-racists in North America Anti-Fascist Action ( AFA) was a militant anti-fascist organisation founded by Red Action and other left-wing Militant anti-fascism is a form of Anti-fascism that advocates the use of Violence against Fascism. The Anti-Racist Action Network (ARA is a decentralized network of militant anti-fascist and anti-racists in North America Their tactics, centered around directly confronting neo-fascist and white-supremacist groups, are considered controversial both within the anarchist movement (where they are sometimes portrayed as well-intentioned but ineffective) and in mainstream society (where they are often portrayed as violent and disruptive). This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups.

Many anarchists are also involved in the New Abolitionist movement, which seeks to abolish the concept of race itself on that basis that it has no biological basis and is a social construction designed to divide the working class and preserve capitalism.

Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state, capitalism, and subjugation and domination of people of African descent, and favours a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Komboa Ervin, Sam Mbah and Martin Sostre. Ashanti Alston Omowali is an Anarchist activist speaker and writer and former member of the Black Panther Party. Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin (born 1947 in Chattanooga Tennessee) is an African American writer activist and Black anarchist. Martin Ramirez Sostre (born in Harlem on March 20, 1923) is an American activist Anarchist People of Color emerged in the United States as a tendency which theorized anarchism in the broader context of race. Anarchist People of Color is an Anarchist / Anti-authoritarian tendency created to address issues of race anti-authoritarianism and people of color struggle politics Founded by writer and organizer Ernesto Aguilar, an APOC email list became the basis for collectives composed of people of colour to form in several American cities. Ernesto Aguilar founded the Anarchist People of Color email list and website (http//www APOC held a conference in Detroit, Michigan in 2003. In 2005, the first APOC journal, Wildfire, was launched, but folded a few months later. In 2007, Roger White and the Oakland, California APOC group founded Jailbreak Press. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. [1]

A minority of historically prominent anarchists have been accused of racism: e. g. Proudhon^[27] and Bakunin. ^[28]

A major area of conflict amongst anarchists is how honest to be about the racism which has existed within the anarchist movement since the days of Proudhon and Bakunin who were both noted Eurocentrists and anti-semites. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Some anarchists dismiss this as being completely unimportant, suggesting for instance that racism was commonly accepted at the time. Other anarchists simply prefer to ignore the issue on the grounds that anarchism, unlike ideologies such as Marxism, is not defined by individual theorists, but by the concepts they developed, thus rendering perceived personal failings of individual theorists irrelevant to anarchism generally.

Religion

Main articles: Anarchism and religion, Buddhist anarchism, Christian anarchism, Jewish anarchism, and Islam and anarchism

From Proudhon and Bakunin to the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, most anarchists have questioned or opposed organized religion, believing that most organized religions are hierarchical or authoritarian and, more often than not, aligned with contemporary power structures like state and capital. Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In Economics, capital or capital Goods or real capital refers to items of extensive value Nonetheless, others reconcile anarchism with religion.

Christian anarchists believe that there is no higher authority than God, and oppose earthly authority such as government and established churches. Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. They believe that Jesus' teachings and the practice of the early church were clearly anarchistic. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c Some of them feel that the teachings of the Nazarenes and other early groups of followers were corrupted by contemporary religious views - most notably when Constantine declared "Christianity" to be the official religion of Rome. Constantine ( Latin: Cōnstantīnus, Greek:) is a given name and surname derived from the Latin word constans, meaning constant or Christian anarchists, who follow Jesus' directive to "turn the other cheek", are usually strict pacifists, although some believe in a limited justification of defense, especially defense of others. The most famous advocate of Christian anarchism was Leo Tolstoy, author of The Kingdom of God is Within You, who called for a society based on compassion, nonviolent principles and freedom. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас Bozhiye vnutri vas'' is the Non-fiction Magnum opus of Leo Tolstoy Christian anarchists tend to form experimental communities (such as the Catholic Worker). The Catholic Worker is a monthly Newspaper published by the Catholic Worker Movement community in New York City. They also occasionally resist taxation. A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies

Buddhist anarchism originated in the influential Chinese anarchist movement of the 1920s. Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Taixu, one of the leading thinkers and writers of this school, was deeply influenced by the work of Christian anarchists like Tolstoy and by the ancient Chinese well-field system. Venerable Master Taixu (太虛大師 Pinyin: tàixū dàshī Wade-Giles: T'ai Hsü Ta Shi 1890-1947 was a Buddhist activist and thinker who advocated the reform Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded The well-field system ( was a Chinese land distribution method since at least 9th century BC (late Western Zhou Dynasty) Buddhist anarchism was later revived in the 1960s by writers such as Gary Snyder; an incarnation of this school of thought was popularized by Jack Kerouac in his book The Dharma Bums. Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American Poet (often associated with the Beat Generation Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and This is an article about the novel by Jack Kerouac For the band see Dharma Bums.

Neopaganism, with its focus on the environment and equality, along with its often decentralized nature, has led to a number of neopagan anarchists. Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is an Umbrella term used to identify a wide variety of modern religious movements particularly those influenced by historical One of the most prominent is Starhawk, who writes extensively about both spirituality and activism. Starhawk (born Miriam Simos) ( June 17, 1951) is an American Writer, Anarchist activist, and self-described Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change

In the late 1800s the Ghadar movement in India (see Har Dayal), influenced by Buddhist thought and by Swami Dayananda Saraswati (founder of Arya Samaj), saw anarchism as a way of propagating the ancient culture of the Arya (not to be confused with the much later appropriation of "Aryan" identity by German Fascists). Lala Har Dayal ( October 4, 1884, Delhi, India - March 4, 1939, Philadelphia Pennsylvania) was an Indian Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices This page is about the founder of the Arya Samaj. For others known by the same name please see Swami Dayananda (disambiguation Arya Samaj ( Sanskrit ārya samāja sa आर्य समाज " Noble Society" is a Hindu reform movement founded in India Ārya ( Sanskrit: (आर्य, ( Old Persian Ariya and Avestan Airya) is an ancient Sanskrit term for Hindus, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology ^[29]

Discussing the anarchist movement in Britain in 2002, Adam K. has argued that it "has an especially ignorant and hegemonistic perception of the Muslim community", which he attributed to "the anglo-centric nature of the movement". Quoting the statement that "Islam is an enemy of all freedom loving people" from an anarchist magazine, he argues that this is "no different to the bigoted rhetoric of George Bush or even BNP leader Nick Griffin. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Nicholas John "Nick" Griffin (born 1959 is a British politician "^[30]

Capitalism

Main article: Anarchism and capitalism

Throughout most of its history, anarchism has been defined by its proponents in opposition to capitalism - which they believe can be maintained only by state violence. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where ^[31] Most non-capitalist anarchists follow Proudhon in opposing ownership of workplaces by capitalists and aim to replace wage labour with workers' associations. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Wage labour is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour under a Contract ( Employment These anarchists agree with Kropotkin's comment that "the origin of the anarchist inception of society… [lies in] the criticism… of the hierarchical organisations and the authoritarian conceptions of society" rather than in simple opposition to the state or government. ^[32] They argue that the wage system is hierarchical and authoritarian in nature and, consequently, capitalism cannot be anarchist. ^[33]

Individualist anarchists, have historically advocated markets essential to a free society. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective However, most early individualist anarchists considered themselves "fervent anti-capitalists… [who see] no contradiction between their individualist stance and their rejection of capitalism. "^[34] Many defined themselves as socialists. These early individualist-anarchists defined "capitalism" in various ways, but often it was discussed in terms of usury:

"There are three forms of usury, interest on money, rent on land and houses, and profit in exchange. Whoever is in receipt of any of these is a usurer. " [cited in Men against the State by James J. Martin, p. 208]

Excluding these, however, they tended to support free trade, free competition, and varying levels of private property such as mutualism and homesteading. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Broadly defined homesteading is a lifestyle of simple agrarian Self-sufficiency. ^{[35][36] [37]} It is this distinction which has led to the rift between anarchism and anarcho-capitalism. The self-proclaimed descendents of such theorists^[38], variously called anarcho-capitalists, free-market anarchists, or simply individualist anarchists, support laissez-faire free market capitalism. Historically, anarchists considered themselves socialists and opposed to capitalism. Thus, anarcho-capitalism is considered by many anarchists today as not being true anarchism. ^[39]

Anarchist organisations, for example the CNT (Spain) and the Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland), generally take an explicitly anti-capitalist stance. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English The Anarchist Federation (AF is a federation of Anarcho-communists in Britain and Ireland. In the 20th century, several economists began to formulate a form of radical American libertarianism known as anarcho-capitalism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination This has met resistance from those who hold that capitalism is inherently oppressive or statist; many anarchists and scholars don't consider anarcho-capitalism to properly cohere with the spirit, principles, or history of anarchism. ^[40] However, other "Anarchists" and scholars regard anarchism as referring only to opposition to the non-privatisation of all aspects of the state, and thus do consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism. ^[41]

Globalization

Many anarchists are actively involved in the anti-globalization movement, seeing corporate globalization as a neocolonialist attempt to use economic coercion on a global scale, carried out through state institutions such as the World Bank, World Trade Organization, Group of Eight, and the World Economic Forum. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of Developed countries ' involvement in the developing world The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland Globalization is an ambiguous term that has different meanings to different anarchist factions. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Many anarchists use the term to mean neocolonialism and/or cultural imperialism (which they may see as related). Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting distinguishing separating or artificially injecting the Culture or language of one nation into another Others, particularly anarcho-capitalists, use "globalization" to mean the worldwide expansion of the division of labor and trade, which they see as beneficial so long as governments do not intervene. Market anarchists and anarcho-capitalists see the worldwide expansion of the division of labor through trade ("globalization") as a boon, but oppose the regulation and cartelization imposed by the World Bank, WTO, etc. and "managed trade" agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA. Many also object to fiat money issued by central banks and resulting debasement of money and confiscation of wealth. The terms fiat currency and fiat money relate to types of currency or Money whose usefulness results not from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be

Groups such as Reclaim the Streets,^[42] were among the instigators of the so-called anti-globalization movement. Reclaim the Streets ( RTS) is a collective with a shared ideal of Community ownership of Public spaces Participants characterize the collective as a " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas ^[43] The Carnival Against Capitalism on 18 June 1999 is generally regarded as the first of the major anti-globalization protests. The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) ^[44] Anarchists, such as the WOMBLES, have on occasion played a significant role in planning, organising, and participating in subsequent protests. ^[45] The protests tended to be organised on anarchist direct action principles with a general tolerance for a range of different activities ranging from those who engage in tactical frivolity to the black blocs. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Tactical Frivolity is a form of public Protest employing whimsy A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event ^[46]

Nationalism

See also: Nationalism and anarchism

Anarchism has a long history of opposing imperialism, both in the core nations (the colonizers) and the periphery nations (the colonized). Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude In general, anarchists have preferred to focus on building revolutions at home and doing solidarity work for comrades in other countries, e. g. Guy Aldred was jailed for printing Shyamji Krishnavarma's'The Indian Sociologist. Guy Alfred Aldred ( 5 November 1886 - 16 October 1963) - often Guy A Shyamji Krishna Varma (Shyamji Krishna Nakhua (1857 - 1930 was an Indian scholar lawyer nationalist and a journalist who founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India The Indian Sociologist ( TIS) was an important Indian nationalist publication in the early twentieth century

Another example of this was Rudolf Rocker, a prominent German anarchist and anti-fascist, who was particularly active amongst Jewish workers. Johann Rudolf Rocker ( March 25, 1873 September 19, 1958) was an anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In his Nationalism and Culture he argued for a "federation of European peoples" which would include Jews. Nationalism and Culture is a nonfiction book by German Anarcho-syndicalist writer Rudolf Rocker. Rejecting biological theories of race, and rejecting the concept of nation, he argued that since it was European States that had conquered and colonized the rest of the world, successful libertarian organization amongst Europeans was "the first condition for the creation of a world federation, which will also secure the so-called colonial peoples the same rights for the pursuit of happiness" (p554). See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Many modern anarchists and other anti-imperialists share this approach. ^[47]

Chinese anarchists were very active in the early Chinese nationalist movement and in the resistance to British and later Japanese colonization of China. The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Anarchists were also deeply involved in anti-imperialist nationalist movements in Vietnam, Korea, Cuba, Ukraine, Ireland, Mexico, and all over Africa. Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa

Anarchism is also an influence in the modern Indigenist movement.

The environment

See also: Green anarchism, Social ecology, Anarcho-primitivism, Ecofeminism, and Green syndicalism

The environment and sustainability have been an issue for anarchists from at least as far back as Kropotkin's "Fields, Factories and Workshops", but since the late 1970s anarchists in Anglosphere and European countries have been agitating for the natural environment. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and Green syndicalism has been used as a name for the philosophy of the green guild or sustainable trades movement Fields Factories and Workshops is a landmark Anarchist text by Peter Kropotkin, and arguably one of the most influential and positive statements of the The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of Anglophone ( English -speaking nations which share historical political and cultural characteristics rooted Eco-anarchists or green anarchists often embrace deep ecology. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. This is a worldview that strives to cultivate biodiversity and sustainability. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Eco-anarchists often use direct action against what they see as earth-destroying institutions. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Of particular importance is the Earth First! movement, that takes action such as tree sitting. Earth First! is a radical environmental advocacy group that emerged in the Southwestern United States in 1979 Tree sitting is a form of environmentalist Civil disobedience in which a Protester sits in a Tree, usually on a small platform built for the purpose The more militant Earth Liberation Front, which grew out of Earth First!, also has connections with the anarchist movement. The Earth Liberation Front ( ELF) also known as " Elves " or " The Elves " is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous Another important component is ecofeminism, which sees the domination of nature as a metaphor for the domination of women. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and

Murray Bookchin's work on social ecology, David Watson's work with Fifth Estate magazine, Steve Booth's work in the UK publication Green Anarchist, and Graham Purchase's writings on green syndicalism have all contributed to the broad variety and scope of green anarchist/eco-anarchist thought and action. Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s David (or Dave Watson may refer to David Watson (footballer born 1946‎, English footballer of the 1970s and 1980s played for Sunderland A Fifth Estate is any class or group in society other than the Clergy ( First Estate) the Nobility ( Second Estate) the Commoners ( Steve Booth is a British political activist and journalist and was one of the defendants in the GANDALF trial. The magazine Green Anarchist was for a while the principal voice in the UK advocating Green anarchism, an explicit fusion of Libertarian socialist Green syndicalism has been used as a name for the philosophy of the green guild or sustainable trades movement Green anarchism also involves a critique of industrial capitalism, and, for some green anarchists, civilization itself.

Most anarchists see class society as being the root cause of pollution. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. They argue that a small class of owners or controllers have the wealth to avoid the worst repercussions of pollution while a very much larger class of workers without such wealth have no say in the running of the workplace. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Thus under capitalism and other class societies those who control workplaces are also those with the least interest in minimising pollution - indeed as most anti-pollution measures add to costs that class will have an interest in minimising such measures. Under capitalism pollution is often a product of externalising costs - that is a transfer of a pollutant from the property of the owner to a public river transfers the cost from the capitalist to society at large. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The anarchist communist solution is to ensure that all those working and living within the ecosystem of a plant have control over all its outputs, including pollutants. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (

Primitivism is a predominantly Western philosophy that advocates a return to a pre-industrial and usually pre-agricultural society. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. It develops a critique of industrial civilization. In this critique technology and development have alienated people from the natural world. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt In Sociology and Critical social theory, alienation refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general This philosophy develops themes present in the political action of the Luddites and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Luddites were a Social movement of British Textile artisans in the early Nineteenth century who protested&mdashoften by destroying mechanized Primitivism developed in the context of the Reclaim the Streets, Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front movements. Reclaim the Streets ( RTS) is a collective with a shared ideal of Community ownership of Public spaces Participants characterize the collective as a The Earth Liberation Front ( ELF) also known as " Elves " or " The Elves " is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous John Zerzan wrote that civilization — not just the state — would need to fall for anarchy to be achieved. John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist Philosopher and author A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Anarcho-primitivists point to the anti-authoritarian nature of many 'primitive' or hunter-gatherer societies throughout the world's history as examples of anarchist societies.

Relations with the Left

See also: Anarchism and Marxism

While many anarchists (especially those involved in the anti-globalization movement) continue to see themselves as a leftist movement, some thinkers and activists believe it is necessary to re-evaluate anarchism's relationship with the traditional Left. Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Like many radical ideologies, most anarchist schools of thought are, to some degree, sectarian. Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions There is often a difference of opinion within each school about how to react to, or interact with, other schools. Many anarchists however, draw from a wide range of political perspectives, such as the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, the Situationists, "ultra leftists", the autonomen, Autonomist Marxism, various indigenous cultures. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed Revolutionary group based in Chiapas The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Ultra-leftism has two overlapping uses It is used as a generally Pejorative term for certain types of positions on the left that are seen as extreme or intransigent Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical

A movement called post-left anarchy seeks to distance itself from the traditional "left" - Communists, socialists, social democrats, etc. Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left - and to escape the confines of ideology in general. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements and single issue causes (anti-war, anti-nuclear, etc. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies ). It calls for a synthesis of anarchist thought and a specifically anti-authoritarian revolutionary movement outside of the leftist milieu. Important groups and individuals associated with post-left anarchy include: CrimethInc., the magazine Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed and its editor Jason McQuinn, Bob Black, Hakim Bey and others. CrimethInc, also known as CWC (" CrimethInc Ex-Workers Collective " or " CrimethInc Ex-Workers Ex-Collective " is a decentralized Anarchy A Journal of Desire Armed is a North American anarchist magazine and is one of the most popular anarchist publications in North America Jason McQuinn is an American Anarchist, founder and co-editor of Alternative Press Review, and founder and former co-editor of the journal Anarchy Bob Black (born Robert Charles Black Jr on January 4, 1951) is an American Anarchist and Lawyer.

The term postanarchism was originated by Saul Newman, first receiving popular attention in his book From Bakunin to Lacan, a synthesis of classical anarchist theory and poststructuralist thought. Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Saul Newman (born 1972 is a Political theorist and central post-anarchist thinker Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Subsequent to Newman's use of the term, however, it has taken on a life of its own and a wide range of ideas including autonomism, post-left anarchy, situationism, post-colonialism and Zapatismo. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and The Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed Revolutionary group based in Chiapas By its very nature post-anarchism rejects the idea that it should be a coherent set of doctrines and beliefs. Nonetheless key thinkers associated with post-anarchism include Saul Newman, Todd May, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Saul Newman (born 1972 is a Political theorist and central post-anarchist thinker Todd May is a political philosopher notable for his role in developing alongside Saul Newman and Lewis Call, the theory of Postanarchism. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist ^[48]

Some activists, calling themselves "insurrectionary anarchists", are critical of formal anarchist labor unions and federations, and advocate informal organization, carrying out acts of resistance in various struggles. Proponents include Wolfi Landstreicher and Alfredo M. Bonanno, author of works including "Armed Joy" and "The Anarchist Tension". Alfredo M Bonanno (born 1937 is an anarchist from Italy who has had a great impact on Insurrectionary anarchism, writing essays such as Armed Joy (for This tendency is represented in the US in magazines such as Willful Disobedience and Killing King Abacus.

Communism

While communism is proposed as a form of social and economic organisation by many anarchists, other anarchists consider it a danger to the liberty and free development of the individual. ^[49] Most schools of anarchism have recognized a distinction between libertarian and authoritarian forms of communism. Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory ^[50] Proudhon said of communism, "whether of the utopian or the Marxist variety, that it destroyed freedom by taking away from the individual control over his means of production"^[51] and "Communism is exploitation of the strong by the weak. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was "^[52] Mikhail Bakunin stated "I hate Communism because it is the negation of liberty and because for me humanity is unthinkable without liberty. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. I am not a Communist, because Communism concentrates and swallows up in itself for the benefit of the State all the forces of society, because it inevitably leads to the concentration of property in the hands of the State. "^[53] Bakunin was speaking of 'state communism' (authoritarian Marxism) as verified by the last line which mentions state property; anarcho-communists explicitly reject state property and authority, especially centralized authority.

Although Peter Kropotkin, one of the leading proponents of anarchist communism, while also opposing 'state communism', argued for an economic model of free distribution between all individuals, many individualist anarchists oppose communism in all its forms, on the grounds that voluntary communism is not practicable. Individualist such as Benjamin Tucker, Victor Yarros, and Henry Appleton have denied that anarcho-communism is a genuine form of anarchism. ^[54] They rejected its strategies and argued that it is inherently authoritarian. ^[55] In the opinion of individualist Henry Appleton, "Communism, being opposed to natural law, must necessarily call upon unnatural methods if it would put itself into practice" and employ "pillage, brute force, and violence. "^[56]

Anarcho-communists reject the criticism, pointing to the principle of voluntary association that underpins their theory and differentiates it from state communism. A voluntary association or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group ^[57] Some individualist anarchists are also willing to recognize anarchist communism as a legitimate form. Kevin Carson writes that "free market, libertarian communist, syndicalism, and other kinds of collectivist anarchists must learn to coexist in peace and mutual respect today, in our fight against the corporate state, and tomorrow, in the panarchy that is likely to succeed it. Panarchy is a conceptual term first coined by the Belgian Political economist Paul Emile de Puydt in 1860, referring to a specific form of governance "^[58]

Notes and references

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