The Israelites is the English name for the nation of Israel who were the dominant cultural and ethnic group living in the southern Levant in Biblical times between (1273 and 423 BCE), composing the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah after 797 BCE. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. According to the Tanakh, they were divided in twelve tribes, each descending from one of the twelve sons and grandsons of Jacob. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard Yaʿaqov Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ; Modern Jews share this common descent (see below). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel.
The English word Israelite derives from ישראל (Standard Yisraʾel Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl), referring to the name given to Jacob (Genesis 32:28), which is traditionally translated as he struggles with God. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard Yaʿaqov Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ; Thus, his descendants are called the People of Israel, or Israelites. The citizens of the modern state of Israel are called Israelis. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
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Israelite vs. Jew
In English the term Israelite typically denotes the ancient people of the Biblical period descended directly from Jacob (Israel) while Jew designates any person of Jewish faith or identity, regardless of historical period or ancestry. " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
The Twelve Tribes
| Children of Jacob by wife in order of birth (D = Daughter) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leah | Reuben (1) | Simeon (2) | Levi (3) | Judah (4) | Issachar (9) | Zebulun (10) | Dinah (D) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rachel | Joseph (11) | Benjamin (12) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bilhah (Rachel's servant) | Dan (5) | Naphtali (6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zilpah (Leah's servant) | Gad (7) | Asher (8) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tribes of Israel |
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The Israelites were traditionally divided into family lines each called a shevet or mateh in Hebrew meaning literally a staff or rod. Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard Yaʿaqov Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ; Leah ( "Weary tired" is the first of the four concurrent wives of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob, and mother of six of the Twelve Tribes of Israel along Reuben or Re'uven ( Hebrew: רְאוּבֵן, Standard Rəʾuven Tiberian Rəʾûḇēn Simeon ( was according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Jacob and Leah, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Simeon This article discusses the Biblical patriarch See Levi Strauss for the inventor of jeans Levites for the Biblical tribe or Matthew the Evangelist Judah / Yehuda ( Hebrew: יְהוּדָה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh) was according Issachar / Yissachar ( was according to the Book of Genesis, a son of Jacob and Leah (the fifth son of Leah and ninth son of Jacob and the Zebulun (also Zebulon, Zabulon or Zaboules, Hebrew: זְבֻלוּן or זְבוּלֻן or זְבוּלוּן Tiberian Hebrew Zəḇūlūn According to the Hebrew Bible, Dinah ( was the daughter of Jacob, one of the Patriarchs of the Israelites and Leah, his first wife Rachel (; meaning "ewe" is the second and favorite Wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph and Benjamin, first mentioned in the Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He Benjamin ( in the Book of Genesis, is a son of Jacob, the second (and last son of Rachel, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin In the Book of Genesis, Bilhah ( בִּלְהָה "Faltering bashful" Standard Hebrew Bilha, Tiberian Hebrew Bilhāh Dan ( Hebrew: דָּן Standard Dan Tiberian Dān "Judge" was according to the Book of Genesis, a Naphtali (ˈnæftəˌlaɪ ( was according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Jacob and Bilhah, and the founder of the Israelite In the Book of Genesis, Zilpah ( זִלְפָּה "Drooping" Standard Hebrew Zilpa, Tiberian Hebrew Zilpāh) For Gad the prophet of King David see Gad (Bible prophet Gad ( was according to the Book of Genesis, the first son of Jacob Asher' ( was according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Jacob and Zilpah, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Asher See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The Tribe of Reuben ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height the territory it occupied was on the immediate east of the Dead Sea, reaching from the The Tribe of Simeon ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height the territory it occupied was in the southwest of Canaan, bordered on the east and south by In the Jewish tradition a Levite ( is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. The Tribe of Judah ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height it was the leading tribe of the Kingdom of Judah, and occupied most of the territory of the kingdom Tribe of Dan was also a band from the mid 1990s The Tribe of Dan ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. The Tribe of Naphtali ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height Naphtali occupied the eastern side of The Galilee (on the immediate west of the Sea of The Tribe of Gad ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height Gad occupied a region to the east of the River Jordan, though the exact location is ambiguous The Tribe of Asher ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height Asher dwelled in western Galilee, a region with comparatively low temperature and much rainfall The Tribe of Issachar ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height the territory it occupied was immediately north of (the western half of Manasseh, and south The Tribe of Zebulun ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height the territory it occupied was at the southern end of The Galilee, with its eastern border being The Tribe of Joseph was one of the Tribes of Israel, though since Ephraim and Manasseh together traditionally constituted the tribe of Joseph it was often The Tribe of Menasheh ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. Together with the Tribe of Ephraim, Menasheh also formed the House of Joseph. The Tribe of Ephraim (} was one of the Tribes of Israel; together with the Tribe of Manasseh, Ephraim also formed the House of Joseph The Tribe of Benjamin ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. At its height the territory it occupied was sandwiched between that of Ephraim to the north and Judah The phrase Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed The term is conventionally translated as "tribe" in English although the divisions were not small isolated distinct ethnic groups in the modern sense of the term.
Development of the twelve tribes
Jacob's sons
Jacob's wives gave birth to twelve sons: Reuben (Gen. 29:32), Simeon (Gen. 29:33), Levi (Gen. 29:34), Judah (Gen. 29:35), Dan (Gen. 30:5), Naphtali (Gen. 30:7), Gad (Gen. 30:10), Asher (Gen. 30:12), Issachar (Gen. 30:17), Zebulun (Gen. 30:19), Joseph (Gen. 30:23), and Benjamin (Gen. 35:18).
In Egypt the tribe of Joseph was divided into two tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh, by the virtue of Jacob's blessing. (Gen. 48:8-21)
Camps following the exodus
Following the exodus from Egypt, the Israelites were divided into thirteen camps (machanot in Hebrew) according to importance [1] with Levi in the center of the encampment around the Tabernacle and its furnishings surrounded by other tribes arranged in four groups: Judah, Issachar and Zebulun; Reuben, Simeon and Gad; Ephraim, Manasseh and Benjamin; Dan, Asher and Naphtali. [2] Thus additionally Aaron and his descendants although descended from Levi were appointed as priests (kohanim) and came to be considered a separate division to the Levites.
The division of the land
The tribes were assigned territories following the conquests of land under Moses and Joshua. Moses assigned territories to Reuben, Gad and a portion of Manasseh on land east of the Jordan which they had requested (Numbers 32:5). Joshua assigned territories to Judah, Ephraim and the rest of Manasseh on land west of the Jordan which they had conquered. The tribe of Manasseh thus came to be divided into two parts by the Jordan each part referred to as a half-tribe (chatzi-shevet) of Manasseh, the part lying east of the Jordan being referred to as the half-tribe of Manasseh in Gilead. Following the conquest of the remainder of Canaan, Joshua assigned territories to Asher, Benjamin, Dan, Issacher, Naphtali, Simeon and Zebulun. The land of Judah was considered too large for that tribe alone and Simeon was assigned a portion within the land of Judah instead of its own territory in the newly conquered land. Because the Levites, and kohanim (descendants of Aaron) priests played a special religious role of service at the Tabernacle to the people they were not given their own territories, but were instead assigned cities to live in within the other territories. In the Jewish tradition a Levite ( is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew כּהן "priest" pl כּהנִים kohanim or cohanim) has a separate status in Judaism. The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan ( משכן "Residence" or "Dwelling Place" Dan was assigned territory lying between Ephraim and Manasseh but was later displaced and subsequently settled in territory to the north of Naphtali.
The Kingdom of Judah consisted of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, and the parts of Levi within those lands, while the Kingdom of Israel contained Reuben, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh, Ephraim, and the remainder of Levi. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel'
The Kingdom of Israel was obliterated in the 720s BC, by the Assyrians under Shalmaneser V and then under Sargon II, who, after conquering the land, destroyed Samaria, its capital, and, according to the Bible, deported most of the occupants into exile, with the southernmost tribe - Benjamin - managing to survive by joining the Kingdom of Judah; Assyrian chronicles of the time report that only a small number of people were deported. The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Shalmaneser V ( Akkadian: akk Šulmanu-ašarid) was King of Assyria from 727 to 722 BC Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king Samaria, or the Shomron ( שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn Assyrian policy was for the deportees to be scattered, and assimilated into the Assyrian empire, and, as a result this policy, the deported tribes lost their cultural identity, becoming traditionally known as the Ten Lost Tribes. The phrase Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed The Kingdom of Judah survived until 586 BC, when it was conquered by Babylon, who ransacked Jerusalem, killed the heirs of the King of Judah before his eyes, gouged out the king's eyes ensuring that would be the last thing he saw, and then deported the population into the Babylonian Captivity. Events and trends 589 BC — Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to
Critical views
The Biblical account is viewed by some Bible critics as an aetiological postdiction rather than as history. This article is about the academic treatment of the bible as a historical document Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. This article is about postdiction in the criticism of parapsychology not about the scientific technique also called Retrodiction. They view the account as neglecting conjectured changes in the membership of the tribal confederation[3] which they infer from variation in the accounts of each tribe between various Biblical passages[4], in particular the Song of Deborah, Blessing of Jacob, and Blessing of Moses - with the Song of Deborah being the oldest and Blessing of Moses the youngest[5]. See also Biblical judges Book of Judges List of women warriors in folklore literature and popular culture The Blessing of Jacob is a Poem that appears in Genesis at. The poem presents an opinion of the merits and attributes of each of the Tribes of Israel The Blessing of Moses is a Poem that appears in Deuteronomy at 332-27 The tribes which later became the Kingdom of Judah (Judah and Simeon) are unmentioned in the oldest poem, and when Simeon does appear it is as a scattered group, rather than a clear territorial entity[6]. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Israel Finkelstein and others have concluded from their findings that the territory occupied by these tribes was little more than a rural backwater compared with the remainder of Canaan, too insignificant for the remaining tribes to form a confederation with, until well after the 9th century BC [7]. Israel Finkelstein is an Israeli archaeologist and academic. He is currently the Jacob M
Genetic evidence of common descent
Patrilineal descent can be documented by analysis of the Y-chromosome, passed from father to son. In Human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim Patrilineality (aka agnatic kinship) is a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage it generally involves the Inheritance of property names or titles The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers Of the many variants, or haplogroups, of the Y-chromosome, haplogroups J1 and J2, both originating from the Middle East, are the most common among Ashkenazi Jewish men. In Human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the In Human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J.
- J2 is found in 23% of Ashkenazi Jews and 29% of Sephardi Jews. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural It is equally common among Muslim Kurds, Central Turks, Georgians, Iraqis and Lebanese.
- J1 is found in 19. 0% of Ashkenazim and 11. 9% of Sephardim. It is more common among Arab populations, especially Arab Bedouin. A variant, called the Cohen Modal Haplotype, is present in about 80% of Kohens, both Sephardi and Ashkenazi. Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew כּהן "priest" pl כּהנִים kohanim or cohanim) has a separate status in Judaism.
The Sephardim are Jews who have been living in Europe, the Mediterranean region and Middle East, were exiled from Spain and Portugal, and have returned to Israel since the independence. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The history of the Jews in Portugal is directly related to Sephardi history a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities who have originated
While haplogroup J2 is thought to have originated in the Northern Levant, the Cohen Modal Haplotype or CMH currently associated with Y-chromosomal Aaron is found in haplogroup J1, which geneticists estimate originated in the Southern Levant (modern day Israel, Jordan; biblical Canaan) or North Africa (Egypt) approximately 10,000 - 15,000 years ago. In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesised most recent common ancestor of many of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the [8] Biblical tradition holds that Abraham and his ancestors, the Semitic tribes, originated from Southern Arabia or East Africa (Beresh't[Genesis] 10); Aaron and Moses were 7th generation descendants from Abraham (V’eleh shemot[Exodus] 6). The traditional date for Abraham is circa 2200-2000 BCE. Behar, et al, found Cohenim in a variety of haplogroups (E3b, G2, H, I1b, J, K2, Q, R1a1, R1b), which included those of Levantine origin (J1, J2) and those from Southern Arabia, East Africa, and other geographic regions. In Human genetics, Y Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup, a sub-group of Haplogroup E, which is defined by In Human genetics, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits In Human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup in Western Europe [9]
This genetic evidence supports a common patrilineal descent for about a quarter of current Jews, regardless of their geographic origin, and confirms the historical and Biblical concept of the People of Israel. Genetics also provides an objective test to confirm historical claims, as for example with the Lemba people (see below). The Lemba or Lembaa are an Ethnic group numbering 70000 in Southern Africa who claim a common descent and belonging to the Jewish people
Black Hebrew Israelites
Founded on the concept that the biblical Israelites were actually of a dark skin complexion commonly known as "black. " The Hebrew Israelites believe themselves to be of a semitic stock originating from Jacob's twelve sons, and are the original descendants of the biblical Israelites by blood and seed, believing that modern Jews are actually descendants of the Kazars. Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of Black African ancestry PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. However, DNA analysis has determined that modern Jews of the priesthood tribe -- or "Cohanim" -- share a common ancestor in Israel dating back about 3000 years, 1700 years older than the Khazar conversion to Judaism. This result is consistent for all Jewish populations around the world. [10]
The Hebrew Israelites claim that the word Jewish means merely pertaining to Judah and that the term Jew in itself was actually a mistranslation in the King James version of the Bible for Judah. Because of the mistranslation, the word Jew entered into common use. While it is correct that the Latin word Iudaeus does mean Judaean or from the land of Judaea, it should be noted that the etymology of the English word can be traced back to Middle English with evidence of use in Old English as well (see Etymology of the word Jew). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of This article focuses on the Etymology of the word Jew. Biblical and Middle Eastern origins The Jews in their land The Jewish ethnonym in The belief that the Israelites were black is based on the afro-centric view of Egyptian culture, which, coming from a pre-supposition that the ancient Egyptians were a dark skinned race, asserts that Moses and Joseph were both mistaken for Egyptians; and that, in consequences the Israelites must also have been black. It should be noted, however, that contemporary Ancient Egyptian iconography (for example, the images on the thrones of Tutankhamen and grave images) shows a people of olive brown complexions and Hameo-Semitic features. Some claim that recent historical and genetic research into the origins of the Lemba tribe might lend support to the idea that members of that African tribe may have a Semitic origin. .
Ancient historians indicated an Ethiopian origin of the Israelites. The ancient Roman historian, Tacitus, wrote that “many, again, say that they [the Israelites] were a race of Ethiopian origin” (Histories (Tacitus), Book 5, Paragraphs 2 & 3). Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Histories ( Latin: Historiae) is a book by Tacitus, written c [11]
Mainstream Judaism (Rabbanites)
In 539 BCE, the Persians (who had recently conquered Babylon) issued an edict (as inscribed on the Cyrus cylinder) allowing deportees to return to their homeland. Events and trends 539 BC — Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus; noted in such documents as that of Africanus layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Cyrus cylinder, also known as the Cyrus the Great cylinder, is a document issued by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great in the form of a clay Later Ezra was sent there and empowered to rebuild the Temple, and enforce a form of religion, which became Judaism, as according to the book he had in his hand; many textual scholars suspect that Ezra was the individual who redacted together the differing accounts and sources of the Torah into a single text (the Torah)[12]. Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name The Torah Redactor (R is according to the Documentary Hypothesis (DH the figure who assembled hypothetical source texts of the Torah &mdashthe Deuteronomist By the end of this era, the returned deportees were culturally of a single common identity rather than a collection of multiple tribes, though the tribe of Levi maintained a distinction in accordance with their religious role. It is important to note that only the tribes of Judah, Levi, and Benyamin were deported to Babylon.
Samaritans
Samaritans, once comparatively large, but now a very small ethnic and religious group (not more than about 700 persons[13]) living in the State of Israel and the West Bank, regard themselves as descendants of the tribes of Ephraim (named by them as Aphrime) and Manasseh (named by them as Manatch). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Samaritans adhere to a version of the Torah, known as the Samaritan Pentateuch, which occasionally differs from the Masoretic text, and less so from the Septuagint, sometimes in important ways. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Samaritan Pentateuch is the text of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible, also called the Torah or Law that is used by the Samaritans The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Samaritans do not regard the Tanakh as an accurate or truthful history, regard only Moses as a prophet, have their own unique version of Hebrew, and do not regard themselves as part of Judaism. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Since 539 BCE, many Jews have rejected outright the claims of the Samaritans to have descent from Ephraim and Manasseh, though some regard them as another sect of Judaism.
Karaites
Mainstream Judaism regards both the Tanakh and an Oral Law (codified and recorded in the Mishnah and Talmuds) as the foundation of their religion, morality, and other laws. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is An oral law is a Code of conduct in use in a given Culture, Religion or community application by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history the followers of Karaite Judaism are those who regard the Tanakh as scripture, but reject the Oral Law; the consequences, for example, being that Karaites do not require adherents to wear Tefillin in any form, but do require tekhelet in their Tzitzit, in contradistinction to Halacha. Karaite Judaism or Karaism (ˈkærəˌaɪt ˈkærəˌɪzəm) is a Jewish movement NOTE The word sect should not be used without defining it first and See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Tefillin, ( תפילין) also called phylacteries, are a pair of black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with biblical verses Tekhelet, (תכלת Techelet or Techeiles is a blue dye mentioned 48 times in the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) and translated by the Septuagint Tzitzit or tzitzis ( Hebrew: Biblical ציצת Modern ציצית) are "fringes" Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law There are approximately 50,000 adherents of Karaite Judaism, most of whom reside in the modern state of Israel, but exact numbers are not known, as most Karaites have not participated in any religious censuses. Like the Samaritans, the division between themselves and Mainstream Judaism goes back many hundreds of years.
Rastafari
Some Rastas believe that the black races are the lost Israelites. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament They interpret the Bible as implying that Haile Selassie was the returned messiah, who would lead the world's peoples of African descent into a promised land of full emancipation and divine justice. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Haile Selassie I ( Ge'ez: am ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ "Power of the Trinity " 23 July 1892 &ndash 27 August 1975 born Tafari Makonnen, was Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Afrocentrism or Afrocentricity is a World view that emphasizes the importance of African people in culture philosophy and history Emancipation is a term used to describe various efforts to obtain Political rights or equality, often for a specifically Disenfranchised group or more Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. There are some Rastafarians that believe they are Jews by descent through Ras Tafari or Haile Selassie. Ras Tafari being a descendant of Solomon and Sheba via Menelik. One Rastafari order named The Twelve Tribes of Israel, imposes a metaphysical astrology whereby Aries is Reuben, Aquarius is Joseph, etc. Mansions of Rastafari are branches of the Rastafari movement. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Aries, the ram, is the first Astrological sign in the Zodiac. Aquarius is the eleventh Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. The Twelve Tribes of Israel differ from most Rastafari Mansions (sects) because they believe that Jesus Christ is their Lord and Savior, while other Mansions claim that Haile Selassie I is the true God. Also, the Twelve Tribes of Israel promote reading the Holy Bible One Chapter A Day from Genesis to Revelation so that you can know the Truth for Yourself. With his famous early reggae song The Israelites Desmond Dekker immortalised the Rastafari concept of themselves as the Lost Children of Israel. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Desmond Dekker ( July 16 1941 — May 25 2006) was a Jamaican Ska and Reggae Singer and Songwriter Though, the Black Rastafari claim to be descendents of Ham, the Old Testament of the Bible clearly states that Abraham is descended from Shem(Sem /Semitic)and therefore the Israelites would not be African descended(Ham).
Messianic Judaism
Messianic Judaism sometimes known as "Jews for Jesus" considers Jesus as the Messiah called Moshiach, but regards itself as Jewish. Messianic Judaism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the Jewish roots of the Christian religion Messianic Judaism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the Jewish roots of the Christian religion Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Messianic Judaism comes in several forms, some of which accept core doctrines of Christianity and/or Judaism, and some which do not or only in degrees. Many individuals who are not ethnically Jewish attend the synagogues and meeting places of Messianic Judaism, especially those embracing the Two House Movement. The Two House Messianic Movement is a disputed theological movement involving the re-unification of the " Ten Lost Tribes " of the ancient Kingdom of Israel Those adherents of Messianic Judaism who are not ethnically Jewish consider themselves as grafted in to the tribes of Israel, thus regarding themselves as Jewish and/or Israelite, in a similar way to how the descendants of Caleb and those of Ruth (great grandmother of King David) are treated by the Bible as being Jewish, despite both Caleb and Ruth not originally being Jewish by ethnicity. For other meanings of the word Caleb or Kalev see Caleb (disambiguation Caleb ( Hebrew; Tiberian vocalization This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text For the 20th-century English-language novel see The Book of Ruth (novel The Book of Ruth David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible The relationship of Messianic Judaism to other forms of Judaism is sometimes politicised; mainstream Judaism does not consider the adherents of Messianic Judaism to be Jewish at all. Messianic Judaism is a Christian movement that emphasizes the Jewish roots of the Christian religion "Jews for Jesus" is often seen as an attempt to make Jewish people think it is possible to believe the Jesus was the Messiah and still remain Jewish. However, the Southern Baptist Convention and the Assemblies of God movement actively encourage and aid the establishment of new Messianic Judaism congregations, as part of their efforts to evangelize to and convert the Jewish people. The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination The World Assemblies of God Fellowship, or Assemblies of God for short is the world's largest Pentecostal denomination with over 283413 churches and outstations Evangelism is the Christian practice of proselytisation. The intention of most evangelism is to effect Eternal salvation to those who do not follow the
Latter-day Saints
- See also: Mormonism and Judaism
The Latter Day Saint movement (commonly termed Mormons), believe that through baptism and receiving the Gift of the Holy Ghost, they become "regathered" as Israelites, either as recovered from the scattered tribes of Israel, or as Gentiles adopted and grafted into Israel, and thus becoming part of the chosen people of God[14]. Latter-day Saints believe themselves to be either direct descendants of the House of Israel, or adopted into it Please see the talk page for this article and the "See also" list before adding content or adding a hyphen to Latter Day Saint TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born Grafting is a method of asexual Plant propagation widely used in Agriculture and Horticulture where the tissues of one Plant are encouraged to Various groups and individuals(see List of Messiah claimants) have considered themselves chosen by God for some purpose such as to act as God's agent on earth These religious denominations derive from a movement started by Joseph Smith, Jr., and almost half of all members live in the United States, while the rest live in countries around the World; the movement does not strictly believe that they are ethnic Jews as such, but rather that Israelites can refer to many different cultures, on occasion including Jews[15]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the They believe that certain Old Testament passages[16] are prophecies implying that the tribe of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) will take a prominent role in the spread of the gospel to all of scattered Israelites in the last days, and that the tribe of Judah (ie. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology Judah) also has a prominent role in the last days and during the Millennium[17]. Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious social or political group or movement in a coming major transformation
European Christian Identity
A number of groups claim to be the only true Israelites. For the general identity of an individual with certain core essential religious doctrines see Christianity. These groups generally do not recognize the validity of Jews, or any other group that claims Israelite descent. (See for example, [1])
English transcription of the Tribes names
Some English speaking Jewish groups view the pronunciation, English transcription, and Hebrew spelling, of the tribal names to be extremely important; these transcriptions and spellings are as follows:
- Reuben: ראובן, Standard Rəʾuven, Tiberian Rəʾûḇēn
- Simeon: שמעון, Standard Šimʿon, Tiberian Šimʿôn
- Levi: לוי, Standard Levi, Tiberian Lēwî
- Judah: יהודה, Standard Yəhuda, Tiberian Yəhûḏāh
- Dan: דן, Standard Dan, Tiberian Dān
- Naphtali: נפתלי, Standard Naftali, Tiberian Nap̄tālî
- Gad: גד, Standard Gad, Tiberian Gāḏ
- Asher: אשר, Standard Ašer, Tiberian ʾĀšēr
- Issachar: יששכר, Standard Yissaḫar, Tiberian Yiśśâḵār
- Zebulun: זבולן, Standard Zəvúlun, Tiberian Zəḇûlun
- Joseph: יוסף, Standard Yosef, Tiberian Yôsēp̄, containing the tribes:
- Manasseh: מנשה, Samaritan Manatch, Standard Mənašše, Tiberian Mənaššeh
- Ephraim: אפרים, Samaritan Afrime, Standard Efráyim, Tiberian ʾEp̄ráyim / ʾEp̄rāyim
- Benjamin בנימין, Standard Binyamin, Tiberian Binyāmîn
See also
- Who is a Jew
- Groups claiming an affiliation with the ancient Israelites
- Shavei Israel
- Kingdom of Israel
- Kingdom of Judah
- Noahides - The "Strangers at your gate" mentioned in Torah
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- Gentile
- British Israelism
- Bible and The Bible and history. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans It is used in the reading tradition of the Samaritan " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. After the fall of the Kingdom of Israel (Northern Kingdom and Kingdom of Judea (Southern Kingdom there have been several groups who have either fled the Land of Israel Shavei Israel, (שבי ישראל Israel returns) is an Israeli-based Jewish organization that was founded by Michael Freund The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. The Seven Laws of Noah ( Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח Sheva mitzvot B'nei Noach) often referred to as the Noahide Laws, are a set of seven moral The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. British Israelism (sometimes called Anglo-Israelism) is the belief that many early Britons, Europeans and/or their royal families were direct lineal descendants Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The historicity of the Bible addresses in what ways the Bible is historically accurate the extent to which it can be used as a historic source and what qualifications should
- Israelis
- Anusim
- Half Jewish
References and notes
- ^ http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/bamidbar/coh.html "How Fair Are Your Tents, O Jacob", Dr. Anusim (אנוסים plural for anús, means "forced ones" in Hebrew " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. Gabriel H. Cohen, Bar-Ilan University
- ^ Numbers 10:12-28
- ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
- ^ ibid
- ^ ibid
- ^ ibid
- ^ Israel Finkelstein The Bible Unearthed
- ^ https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html; Semino, et al, “Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. Israel Finkelstein is an Israeli archaeologist and academic. He is currently the Jacob M ” Am J Hum Genet. 2004 May; 74(5).
- ^ Behar, DM; Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME (2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 768–779.
- ^ Hammer, M. F. ; Karl Skorecki, Sara Selig, Shraga Blazer, Bruce Rappaport, Robert Bradman, Neil Bradman, P. J. Waburton, Monic Ismajlowicz (January 2 1997). "Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests". NATURE, Volume 385. Article may be retrieved here
- ^ Tacitus: History: Book 5 [1]
- ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible
- ^ as of 2006
- ^ Guide to LDS scriptural references on Israel
- ^ ibid
- ^ Isaiah 2:2-4, 11:10-13
- ^ ibid
External links
- The Israelite census, of the book of numbers, in isolation, at wikisource
- PROLADES study of the Asociación Evangélica de la Misión Israelita
- The Song of Deborah-Why Some Tribes Answered the Call and Others Did Not Biblical Archaeology Review
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