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Isoflurane
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoro-ethane | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | N01 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C3H2ClF5O |
| Mol. mass | 184. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 5 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Isoflurane (2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoro-ethane) is a halogenated ether used for inhalational anesthesia. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route A halogenated ether is a subcategory of a larger group of chemicals known as Ethers An ether is an Organic chemical that contains an ether group &mdash an Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Together with enflurane and halothane, it replaced the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery. Enflurane (2-chloro-112-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether is a Halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational Anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s Halothane vapour (or Fluothane) is an inhalational General anaesthetic. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Its use in human medicine is now starting to decline, being replaced with sevoflurane, desflurane and the intravenous anaesthetic propofol. Sevoflurane (222-trifluoro-1-ethyl fluoromethyl ether also called fluoromethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether, is a sweet-smelling non-flammable highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl Desflurane (222-trifluoro-1-fluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether is a highly fluorinated methyl ethyl ether used for maintenance of General anaesthesia. Propofol is a short-acting Intravenous sedative agent used for the induction of general Anesthesia for adults and children maintenance of general anesthesia and Isoflurane is still frequently used for veterinary anaesthesia. Veterinary anesthesia is Anesthesia performed on animals (excluding humans performed by a Veterinarian.
Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with air and/or pure oxygen. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Often nitrous oxide is also used. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Although its physical properties means that anaesthesia can be induced more rapidly than with halothane, its pungency can irritate the respiratory system, negating this theoretical advantage conferred by its physical properties. Halothane vapour (or Fluothane) is an inhalational General anaesthetic. It is usually used to maintain a state of general anesthesia that has been induced with another drug, such as thiopentone or propofol. The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real pentothal accurately Propofol is a short-acting Intravenous sedative agent used for the induction of general Anesthesia for adults and children maintenance of general anesthesia and It vaporizes readily, but is a liquid at room temperature. It is completely non-flammable.
A major advantage of isoflurane is that the patent covering its use has expired, therefore it is very economical to use. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
Contents |
Physical properties
| Molecular weight | 184. The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 5g/mol | ||
| Boiling point (at 1 atm): | 48. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The Standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of Pressure (symbol atm 5 °C | ||
| Density (at 25 °C): | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 496 g/mL | ||
| MAC : | 1. Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is a concept used to compare the strengths of anaesthetic vapours; in simple terms it is defined as the concentration of 15 vol % | ||
| Vapor pressure: | 238 mmHg | 31. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium The torr (symbol Torr) is a non- SI unit of Pressure defined as 1/760 of an atmosphere. 7 kPa | (at 20°C) |
| 295 mmHg | 39. 3 kPa | (at 25°C) | |
| 367 mmHg | 48. 9 kPa | (at 30°C) | |
| 450 mmHg | 60. 0 kPa | (at 35°C) | |
| Water Solubility | Insoluble | ||
| Blood:Gas Partition coefficient: | 1. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. 4 | ||
| Oil:Gas Partition coefficient: | 98 |
Mechanism of action
Isoflurane reduces pain sensitivity (analgesia) and relaxes muscles. The mechanism by which general anesthetics produce the anesthetic state is not clearly understood but likely involves interactions with multiple receptor sites to interfere with synaptic transmission. Isoflurane binds to GABA receptors, glutamate receptors and glycine receptors, and also inhibits conduction in activated potassium channels. The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the Neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in Glutamate receptors are Transmembrane receptors located on Neuron membranes The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the Amino acid Neurotransmitter Glycine. Enzyme inhibitors are Molecules that bind to Enzymes and decrease their activity. In the field of Cell biology, potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of Ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms Glycine inhibition helps to inhibit motor function, while bonding to glutamate receptors mimics the effects of NMDA. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid is an Amino acid derivative acting as a specific Agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the It activates calcium ATPase through an increase in membrane fluidity, and binds to the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase. Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which transfers Calcium after a Muscle has contracted An ATP synthase ( is a general term for an Enzyme that can synthesize Adenosine triphosphate (ATP from Adenosine diphosphate (ADP and inorganic NADH dehydrogenase ( is an Enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the transfer of Electrons from NADH to Coenzyme In addition, a number of general anesthetics attenuate gap junction communication, which could contribute to anesthetic action.
Possible link to cognitive decline
Isoflurane exposure has been shown to induce cognitive decline in mice. [1] Exposure of cultured human cells to isoflurane has been reported to induce apoptosis and accumulation and aggregation of amyloid beta protein. [2] Further research will be required to establish whether or not clinical exposure to isoflurane leads to dementia (Alzheimer's disease). Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. [3][4]
References
- ^ S. L. Bianchi, T. Tran, C. Liu, S. Lin, Y. Li, J. M. Keller, R. G. Eckenhoff, M. F. Eckenhoff (2007). "Brain and behavior changes in 12-month-old Tg2576 and nontransgenic mice exposed to anesthetics". Neurobiology of Aging 28 (in press): in press. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Z. Xie, Y. Dong, U. Maeda, R. D. Moir, W. Xia, D. J. Culley, G. Crosby, R. E. Tanzi (2007). "The Inhalation Anesthetic Isoflurane Induces a Vicious Cycle of Apoptosis and Amyloid β-Protein Accumulation". Journal of Neuroscience 27 (6): 1247-1254. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ M. C. Lewis, I. Nevoa, M. A. Paniaguaa, A. Ben-Aric, E. Prettoa, S. Eisdorfera, E. Davidsona, I. Matotc, C. Eisdorfer (2007). "Uncomplicated general anesthesia in the elderly results in cognitive decline: Does cognitive decline predict morbidity and mortality?". Medical Hypotheses 68 (3): 484-492. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Reinberg, Steven. "Anesthetic Linked to Alzheimer's Risk", HealthDay News, 15 January 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
External links
Dictionary
isoflurane
-noun
- (organic chemistry) A halogenated ether, 2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoro-ethane that is used as an inhalation anesthetic
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