- "Khedive Ismail" redirects here. For the ship, see SS Khedive Ismail
Isma'il Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (Arabic: إسماعيل باشا) (December 31, 1830–March 2, 1895), was the Turkish/Albanian governor (vâli) and subsequently Khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. The SS Khedive Ismail was a steamship sunk with great loss of life in 1944 Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the HMS Khedive, see ''USS'' Cordova. Khedive (from Persian for "lord" was a title first This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common While in power he greatly modernized Egypt, but also put the country heavily in debt. His philosophy can be glanced at through the statement he made in 1879: "My country is no longer in Africa; we are now part of Europe. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions. "
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Youth and education
Ismail was born in Cairo, being the second of the three sons of Ibrahim Pasha and grandson of Muhammad Ali. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation After receiving a European education in Paris, where he attended the École d'état-major, he returned home, and on the death of his elder brother became heir to his uncle, Said Mohammed, the Wali of Egypt. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Sa'id of Egypt (1822 - 1863 ( Arabic: محمد سعيد باشا was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863 officially owing fealty Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting Said, who apparently conceived his own safety to lie in ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, notably to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III and the Sultan of Ottoman Empire. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In 1861 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 14,000 to quell an insurrection in the Sudan, and this he successfully accomplished. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa.
Khedive of Egypt
After the death of Said, Ismail was proclaimed Governor on January 19, 1863. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1867 he obtained from his suzerain, the Ottoman Sultan Abdülâziz, firmans recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Abdülaziz ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز ( February 9, 1830 June 4 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman A firman is a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Iran These firmans also changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and in 1873 he obtained a new firman confirming Egypt's virtual independence from the Porte. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court
Reforms
Ismail launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the post office, stimulating commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly and maintaining an opera and a theatre. A post office is a facility authorized by a Postal system for the posting receipt sorting handling transmission or delivery of Mail. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. He greatly expanded Cairo, building an entire new city on its western edge modeled on Paris. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Alexandria was also improved. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια He launched a vast railroad building project that saw Egypt rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world. Egyptian National Railways ( ENR) is the national Railway of Egypt and managed by the Parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority ( ERA
One of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876, when the assembly persuaded Ismail to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Ismail tried to reduce slave trading and extended Egypt's rule into Africa. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but was prevented from expanding into Ethiopia after a military defeat at Gura' in March, 1876. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Darfur (دار فور daar foor, lit "realm of the Fur " is a region in Sudan. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page
War with Ethiopia
Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm over the whole Nile including its diverse sources and over the whole African coast of the Red Sea. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against Ethiopia under the Christian Emperor Yohannes IV. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Emperor ( Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት nəgusä nägäst " King of Kings " of Ethiopia was the hereditary Emperor Yohannes IV ( Ge'ez ዮሓንስ Yōḥānnis, Amharic Yōhānnis, also known as "John" c In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the Ottoman Province of Habesh (with Massawa and Sawakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Ismail. Habesh (Habeş / Hebeşe was an Ottoman province that bordered the Red Sea. Massawa, formerly known as Mitsiwa ( Ge'ez ምጽዋ miṣṣiwa, Arabic مصوع maṣṣawaʿ This province, neighbor of Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only, but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyaleti) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically-promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka, were started. In 1872 Bogos (with the city of Keren) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", Werner Munzinger Pasha. In October 1875 Ismail's army occupied the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor. Hamasien (ሓማሴን was the name of a province including and surrounding Asmara, now part of modern Eritrea. In November this army was virtually annihilated during the battle of Gundet near the Mereb river. In March 1876 Ismail's army again suffered a dramatic defeat after an attack by Yohannes's army at Gura'. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colonia Eritrea (proclaimed in 1890). Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in
Suez Canal
Ismail's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Said, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £ 3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Ismail insisted upon in the original grant. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Ismail then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris and London, where he was received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London is the legal title for the Mayor of (and head of the City of London Corporation. Whilst in England he also saw a Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Ottoman Sultan. Fleet Review Royal Navy redirects here This article is on reviews of the Royal Navy The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with In 1869 he again paid a visit to England. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland When the canal finally opened, Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope, inviting dignitaries from around the world.
Debts
These developments - especially the costly war with Ethiopia - left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Ismail. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians was the new system of mixed courts, by which Europeans were tried by judges from their own nation. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over one hundred million pounds sterling (as opposed to three millions when he became viceroy) had been incurred by the khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive. Judgments were given against the khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold his Suez Canal shares (in 1875) to the British Government for only £ 3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of foreign intervention. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at
In December 1875, Stephen Cave was sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in April 1876 his report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. Sir Stephen Cave GCB PC ( December 28 1820 &ndash June 6 1880) was an English politician Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette. In October, George Goschen and Joubert made a further investigation, which resulted in the establishment of Anglo-French control over finances and the government. George Joachim Goschen 1st Viscount Goschen ( 10 August 1831 &ndash 7 February 1907) was a British Statesman and A further commission of inquiry by Major Baring (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Ismail making over his estates to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister, and de Blignieres as minister of public works. Evelyn Baring 1st Earl of Cromer, GCB, OM, GCMG, KCSI, CIE, PC, FRS ( 26 February 1841 Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sir Charles Rivers Wilson (1831-1916 was a British civil servant and financier
Urabi Revolt and exile
This control of the country was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Colonel Ahmed Orabi or Ahmed Urabi ( Egyptian Arabic: ʻorābi ˈʕoɾɑːˌbi ( April 1, 1841 - September 21, 1911) ( The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt. The Urabi Revolt or Orabi Revolt (ˈʕoɾɑːˌbi also known as the Orabi Revolution, was an uprising in Egypt in 1879-82 against the Khedive Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Ismail did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. Great Britain and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Ismail could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. The Europeans pressured the Sultan to recall Ismail, and this was done. Ismail stepped down from his office on June 26, 1879. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The more pliable Tewfik, Ismail's son, was made his successor. Tewfik Pasha (Tawfiq of Egypt (1852-1892 (محمد توفيق باشا was Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, and the sixth ruler from the Ismail at once left Egypt for Naples, but eventually was permitted by the sultan to retire to his palace of Emirgan on the Bosporus. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He is buried in Cairo.
Honors
- 1867 Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
- 1874 Honorary member: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
- Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities ( Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften) is an independent public institution located in Munich. The article is about the order of chivalry known as "Star of India" The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Official Presidential web site of Egypt
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Isma'il Pasha
Born: 31 December 1830 Died: 2 March 1895 |
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| Preceded by Sa'id |
Wali of Egypt 1863–1867 |
Recognized as Khedive |
| New title Previously Wali
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Khedive of Egypt 1867–1879 |
Succeeded by Tawfiq |
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