Islamic terrorism (also known as Islamist terrorism or Jihadist terrorism) is religious terrorism by those whose motivations are rooted in their interpretations of Islam. United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled US domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston Massachusetts to Los Angeles The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan Religious terrorism is Terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious character or influence For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. ^[1]

Statistics gathered for 2006 by the National Counterterrorism Center of the United States indicated that "Islamic extremism" was responsible for approximately 25% of all terrorism fatalities worldwide,^[2] and a majority of the fatalities for which responsibility could be conclusively determined. The National Counterterrorism Center ( NCTC) is a United States government organization responsible for national and international counterterrorism efforts ^[2] Terrorist acts have included airline hijacking, beheading, kidnapping, assassination, roadside bombing, suicide bombing, and occasionally rape. Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person ^[3][4][5][6]

Perhaps the most resonant incident of Islamic terrorism was the 9/11 attack on the United States. Other prominent attacks have occurred in Iraq, Afghanistan, India, Israel, Britain, Spain, France, Russia and China. These terrorist groups often describe their actions as Islamic jihad (struggle). Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Self-proclaimed sentences of punishment or death, issued publicly as threats, often come in the form of fatwas (Islamic legal judgments). A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Both Muslims and non-Muslims have been among the targets and victims, but threats against Muslims are often issued as takfir (a declaration that a person, group or institution that describes itself as Muslim has in fact left Islam and thus is a traitor). For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" This is an implicit death threat as the punishment for apostasy in Islam is death under Sharia law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law.

The controversies surrounding the subject include whether the terrorist act is self-defense or aggression, national self-determination or Islamic supremacy; the targeting of noncombatants; whether Islam ever could condone terrorism; whether some attacks described as Islamic terrorism are merely terrorist acts committed by Muslims or nationalists; how much support there is in the Muslim world for Islamic terrorism; whether the Arab-Israeli Conflict is the root of Islamic terrorism, or simply one cause. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. ^[7]

Contents 1 "Islamic" terrorism 2 Organizations and acts 2.1 Transnational 2.1.1 Al-Qaeda 2.2 Europe 2.3 Russia 2.4 Turkey 2.4.1 Hezbollah (Turkish) 2.5 Iraq 2.6 Lebanon 2.6.1 Fatah al-Islam 2.6.2 Hezbollah 2.7 Israel and the Palestinian territories 2.7.1 Hamas 2.7.2 Islamic Jihad 2.8 North Africa 2.8.1 Armed Islamic Group 2.9 South Asia 2.9.1 Lashkar-e-Toiba 2.9.2 Jaish-e-Mohammed 2.9.3 Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen 2.10 Afghanistan 2.11 Southeast Asia 2.11.1 Abu Sayyaf Group 3 Tactics 3.1 Bombings 3.2 Hijackings 3.3 Kidnappings and executions 4 Motivation, ideology and theology 4.1 Motivation 4.2 Profile 4.3 Ideology 4.3.1 Accusations of apostasy 4.4 Interpretations of the Qur'an 4.5 Criticism of Islamic terrorist ideology 5 Muslim attitudes toward terrorism 6 Examples of attacks 7 U.S. State Department list 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links

"Islamic" terrorism

"Islamic terrorism" is itself a controversial phrase, although its usage is widespread throughout the English-speaking world. Bernard Lewis believes that the phrase "Islamic terrorism" is apt, because although "Islam as a religion" is not "particularly conducive to terrorism or even tolerant of terrorism", Islam has had an

essentially political character . Bernard Lewis (born May 31, 1916 in London, England) is a British - American . . from its very foundation . . . to the present day. An intimate association between religion and politics, between power and cult, marks a principal distinction between Islam and other religions. . . . In traditional Islam and therefore also in resurgent fundamentalist Islam, God is the sole source of sovereignty. God is the head of the state. The state is God's state. The army is God's army. The treasury is God's treasury, and the enemy, of course, is God's enemy. ^[8]

This argument is countered by Jamal Nassar and Karim H. Jamal R Nassar is Dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at California State University San Bernardino. Karim, who contend that, because there are over a billion adherents of the religion, the phenomenon is more precisely regarded as "Islamist terrorism"^[1] or "militant Islamism",^[9] because Islamism describes political ideologies rooted in interpretations of Islam. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only ^[1] In this vein, describing terrorism as "Islamic" may confirm "a prejudicial perspective of all things Islamic". ^[10]

Karen Armstrong contends that "fundamentalism is often a form of nationalism in religious disguise", and that using the phrase "Muslim terrorism" is dangerously counterproductive, as it suggests those in the west believe that such atrocities are caused by Islam, and hence reinforces the viewpoint of some in the Muslim world that the west is an implacable enemy. Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on Comparative religion, who first rose to prominence with ^[11] Armstrong believes that the terrorists in no way represent mainstream Islam, and suggests the use of other terms such as "Wahhabi terrorism" and "Qutbian terrorism". Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 ^[11]

Organizations and acts

Further information: Terrorist groups#Islamic

Some prominent Islamic terror groups and incidents include the following:

Transnational

Al-Qaeda

Main article: Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a worldwide pan-Islamic terrorist network headed by Osama bin Laden and is most famous for orchestrating the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It now operates in more than 60 countries. Its stated aim is the use of jihad to defend Islam against Zionism, Christianity, the secular West, and Muslim governments such as Saudi Arabia, which it sees as insufficiently Islamic and too closely tied to America. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ^{[12][13][14][15]}

Formed by bin Laden and Muhammad Atef in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the late 1980s, Al Qaeda called for the use of violence against civilians and military of the United States and any countries that are allied with it. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving ^[16] Since its formation Al Qaeda has committed a number of terrorist acts in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Although once supported by the Taliban organization in Afghanistan, the U. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately S. and British governments never considered the Taliban to have been a terrorist organization. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately ^[17][18]

Europe

Major lethal attacks on civilians in Europe credited to Islamic terrorism include the March 11 2004 bombings of commuter trains in Madrid, where 191 people were killed and 2,050 wounded, and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, also of public transport, which killed 52 commuters and injured 700. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during

Russia

Politically-motivated attacks on civilians in Russia have been traced to separatist sentiment among Muslims in its Caucasus region, particularly Chechnya. Russia's two biggest terrorist attacks both came from Muslim groups. In the Nord-Ost incident at a theater in Moscow in October 2002, the Chechnyan separatist "Special Purpose Islamic Regiment" took an estimated 850 people hostage. The Moscow theater hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege, was the seizure of a crowded Moscow Theatre on October 23 Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of An estimated 300 Russians died in an attempted rescue. Whether this attack would more properly be called a nationalist rather than an Islamist attack is in question. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation

In the September 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis 1,200 schoolchildren and adults were taken hostage after "School Number One" secondary school in Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania was overrun by the "Caucasus Caliphate Jihad" led by Shamil Basayev. The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan massacre) A series of explosions shook the school followed by a fire Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Шамиль Салманович Басаев (January 14 1965 – July 10 2006 was a Chechen field commander and a leader of the Chechen As many as 500 died, including 186 children. ^[19] According to the only surviving attacker, Nur-Pashi Kulayev, the choice of a school and the targeting of mothers and young children by the attackers was done in hopes of generating a maximum of outrage and igniting a wider war in the Caucasus with the ultimate goal of establishing an Islamic Emirate across the whole of the North Caucasus. An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Arab Monarch styled Emir. The North Caucasus, also Ciscaucasus, Ciscaucasia or Forecaucasia, is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe ^[20]

Turkey

Hezbollah (Turkish)

Main article: Turkish Hezbollah

Unrelated to the more famous Shia Hezbollah of Lebanon, this Sunni terrorist group has been credited with the assassination of Diyarbakir police chief Gaffar Okkan, and the November 2003 bombings of two synagogues, the British consulate in Istanbul and HSBC bank headquarters, killing 58 and wounding several hundred. Turkish Hezbollah (also Kurdish Hezbollah from Kurdish: Hizbullahî Kurdî, meaning "the faction of Allah" is a Kurdish Sunni Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey ^[21]

Iraq

The area that has seen some of the worst terror attacks in modern history has been Iraq as part of the Iraq War. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign In 2005, there were 400 incidents of one type of attack (suicide bombing), killing more than 2000 people - many if not most of them civilians. ^[22] In 2006, almost half of all reported terrorist attacks in the world (6600), and more than half of all terrorist fatalities (13,000), occurred in Iraq, according to the National Counterterrorism Center of the United States. The National Counterterrorism Center ( NCTC) is a United States government organization responsible for national and international counterterrorism efforts ^[23] The insurgency in Iraq against the US and Iraqi government combines attacks on "Coalition troops" and the Iraqi security forces, with attacks on civilian contractors, aid workers, and infrastructure. Along with nationalist Ba'athist groups and criminal, non-political attacks, the insurgency includes Islamist insurgent groups, who favor suicide attacks far more than non-Islamist groups. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment

They include the Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's al-Qaeda affiliate; Al-Faruq Brigades, a militant wing of the Islamic Movement in Iraq (Al-Harakah al-Islamiyyah fi al-arak); Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna; the Mujahideen of the Victorious Sect (Mujahideen al ta’ifa al-Mansoura); the Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq (Kata’ib al mujahideen fi al-jama’ah al-salafiyah fi al-‘arak); the Jihad Brigades/Cell; "White Flags, Muslim Youth and Army of Mohammed" ; Ansar al-Islam, a Taliban-like, jihadist group with ties to Al Qaeda. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal Ansar al-Sunnah or Jamaat Ansar al-Sunnah or Group of the Protectors of Sunnah (faith (جماعة أنصار السنه, (formerly Jaish Ansar al-Sunna or Ansar al-Islam ( Arabic: انصار الاسلام, Supporters or Partisans of Islam is a Kurdish Sunni Islamist At least some of the terrorism has a transnational character in that some foreign Islamic jihadists have joined the insurgency. ^[24]

Lebanon

Fatah al-Islam

Main article: Fatah al-Islam

Fatah al-Islam is an Islamist group operating out of the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp in northern Lebanon. Fatah al-Islam ( Arabic: فتح الإسلام, English: Conquest of Islam) is a radical Sunni Islamist group that Fatah al-Islam ( Arabic: فتح الإسلام, English: Conquest of Islam) is a radical Sunni Islamist group that Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Nahr al-Bared ( literally Cold River is a Palestinian Refugee camp in northern Lebanon, 16 km from the city Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية It was formed in November 2006 by fighters who broke off from the pro-Syrian Fatah al-Intifada, itself a splinter group of Fatah, and is led by a Palestinian fugitive militant named Shaker al-Abssi. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Fatah al-Intifada ( Arabic, Fatah Uprising, فتح الانتفاضة is a Palestinian militant faction founded by Col Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير Shaker al-Abssi ( 1955) ( is/was a veteran Palestinian guerrilla and Fatah al-Islam 's leader ^[25] The group's members have been described as militant jihadists,^[26] and the group itself has been described as a terrorist movement that draws inspiration from al-Qaeda. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The ^[25][26][27] Its stated goal is to reform the Palestinian refugee camps under Islamic sharia law,^[28] and its primary targets are Israel and the United States. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[25] Lebanese authorities have accused the organization of being involved in the February 13, 2007 bombing of two minibuses that killed three people, and injured more than 20 others, in Ain Alaq, Lebanon,^[27] and identified four of its members as having confessed to the bombing. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Microbus" redirects here For the Volkswagen Microbus see Volkswagen Type 2. ^[28]

Hezbollah

Main article: Hezbollah

Hezbollah is a Shi'a militia, political party, and social services provider based in Lebanon. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Six governments^[29] consider it, or a part of it, to be a terrorist group^[30][31] responsible for blowing up the American embassy^[32] and later its annex, as well as the barracks of American and French peacekeeping troops and a dozens of kidnappings of foreigners in Beirut. The 1983 US Embassy bombing was a suicide bombing against the United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon on April 18, 1983 that killed over The Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil War. The Lebanon hostage crisis refers to the systematic kidnapping in Lebanon of 96 foreign hostages of 21 national origins between 1982 and 1992 ^[33][34] It is also accused of being the recipient of massive aid for its Persian Shia Neighbor Iran,^[35] and of serving "Iranian foreign policy calculations and interests,"^[36]or serving as a "subcontractor of Iranian initiatives"^[37] Hezbollah denies any involvement or dependence on Iran. ^[38]

In the Arab and Muslim worlds, on the other hand, Hezbollah is regarded as a legitimate and successful resistance movement that drove both Western powers and Israel out of Lebanon. ^[39] In 2005, the Lebanese Prime Minister said of Hezbollah, it "is not a militia. It's a resistance. "^[40]

Hezbollah's simultaneous suicide attacks on US and French barracks in Beirut and the withdrawal of American peacekeeping troops shortly thereafter the bombings proompted is thought to have "made a profound impression on bin Laden. "^[41]

Israel and the Palestinian territories

Main articles: Israel, Palestinian territories, Arab-Israeli conflict, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Hamas

Main article: Hamas

Hamas, ("zeal" in Arabic and an acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya), began support for attacks on military and civilian targets in Israel at the beginning of the Intifada in 1987. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. As the Muslim Brotherhood organization for Palestine its leadership was made up of "intellectuals from the devout middle class,. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. . . respectable religious clerics, doctors, chemists, engineers, and teachers. ^[42]

The 1988 charter of Hamas calls for the destruction of Israel^[43], and it still states its goal to be the elimination of Israel^[44]. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Its "military wing" has claimed responsibility for numerous attacks in Israel. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Hamas has also been accused of sabotaging the Israeli-Palestine peace process by launching attacks on civilians during Israeli elections to anger Israeli voters and facilitate the election of harder-line Israeli candidates. For example, "a series of spectacular suicide attacks by Palestinians that killed 63 Israelis and led directly to the election victory of Benjamin Netanyahu and his Likud party on May 29, 1996. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "^[45]

Hamas justifies these attacks as necessary in fighting the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory, and as responses to Israeli attacks on Palestinian targets. Occupied territories is a Term of art in International law. In accordance with Article 42 of the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Fourth Hague Convention October The wider movement also serves as a charity organization and provides services to Palestinians. ^[46]

Hamas has been designated as a terrorist group by the European Union, Canada, the United States, Israel, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and Human Rights Watch. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Opponents of this view claim that Israel is not a legitimate state because of the conditions of its establishment after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Islamic Jihad

Main article: Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine

Islamic Jihad is a militant Palestinian group Islamist group based in the Syrian capital, Damascus, and dedicated to waging jihad to eliminate the state of Israel. The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين - Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. It was formed by Egyptian Fathi Shaqaqi in the Gaza Strip following the Iranian Revolution which inspired its members. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed From 1983 onward, it engaged in "a succession of violent, high-profile attacks" on Israeli targets. The intifada which "it eventually sparked" was quickly taken over by much larger the PLO and Hamas. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة ^[47] Beginning in September 2000, it started a campaign of suicide bombing attacks against Israelis. It is currently led by Sheikh Abdullah Sheikh Abdullah Ramadan.

The PIJ's armed wing, the Al-Quds brigades, has claimed responsibility for numerous militant attacks in Israel, including suicide bombings and the group has been designated as a terrorist group by the several countries in the West.

North Africa

Armed Islamic Group

Main article: Armed Islamic Group

The Armed Islamic Group, active in Algeria between 1992 and 1998, was one of the most violent Islamic terrorist groups, and is thought to have takfired the Muslim population of Algeria. The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" Its campaign to overthrow the Algerian government included civilian massacres, which sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others. During the Algerian Civil War of the 1990s a variety of massacres occurred At the village of Bentalha, about 15 km south of Algiers, on the night of September 22 -23 1997, more than 200 villagers (according to Amnesty The Rais massacre, of August 29, 1997, was one of Algeria 's bloodiest massacres of the 1990s ) It also targeted foreigners living in Algeria killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group's favored technique was the kidnapping of victims and slitting their throats although it also used assassination by gun and bombings, including car bombs. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, Britain, Italy and the United States. In recent years it has been eclipsed by a splinter group, The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), now called Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb. The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, previously known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال

South Asia

Lashkar-e-Toiba

Main article: Lashkar-e-Toiba

Pakistan based Lashkar-e-Toiba is a militant group that seeks the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to Pakistan. Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and It has committed mass militant actions against Indian troops and civilian Hindus. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical ^[48] The Lashkar leadership describes Indian and Israeli regimes as the main enemies of Islam, claiming India and Israel to be the main enemies of Pakistan. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[49] Lashkar-e-Toiba, along with Jaish-e-Mohammed, another militant group active in Kashmir are on the United States’ foreign terrorist organizations list. Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir They are also designated as terrorist groups by the United Kingdom,^[50] India, Australia^[51] and Pakistan. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[52]

Jaish-e-Mohammed

Main article: Jaish-e-Mohammed

Jaish-e-Mohammed (often abbreviated as JEM) is a major Islamic militant organization in South Asia. Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or Jaish-e-Mohammed was formed in 1994 and is based in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The group's primary objective is to separate Kashmir from India, and it has carried out a series of attacks all over India. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[53][54]

The group was formed after the supporters of Maulana Masood Azhar split from another Islamic militant organization, Harkut-ul-Mujahideen. Maulana Masood Azhar is the leader and the founder of the Islamic terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed, supported by the Pakistani establishment and that country's spying Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami ( Urdu: حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی (abbreviated HUM is a Pakistani Islamic militant group It is believed that the group gets considerable funding from Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The group is regarded as a terrorist organization by several countries including India, United States and United Kingdom. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[1] Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed by some as the "deadliest" and "the principal terrorist organization in Jammu and Kashmir". ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. ^[55] The group was also implicated in the kidnapping and murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in ^[55]

Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen

In Bangladesh the group Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh was formed sometime in 1998 and gained prominence on 20 May 2001 when 25 petrol bombs and documents detailing the activities of the organization were discovered and eight of its members were arrested in Parbatipur in Dinajpur district. Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen ( alternate spelling Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh; abbreviated JMB) (জামাত-উল-মুজাহিদীন বাংলাদেশ Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Dinajpur is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division. ^[56] The organization was officially banned in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs, but struck back in August when 300 bombs were detonated almost simultaneously throughout Bangladesh. Overview February was named after the Latin term februum, which means purification, via the purification ritual Februa held on February 15 in the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dhaka international airport, government buildings and major hotels were targeted. ^[57][58]

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Taliban and Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin forces, are reported to have "sharply escalated bombing and other attacks in 2006 and early 2007" against civilians. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin is the larger of two factions of Afghanistan 's Hezbi Islami Party During 2006 "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at civilians or civilian objects. An additional 52 civilians were killed in insurgent attacks in the first two months of 2007. "^[59]

Southeast Asia

Abu Sayyaf Group

The Abu Sayyaf Group also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several militant Islamist separatist groups based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, in Bangsamoro (Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao) where for almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency for a state, independent of the predominantly Christian Philippines. "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP This article deals with the land claimed by the Moro people For the region controlled by them see: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Jolo is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Mindanao and Borneo, and has a population Basilan (Officially Province of Basilan; Fil - Lalawigan ng Basilan Span Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ابو, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith"). Ab means " Father " in most Semitic languages, sometimes extended to Abba or Aba. ^[60]

Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, rapes, and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago with the stated goal of creating a pan-Islamic superstate across southeast Asia, spanning from east to west; the island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, the island of Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia), the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar). A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services The term Islamic state refers to states that have adopted Islam, specifically the Shari'a or "God's Law" as their ideological foundation for their political institution Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. ^[61]

The U.S. Department of State has branded the group a terrorist entity by adding it to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State ^[61]

Tactics

Part of a series on Controversies related to Islam and Muslims

Criticism

Islam · Muhammad · Qur'an · Islamism

Issues

Apostasy · Dhimmi · Eurabia Antisemitism · Domestic violence Islamism · Islamophobia Jihad · Persecution of Muslims Qutbism · Terrorism The Satanic Verses controversy Women in Muslim societies

Notable contemporary critics

Ayaan Hirsi Ali · Irshad Manji Daniel Pipes · Ibn Warraq Philippe de Villiers · Geert Wilders Robert Spencer · Theo van Gogh Afshin Ellian · Hugh Fitzgerald Susanne Winter

Muslims

List of Guantánamo Bay detainees Moazzam Begg · Osama bin Laden

Events since 2001

September 11, 2001 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Guantanamo Bay detention camp Mecca girl's schools fire Iraq War Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons Qur'an desecration controversy Beheadings of three Christian girls CPT hostage crisis Fox journalists kidnapping Abu Ghraib abuse Egyptian ID card controversy Flying Imams controversy French headscarf ban Imam Rapito Knighthood of Salman Rushdie Pope Benedict XVI controversy Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings Fitna (film) v • d • e

Some of these groups, such as Hamas and Hezbollah, have limited their acts to localized regions of the Middle East, while others, notably Al-Qaeda, have an international scope for their terrorist activities. This article lists various controversies related to Islam and Muslims. Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Criticism of Muhammad has existed since the 7th century when Muhammad was attacked by his non-Muslim Arab contemporaries for preaching Monotheism, Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God as recited to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. See also Islamism This article is about criticism of the Islamic political and religious movement known as Islamism Criticism of Islamism A dhimmi ( ذمي, collectively أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection Ottoman Turkish Eurabia is a political Neologism used to refer to a Europe which allies itself to and becomes subsumed by the Arab World. See also Islam and Judaism Islam and antisemitism looks at the teaching of Islam relating to Jews and Judaism and the attitudes of the The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Persecution of Muslims refers to the Religious persecution inflicted upon Muslims Persecution may refer to beating torture confiscation or destruction Qutbism (also Kotebism Qutbiyya or Qutbiyyah is the radical strain of Islamist ideology and activism based on the thought and writings of Sayyid Qutb, an Islamist The Satanic Verses controversy refers to the controversy surrounding Salman Rushdie 's novel The Satanic Ayaan Hirsi Ali ( Ayaan Xirsi Cali; born Ayaan Hirsi Magan 13 November 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia) is a Dutch Irshad Manji (born 1968 is a Canadian Feminist, Author, journalist, activist and professor of leadership Daniel Pipes (born September 9 1949 is a American historian and political commentator who particularly focuses on the Middle East and Islam. Ibn Warraq (born 1946 is the Pen name of a Secularist author of Pakistani origin and founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society Philippe de Villiers (born Viscount Philippe Le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon on March 25, 1949) was the Mouvement pour la France Geert Wilders ('xert 'ʋildərs 'ʋildəʁs}} born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch Politician. Robert Bruce Spencer (born 1962 is an American author who writes articles and books relating to Islam and Islamic terrorism. Theo van Gogh (ˈteːjoː vɑnˈxɔx ( July 23, 1957 – November 2, 2004) was a Dutch Film director, Television producer Afshin Ellian (born 27 February, 1966 in Tehran, Iran) is a Dutch professor of law, Philosopher, and Poet Not to be confused with the pseudonym of L Frank Baum Hugh Fitzgerald is the vice-president of Jihad Watch. Susanne Winter is a lawyer and politician for the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria in the southern Austrian city of Graz. Moazzam Begg (born 1968 is one of nine British Muslims who were held in Extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo March 11, 2002 Mecca girl's schools fire killed at least fourteen students but was especially notable for complaints made that Saudi Arabia's religious police stopped The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The Qur'an desecration controversy of 2005 began when Newsweek's April 30 issue contained a report about U On October 30, 2005, Theresia Morangke (15 Alfita Poliwo (17 and Yarni Sambue (17 were beheaded by militants in the Poso region on the Indonesian island Fox News Channel journalists Olaf Wiig, a New Zealander Photojournalist, and Steve Centanni, an American reporter Beginning in 2004 accounts of Abuse, Torture, Sodomy and Homicide of Prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq The Egyptian identification card controversy resulted from a ruling of the Supreme Administrative Council of Egypt on December 16, 2006 against the The Flying Imams controversy (sometimes humorously referred to as sheiks on a plane, a reference to the movie Snakes on a Plane) is a controversy concerning The In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie, British - Indian novelist and author of controversial novel The Satanic Verses, was bestowed the honour of being The Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg The Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy began in July 2007 with a series of Drawings by Swedish artist Lars Vilks which depicted the Fitna is a 2008 short film by Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders.

Bombings

Main article: Suicide attack

An increasingly popular tactic used by terrorists is suicide bombing. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons ^[62] This tactic is used against civilians, soldiers, and government officials of the regimes the terrorists oppose. The use of suicide bombers is seen by many Muslims as contradictory to Islam's teachings; however, groups who support its use often refer to such attacks as "martyrdom operations" and the suicide-bombers who commit them as "martyrs" (Arabic: shuhada, plural of "shahid"). See also Martyrdom in Islam Istishhad (استشهاد means the seeking of or the act of Martyrdom, martyrdom being defined as a military or insurgent attack The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom The bombers, and their sympathizers often believe that suicide bombers, as martyrs to the cause of jihad against the enemy, will receive the rewards of paradise for their actions. Jannah (جنّة is the Islamic conception of Paradise. The Arabic form Jannah is a shortened version meaning simply "Garden" ^[63]

Hijackings

The hijacking of passenger vehicles such as cars, buses, and planes has also become a hallmark of Islamist terrorism,^[64] particularly as a result of the simultaneous hijacking of the four passenger jets utilized in the September 11th terrorist attacks as well as the hijacking of a Belgian airlines jet during the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre. The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken

Kidnappings and executions

Along with bombings and hijackings, Islamist terrorists have made extensive use of highly-publicised kidnappings and executions, often circulating videos of the acts for use as propaganda. Notable foreign victims include Nick Berg, Daniel Pearl, Paul Marshall Johnson, Jr., Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kim Sun-il, Kenneth Bigley, Shosei Koda, Fabrizio Quattrocchi, Margaret Hassan. Beginning in April 2004 members of the Iraqi insurgency began taking Hostage Foreign civilians in Iraq. Nicholas Berg ( April 2, 1978 &ndash May 7, 2004) was an American Businessman seeking Telecommunications work Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in Paul Marshall Johnson Jr ( May 8, 1955 - c June 18 2004 was an American Helicopter engineer who Olin Eugene Armstrong Jr ( 5 June 1953 - 20 September 2004) was a foreign hostage in Iraq beheaded by his captors in 2004 Jack Hensley ( September 22, 1955 – September 21, 2004) was an American Engineer from Marietta, Cobb County Kim Sun-il ( September 13, 1970 &ndash c June 22, 2004) was a South Korean Translator who was kidnapped Kenneth John Bigley ( April 22, 1942 - October 7, 2004) Liverpool, England, who was kidnapped in the al-Mansour district Shosei Koda ( Japanese: 香田証生 Kōda Shōsei; November 29, 1979 &ndash November 3, 2004) was a Japanese Fabrizio Quattrocchi ( May 9 1968 &ndash April 14, 2004) was an Italian security guard taken hostage by Islamist Margaret Hassan (also known as Madam Margaret) ( April 18, 1945 &ndashNovember 2004 was an Irish aid worker who had worked in Iraq for many One Iraqi victim was Seif Adnan Kanaan. Seif Adnan Kanaan (died October 22, 2004) was an Iraqi citizen who was abducted in Iraq and beheaded on October 22, 2004 The most frequent form of execution by these groups has been decapitations, often committed while shouting the Islamic chant, "Allahu Akbar" (Arabic for God is greatest). The takbīr or takbeer (ar تَكْبِير is the act of saying the phrase, ar الله أكبر While some targets are military, or seen as supporting the anti-Islamist forces, victims are also as varied as the Red Cross,^[65] the Iraqi education ministry,^[66] and diplomats. ^[67]

Motivation, ideology and theology

Motivation

To what extent Islamic terrorists are motivated by religious belief is disputed.

Robert Pape, has argued that at least terrorists utilizing suicide-homicide attacks -- a particularly effective^[68] form of terrorist attack -- are driven not by Islamism but by "a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. Robert Anthony Pape Jr (born 1960) is an American political scientist known for his work on international security affairs especially Strategic air power "^[69] Martin Kramer, however, argues that it does not account for the lack of suicide bombings in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in Israel for nearly 30 years after the occupation began, for the targeting of native, non-combatant Shia by jihadi bombers in Iraq, the prominence of British-born Pakistanis in bombings in London, or of North Africans, and especially Moroccans, in the second wave of al-Qaeda attackers. ^[70]

In particular, scholar Scott Atran, points out that the massive increase in suicide bombing has meant most suicide bombings have occurred after Pape's study ended in 2003. "Roughly 600," suicide attacks occurred in just two years, 2004 and 2005, more "than in Pape's entire sample,"^[71] - and the overwhelming majority of these bombers have been motivated by the ideology of Islamist martyrdom.

Some supporters of Palestinian political violence have claimed that citizens of Israel are legitimate military targets because Jewish adolescents are required by law to serve in the country's military. Palestinian political violence or Palestinian terrorism refers to acts of violence committed for political reasons by Palestinians Palestinian groups that support

Former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer's view is that Islamic terror attacks against America are motivated by the perception that U.S. foreign policy is a threat to Islam. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Michael F Scheuer is a former CIA employee In his 22-year career he served as the Chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (aka "Alec Station" from 1996 The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. ^[72] He has further condensed his argument down to the phrase "They hate us for what we do, not who we are. " By this, Scheuer acknowledges that American culture and religion are offensive to many Muslims, but claims these factors have very little role as motivators of Islamic terrorism. Rather, he cites the following U. S. foreign policy actions as fueling Islamic terror:

• The presence of U. S. troops on Muslim holy ground in Saudi Arabia
• U. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi S. support for "apostate" police states in Muslim nations such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco, and Kuwait^[73]
• The U. The term police state describes a State in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social economic and political This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed S. invasions and subsequent occupations of the Muslim nations of Afghanistan and Iraq
• U. S. support for the creation of the Christian state of East Timor from territory previously held by Muslim Indonesia. The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET provided an interim civil administration and a peacekeeping mission in the territory of East Timor, East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.
• U. S. approval or support of:
  • India against Muslim forces in the disputed region of Kashmir
  • The Philippines against separatist Muslims in Mindanao
  • Russia against Muslim Chechens in the Second Chechen War
  • China against Muslim Uyghur separatists in western China
  • Israel against Muslim Arabs in the Palestinian territories^[74]

Bergesen and Lizardo wrote "Crenshaw (2001:425) argues that 'terrorism should be seen as a strategic reaction to American power,' an idea associated with Johnson's (2000) 'blowback' thesis. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Second Chechen War, in a later phase better known as the War in the North Caucasus, was launched by the Russian Federation starting August 26 Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. East Turkestan Independence Movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent self-governing Xinjiang, also referred to as East Turkestan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called In this view, the presence of empires - both at the end of the last century and today - and the analogous unipolar military position of the United States today (Brooks and Wohlforth 2002) provoke resistance in the form of terrorism. Johnson (2000) notes that the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires - which controlled multiple ethnic, religious, and national peoples - led to a backlash, or blowback, by Serb, Macedonian, and Bosnian terrorist organisations (the Black Hand, Young Bosnia, Narodnaya Volya). By analogy the powerful global position of the United States, particularly in its role of propping up repressive undemocratic regimes, constitutes something of a similar condition with Arab-Islamic terrorism as a result. The causal mechanism here is that the projection of military power plants seeds of later terrorist reactions, as 'retaliation for previous American imperial actions' (Johnson 2000:9)"^[75]

Profile

Lawrence Wright and Olivier Roy have mentioned the characteristic of "displacement" of members of the most famous Islamic terrorist group, Al-Qaeda.

What the recruits tended to have in common - besides their urbanity, their cosmopolitan backgrounds, their education, their facility with languages, and their computer skills - was displacement. Most who joined the jihad did so in a country other than the one in which they were reared. They were Algerians living in expatriate enclaves in France, Moroccans in Spain, or Yemenis in Saudi Arabia. Despite their accomplishments, they had little standing in the host societies where they lived. . . . . "^[76]

Another author, forensic psychiatrist and former foreign service officer Marc Sageman, made an "intensive study of biographical data on 172 participants in the jihad," in his book "Understanding Terror Networks". ^[77] He concluded "social networks", the "tight bonds of family and friendship" rather than behavioral disorders "poverty, trauma, madness, [or] ignorance" inspired alienated young Muslims to join the jihad" and kill. ^[78]

What may be an indication that this profile is changing comes from a 2007 study of 110 suicide bombers in Afghanistan, by an Afghan pathologist Dr. Yusef Yadgari. Yadgari found that "80%" of the attackers studied had some kind of physical or mental disability. The bombers were also "not celebrated like their counterparts in other Arab nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters or in videos as martyrs. "^[79]

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Islam Portal  v • d • e

Ideology

Main article: Neofascism and religion#Islam

Tenets of Islamic terrorism have been summarized by Dale C. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Neo-fascism and religion refers to debates about the relationships between Neo-fascism and various Religions Some scholars using the term neo-fascism Eikmeier as being:

• A belief that Muslims have deviated from true Islam and must return to “pure Islam” as originally practiced during the time of the Prophet.
• The path to “pure Islam” is only through a literal and strict interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, along with implementation of the Prophet’s commands. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics
• Muslims should interpret the original sources individually without being bound to follow the interpretations of Islamic scholars.
• That any interpretation of the Quran from a historical, contextual perspective is a corruption, and that the majority of Islamic history and the classical jurisprudential tradition is mere sophistry. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the ^[80]

Transnational Islamist ideology, specifically of the militant Islamists, assert a Western polities and society are actively anti-Islamic, or as it is sometimes described, waging a "war on Islam". Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only War against Islam (also War on Islam, or Attack on Islam) is a critical term used to describe a perceived campaign to harm weaken or even annihilate the religion Islamists often identify what they see as a historical struggle between Christianity and Islam, dating back as far as the Crusades, among other historical conflicts between practitioners of the two respective religions. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Osama bin Laden, for example, almost invariably describes his enemy as aggressive and his call for action against them as defensive. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Defensive jihad differs from offensive jihad in being "fard al-ayn," or a personal obligation of all Muslim, rather than "fard al-kifaya", a communal obligation, which if some Muslims perform it is not required from others. There are two types of armed religious warfare in Islam namely the defensive jihad and the Offensive jihad. Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Hence, framing a fight as defensive has the advantage both of appearing to be a victim rather than aggressor, and of giving your struggle the very highest religious priority for all good Muslims.

Many of the violent terrorist groups use the name of Jihad to fight against Christians and Jews. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. An example is Bin Laden's Al-Qaeda, which is also known as 'International Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders'. Most militant Islamists oppose Israel's policies, and often its existence.

The historic rivalry between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has also often been the primary motive behind some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in India. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country According to a US State Department report, India topped the list of countries worst affected by Islamic terrorism.

In addition, Islamist Jihadis, scholars, and leaders opposed Western society for what they see as immoral secularism. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Islamists have claimed that such unrestricted free speech has led to the proliferation of pornography, immorality, secularism, homosexuality, feminism, and many other ideas that Islamists often oppose. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Although bin Laden almost always emphasized the alleged oppression of Muslims by America and Jews when talking about them in his messages, in his "Letter to America" he answered the question, "What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?," with

We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling's, and trading with interest . . . You separate religion from your policies, . . . You are the nation that permits Usury, which has been forbidden by all the religions . . . You are a nation that permits the production, trading and usage of intoxicants . . . You are a nation that permits acts of immorality . . . You are a nation that permits gambling in its all forms. . . . You use women to serve passengers, visitors, and strangers to increase your profit margins. You then rant that you support the liberation of women. . . . ^[81]

Accusations of apostasy

Justification for terrorism against other Muslims by militant Islamists, in particular against Muslim regimes they consider non-Islamic, is often based on the contention that the targets are apostates. ^[82] Osama Bin Laden, for example, maintains that any Muslim who helps "infidels over Muslims" is no longer a Muslim,

. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March . . the believer . . . should boycott the goods of America and her allies, and he should be very wary that he does not support falsehood, for helping the infidels over Muslims -- even with a single word is clear unbelief, as the religious scholars have decreed. ^[83]

and that Taliban-ruled Afghanistan (deposed in 2001) "is the only Islamic country" in the world. ^[84] Islamic law traditionally designates death as the penalty for apostasy (converting) from Islam.

Main article: Apostasy in Islam

Opinions within the Muslim community vary as to the grounds on which an individual may be declared to have apostatized. The most common view among Muslim scholars is that a declaration of takfir (designation of a Muslim as an apostate) can only be made by an established religious authority. For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" Mainstream Muslim scholars usually oppose recourse to takfir, except in rare instances. Takfir was used as justification for the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.

Interpretations of the Qur'an

The role played by the Qur'an, Islam's sacred text, in opposing or in encouraging attacks on civilians is hotly disputed. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar, an Iranian-born American citizen awaiting trial for nine counts of attempted murder, cited a number of verses from the Qur'an in justifying his attempt to kill civilians, including:^[85]

Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. In March 2006 Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar, an Iranian-born American citizen confessed to intentionally hitting people with a Sport utility vehicle on the campus of the But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not. ^{[Qur'an 2:216]}

The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter; ^{[Qur'an 5:33]}

But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ^{[Qur'an 9:5]}

Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth! ^{[Qur'an 9:29-30]}

Marmaduke Pickthall, a Western convert to Islam and Islamic scholar commented on verse 2:216, references verse 2:251, and interpreted these particular verses to mean that fighting is not optional when done in defense of the oppressed and the weak. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ( Mohammed) Marmaduke Pickthall (1875– May 19, 1936) was a Western Islamic scholar, noted as a poetic translator of the Qur'an ^[86]

Pickthall goes on to say that “Nowhere does the Qur’an approve a spirit of revenge” ^[87] and situates verse 2:194 in the context of a defensive war. ( Mohammed) Marmaduke Pickthall (1875– May 19, 1936) was a Western Islamic scholar, noted as a poetic translator of the Qur'an Ibn Kathir stated that the Quran clearly commands believers to prefer forgiveness over retaliation wherever possible. Ismail ibn Kathir (ابن كثير (1301&ndash1373 was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. ^[88]

Michael Sells and Jane I. Michael Anthony Sells is currently the John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago. Smith (a Professor of Islamic Studies) write that barring some extremists like Al-Qaeda, most Muslims do not interpret Qura’nic verses as promoting warfare; and that the phenomenon of radical interpretation of scripture by extremist groups is not unique to Islam. "^[89]. ^[90] According to Sells, "[Most Muslims] no more expect to apply [the verses at issue] to their contemporary non-Muslim friends and neighbors than most Christians and Jews consider themselves commanded by God, like the Biblical Joshua, to exterminate the infidels. "^[89]

Criticism of Islamic terrorist ideology

Although "Islamic" Terrorism is commonly associated with the Salafis or "Wahhabis", the scholars of the group have constantly attributed this association to ignorance, misunderstanding and sometimes insincere research and deliberate misleading by rival groups. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to ^[91]. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania (and Arlington), Shaikh Abdul-Azeez Aal ash-Shaikh (the Grand Mufti of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia President of the Committee of Major Scholars and centre for Knowledge based research and verdicts) made an official statement that "the Islamic Sharee'ah (legislation) does not sanction" such actions. This page is about the title and persons carrying the title For the former Grand Mufti of Jerusalem (from 1921-1948 see Mohammad Amin al-Husayni ^[92] A Salafi or "Wahhabi" "Committee of Major Scholars" in Saudi Arabia has declared that "Islamic" terrorism, such as the May 2003 bombing in Riyadh, are in violation of Sharia law and aiding the enemies of Islam. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. ^[93].

Criticism of Islamic terrorism on Islamic grounds has also been made by anti-terrorist Muslims such as Abdal-Hakim Murad:

Certainly, neither bin Laden nor his principal associate, Ayman al-Zawahiri, are graduates of Islamic universities. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March And so their proclamations ignore 14 centuries of Muslim scholarship, and instead take the form of lists of anti-American grievances and of Koranic quotations referring to early Muslim wars against Arab idolaters. These are followed by the conclusion that all Americans, civilian and military, are to be wiped off the face of the Earth. All this amounts to an odd and extreme violation of the normal methods of Islamic scholarship. Had the authors of such fatwas followed the norms of their religion, they would have had to acknowledge that no school of mainstream Islam allows the targeting of civilians. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an An insurrectionist who kills non-combatants is guilty of baghy, “armed aggression,” a capital offense in Islamic law. ^[94]

One counter-terrorism scholar, Dale C. Eikmeier, points out the "questionable religious credentials" of many Islamist theorists, or "Qutbists," which can be a "means to discredit them and their message":

With the exception of Abul Ala Maududi and Abdullah Azzam, none of Qutbism’s main theoreticians trained at Islam’s recognized centers of learning. Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi (Urdu سید ابو الاعلىٰ مودودی - alternative spellings of last name Maudoodi, and Mawdudi) ( -) also known Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام Although a devout Muslim, Hassan al Banna was a teacher and community activist. Hassan al-Banna ( October 14, 1906 – February 12, 1949, Arabic:حسن البنا was an Egyptian social and Sayyid Qutb was a literary critic. Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906 Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj was an electrician. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a physician. Osama bin Laden trained to be a businessman. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March ^[95]

Yemeni Judge Hamoud Al-Hitar has also attacked the Islamic intellectual basis of terrorism using hujjat or proof "in theological dialogues that challenge and then correct the wayward beliefs" of terrorists or would-be terrorists. ^[96]

Iranian Ayatollah Ozma Seyyed Yousef Sanei issued a fatwa (ruling) that suicide attacks against civilians are legitimate only in the context of war. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Grand Ayatollah Yousof Sanei is an Iranian scholar renowned A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an ^[97] The ruling did not say whether other types of attacks against civilians are justified outside of the context of war, nor whether Jihad is included in Sanei's definition of war. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims.

On the other hand, Fethullah Gülen, a prominent Turkish Islamic scholar, has claimed that "a real Muslim," who understood Islam in every aspect, could not be a terrorist. Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April, 1941) modernist Islamic Scholar, writer and leader of the Gülen movement. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several ^[98][99] There are many other people with similar points of view such as Karen Armstrong,^[100] Prof. Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on Comparative religion, who first rose to prominence with Ahmet Akgunduz,^[101] and Harun Yahya^[102]

Muslim attitudes toward terrorism

Muslim popular opinion on the subject of attacks on civilians by Islamist groups varies. Adnan Oktar aka Adnan Hoca (born Ankara, 1956 also known by his pen name Harun Yahya, is a prominent advocate of Islamic creationism While most Muslims living in the West denounce the September 11th attacks on the US, Hezbollah's rocket attacks against Israeli civilian targets are widely supported in the Muslim world and regarded as defensive Jihad by a legitimate resistance movement rather than terrorism. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. There are two types of armed religious warfare in Islam namely the defensive jihad and the Offensive jihad. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation ^[103][104]

A Sunday Times survey taken in UK shortly after the 9/11 attack "revealed that 40% of British Muslims believe Usama bin Laden was right to attack the United States. About the same proportion think that British Muslims have a right to fight alongside the Taliban. A radio station serving London's Pakistani community conducted a poll which 98% of London Muslims under 45 said they would not fight for Britain, while 48% said they would fight for bin Laden. " ^[105]

A 2005 Pew Research study that involved 17,000 people in 17 countries showed support for terrorism was declining in the Muslim world along with a growing belief that Islamic extremism represents a threat to those countries. ^[106] A Daily Telegraph survey^[107] showed that 6% of British Muslims fully supported the July 2005 bombings in the London Underground. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during

A 2004 Pew survey revealed that Osama bin Laden is viewed favorably by large percentages in Pakistan (65%), Jordan (55%) and Morocco (45%). Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa In Turkey as many as 31% say that suicide attacks against Americans and other Westerners in Iraq are justifiable. ^[108][109]

The Free Muslims Coalition^[110] rallied against terror, stating that they wanted to send "a message to radical Muslims and supporters of terrorism that we reject them and that we will defeat them. "

Abdel Rahman al-Rashed, a Muslim and the general manager of Arab news channel, Al-Arabiya has said: "It is a certain fact that not all Muslims are terrorists, but it is equally certain, and exceptionally painful, that almost all terrorists are Muslims. Al Arabiya (العربية) is an Arabic-language Television News channel " Statistics compiled by the United States government's Counterterrorism Center present a more complicated picture: of known and specified terrorist incidents from the beginning of 2004 through the first quarter of 2005, slightly more than half of the fatalities were attributed to Islamic extremists but a majority of over-all incidents were considered of either "unknown/unspecified" or a secular political nature. The vast majority of the "unknown/unspecified" terrorism fatalities did however happen in Islamic regions such as Iraq and Afghanistan, or in regions where Islam is otherwise involved in conflicts such as the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, southern Thailand and Kashmir. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The methodology employed by the Center is sometimes disputed and the center has been accused of responding to political pressure from the Bush administration to show a decline in terrorism. ^[111]

In 2006, Palestine voters gave the group Hamas - which is designated as a terrorist organization in Israel, United States, Canada, and the European Union - a majority of the seats in its parliament. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة ^[112] though there is question as to whether whether the election results represent support for the organization's militia tactics, support for the organization's social programs, or dissatisfaction with the previous government which was widely seen as corrupt and incompetent. ^[113]

Fred Halliday, a British academic specialist on the Middle East, argues that most Muslims consider these acts to be egregious violations of Islam's laws. Fred Halliday (born 1946 in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland) is a British academic and author specialising in the Middle East and International relations ^[114]

Daniel Chirot said "Not many people in the world, either in Islamic countries, or Christian ones, or Hindu, or Buddhist, or anything else, really want to live a life of extreme puritanism, endless hate, and suicidal wars. Extremist leaders can take power, and for a time, be backed by much of their population hoping to redress past grievances and trying to find a new utopia. But as with the most extreme Christian warriors during the European wars of religion, or with the Nazis, or the most committed communist revolutionaries, it eventually turned out that few of their people were willing to go all the way in their struggles if that meant permanent violence, suffering, and death. So it will be with Islamic extremism. "^[115]:14

Examples of attacks

• 4 September 1972 - Munich Olympic Massacre. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken
• 18 April 1983 - April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing in Beirut, Lebanon. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The 1983 US Embassy bombing was a suicide bombing against the United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon on April 18, 1983 that killed over Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية 63 killed.
• 26 February 1993 - World Trade Center bombing, New York City. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred on February 26, 1993, when a Car bomb was detonated below Tower One of the World Trade Center The City of New York 6 killed.
• 13 March 1993 - 1993 Bombay bombings. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) India on March 12, 1993 Mumbai, India. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The single-day attacks resulted in over 250 civilian fatalities and 700 injuries.
• 24 December 1994 - Air France Flight 8969 hijacking in Algiers by 3 members of Armed Islamic Group and another terrorist. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Air France Flight 8969 was an Air France flight that was hijacked on December 24, 1994 at Algiers Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية 7 killed including 4 hijackers.
• 25 June 1996 - Khobar Towers bombing, 20 killed, 372 wounded. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Khobar Towers bombing was a terrorist attack on part of a housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia, located near the national oil company ( Saudi
• 14 February 1998. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The 1998 Coimbatore bombings occurred in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The 1998 Coimbatore bombings occurred on Saturday February 14 1998 in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Coimbatore (கோயம்புத்தூர் also known as Kovai (கோவை is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 46 people were killed and over 200 were injured in 13 bomb attacks within a 12 km radius.
• 7 August 1998 - 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States 224 dead. 4000+ injured.
• 12 October 2000 - USS Cole bombing, 56 killed
• 11 September 2001 - September 11, 2001 attacks 4 planes hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and The Pentagon by 19 hijackers. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The USS Cole bombing was a Suicide bombing attack against the U Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. Nearly 3000 dead. ^[116]
• 13 December 2001 - Suicide attack on India's parliament in New Delhi. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Aimed at eliminating the top leadership of India and causing anarchy in the country. Allegedly done by Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist organizations, Jaish-E-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-Toiba.
• 3 March 2002 - Suicide bomb attack on a Passover Seder in a Hotel in Netanya, Israel. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Passover massacre (also known as the Netanya bombing) was a Suicide bombing carried out by a Palestinian terrorist in the Park Hotel at Netanya Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish 29 dead, 133 injured
• 9 March 2002 - Café suicide bombing in Jerusalem; 11 killed, 54 injured. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• 7 May 2002 - Bombing in al-Arbaa, Algeria. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 49 dead, 117 injured.
• 24 September 2002 - Machine Gun attack on Hindu temple in Ahmedabad, India. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in 31 dead, 86 injured. ^[117][118]
• 12 October 2002 - Bombing in Bali nightclub. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. 202 killed, 300 injured. ^[119]
• 16 May 2004 - Casablanca Attacks - 4 simultaneous attacks in Casablanca killing 33 civilians (mostly Moroccans) carried by Salafaia Jihadia. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The 2003 Casablanca bombings were a series of Suicide bombings on May 16, 2003, in Casablanca, Morocco. Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا
• 11 March 2004 - Multiple bombings on trains near Madrid, Spain. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 191 killed, 1460 injured. (alleged link to Al-Qaeda)
• 3 September 2004 Approximately 344 civilians including 186 children, are killed during the Beslan school hostage crisis. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan massacre) A series of explosions shook the school followed by a fire ^[120][121]
• 2 November 2004 - Ritual murder of Theo van Gogh (film director) by Amsterdam-born jihadist Mohammed Bouyeri. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Theo van Gogh (ˈteːjoː vɑnˈxɔx ( July 23, 1957 – November 2, 2004) was a Dutch Film director, Television producer Mohammed Bouyeri (محمد بويري (born March 8 1978 in Amsterdam) a Dutch – Moroccan, is currently serving a Life sentence
• 4 February 2005 - Muslim militants attacked the Christian community in Demsa, Nigeria, killing 36 people, destroying property and displacing an additional 3000 people. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
• 7 July 2005 - Multiple bombings in London Underground. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during 53 killed by four suicide bombers. Nearly 700 injured.
• 23 July 2005 - Bomb attacks at Sharm el-Sheikh, an Egyptian resort city, at least 64 people killed. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks were a series of terror attacks on July 23, 2005, perpetrated by a Wahhabi organization targeting the Egyptian
• 29 October 2005 - 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on October 29, 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least Over 60 killed and over 180 injured in a series of three attacks in crowded markets and a bus, just 2 days before the Diwali festival. Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant ^[122]
• 9 November 2005 - 2005 Amman bombings. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 2005 Amman bombings were a series of coordinated bomb attacks on three Hotels in Amman, Jordan, on November 9, 2005. Over 60 killed and 115 injured, in a series of coordinated suicide attacks on hotels in Amman, Jordan. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom ^[123][124] Four attackers including a husband and wife team were involved. ^[125]
• 7 March 2006 - 2006 Varanasi bombings. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi in India on 7 March 2006 An attack attributed to Lashkar-e-Toiba by Uttar Pradesh government officials, over 28 killed and over 100 injured, in a series of attacks in the Sankath Mochan Hanuman temple and Cantonment Railway Station in the Hindu holy city of Varanasi. Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस ^[126] Uttar Pradesh government officials.
• 11 July 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Mumbai, India. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay). 209 people lost their lives and over 700 were injured in the attacks.

U. S. State Department list

Abu Sayyaf, Philippines Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade, Gaza Strip and West Bank Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, Egypt (also known as The Islamic Group) Al-Qaeda, worldwide Ansar al-Islam, Iraq Armed Islamic Group (GIA), Algeria Army of Ansar al-Sunna, Iraq AZF, France East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), China Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Egypt Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, Egypt Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front (IBDA-C), Turkey Hamas, Gaza Strip and West Bank

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen al-Alami, Pakistan Hezbollah, Lebanon Islamic Movement of Central Asia, Central Asia Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan Jaish-e-Mohammed, Pakistan and Kashmir Jemaah Islamiyah, Indonesia Lashkar-e-Toiba, Pakistan and Kashmir Lashkar i Jhangvi, Pakistan Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Philippines Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Morocco and Europe Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Gaza Strip and West Bank Tawhid and Jihad (Al-Qaeda in the Land between the Two Rivers (Iraq)), Iraq

See also

Aircraft hijacking Car bomb Christian terrorism Criticism of Islam Criticism of the Qur'an Ghazw

Hirabah Improvised explosive device Islamofascism Zionist political violence

Neofascism and the religion of Islam. "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (كتائب شهداء الأقصى is a coalition of Palestinian militias in The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Ansar al-Islam ( Arabic: انصار الاسلام, Supporters or Partisans of Islam is a Kurdish Sunni Islamist For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Ansar al-Sunnah or Jamaat Ansar al-Sunnah or Group of the Protectors of Sunnah (faith (جماعة أنصار السنه, (formerly Jaish Ansar al-Sunna or For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. AZF (French Initialism for AZote Fertilisant, ie nitrogen fertilizer was the name of a chemical factory near Toulouse, France, which exploded This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The East Turkestan Islamic Movement ( ETIM, Turkish: Doğu Türkistan İslâm Hareketi) is a militant Uyghur organization that advocates the creation China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front ( İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi in Turkish, abbreviated IBDA-C) is an Islamic terrorist organization Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami ( Urdu: حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی (abbreviated HUM is a Pakistani Islamic militant group Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Islamic Movement of Central Asia ( IMCA) is an Islamist organization affiliated with Al Qaeda, headed by Tohir Yo‘ldosh, that has operated Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan ( IMU) was a militant Islamist group formed in 1998 by former Soviet paratrooper Juma Namangani, and the Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir History The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (لشكرِ جهنگوی alternately Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, LJ; English: Army of Jhang) is an Islamic terrorist Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF) is a Muslim Separatist rebel group located in Southern Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group or Moroccan Islamic Fighting Group is a Sunni Islamist terrorist organization affiliated with Al-Qaeda. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين - Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Jama'at al- Tawhid wal- Jihad (جماعة التوحيد والجهاد Group of Monotheism and Jihad) was a radical neo- Khawarij Takfiri For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed A car bomb is an explosive device placed in a car or other Vehicle and then detonated. Christian terrorism is Religious terrorism by those whose motivations are rooted in their interpretations of Christianity Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God as recited to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally Punishment for Hirabah The Qur'an commands strict punishment for those who spread disorder in land An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action This article is about the term "Islamofascism" See the broader treatment of possible relations between religion and fascism in Clerical fascism and Neofascism Zionist political violence in the British Mandate of Palestine occurred mainly in the 1930s and 1940s aimed at making the functioning of the British rule difficult and restriction Neo-fascism and religion refers to debates about the relationships between Neo-fascism and various Religions Some scholars using the term neo-fascism Palestinian political violence Political terrorism Religious terrorism Religious violence

South Thailand insurgency Suicide bombing Terrorism in Kashmir War on Terrorism

Further reading

• Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel
• The War for Muslim Minds by Gilles Kepel
• Esposito, John L. Palestinian political violence or Palestinian terrorism refers to acts of violence committed for political reasons by Palestinians Palestinian groups that support Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Religious terrorism is Terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious character or influence Religious violence is a term that covers all phenomena where Religion, in any of its forms is either the subject or object of individual or collective violent behaviour The South Thailand insurgency is a Separatist campaign by Islamist terrorists which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani region, made up of the This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Violence in Kashmir has existed in various forms mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian side of the disputed territory The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Jihad The Trail of Political Islam (French Jihad Expansion et Déclin de l"Islamisme) is a book by French author and scholar Gilles Kepel. Gilles Kepel (born 30 June 1955) is a prominent French scholar and analyst of the Islamic and the Arab world The War for Muslim Minds is a 2004 Gilles Kepel (born 30 June 1955) is a prominent French scholar and analyst of the Islamic and the Arab world (2003). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-516886-0.  
• Esposito, John L. (1995). The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-510298-3.  
• Falk, Avner. (2008) Islamic terror : conscious and unconscious motives. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Security International, ISBN 9780313357640
• Halliday, Fred (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East. I. B. Tauris, New York. ISBN 1860648681.  

References

External links

• Islam, Global Politics, and U.S. Foreign Policy, UC Berkeley
• The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution
• Al Qaeda Training Manual used by British member of Al Qaeda, Manchester, England (URL accessed March 2005)
• An analysis of the word “Islamic terrorism” by Inam Abidi & concluding it to be a fundamental mistake to use it.

Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

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