Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Astrology
Background
History of astrology
History of astronomy
Astrology and astronomy
Traditions
Babylonian astrology
Arab and Persian astrology
Chinese astrology
Hellenistic astrology
Indian astrology
Sidereal astrology
Western astrology
More...
Branches of
horoscopic astrology
Natal astrology
Electional astrology
Horary astrology
Mundane astrology
More...
Categories
Astrologers
Astrological texts
Astrological writers
Astrology Portal
This box: view • talk • edit
This is a sub-article of History of science in the Islamic World and Astrology. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems The history of Astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures Astronomy is the oldest of the Natural sciences dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, Mythological, and Astrological Astrology and astronomy are historically one and the same discipline ( Latin: astrologia) and were only gradually recognized as separate in western In Babylonia as well as in Assyria as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture (or as we might also term it "Euphratean" culture Astrology takes its Persian Astrology has its roots in the Zend-Avesta parts of which are very similar to the Rig Veda The Chinese Zodiac is a 12 year cycle Each year of the 12 year cycle is named after one of the original 12 animals Hellenistic astrology is a tradition of Horoscopic astrology that was developed and practiced in Hellenistic Egypt and the Mediterranean, whose Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Sidereal astrology is the system of Astrology used by some Western and all Jyotish astrologers who base their interpretation around the use of the Western astrology is the system of Astrology most popular in Western countries This is an incomplete list of the different traditions types systems methods applications and branches of Astrology. Horoscopic astrology is a form of Astrology which uses a Horoscope, a visual representation of the heavens for a specific moment in time in order to interpret the Natal astrology, also known as genethliacal astrology, is the system of Astrology based upon the concept that each individual's personality or path in life can Electional astrology is a branch found in most systems of astrology Horary astrology is an ancient branch of Horoscopic astrology by which an astrologer attempts to answer a question by constructing a Horoscope for the exact time Mundane astrology is the application of Astrology to world affairs and world events taking its name from the Latin word Mundus, meaning "the This is an incomplete list of the different traditions types systems methods applications and branches of Astrology. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems

Islamic astrology,in Arabic ilm al-nujum or ilm al-falak is the study of the heavens by early Muslims. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion In early Arabic sources, ilm al-nujum was used to refer to both astronomy and astrology. Astrology and astronomy are historically one and the same discipline ( Latin: astrologia) and were only gradually recognized as separate in western In medieval sources, however, a clear distinction was made between ilm al-nujum (science of the stars) or ilm al-falak (science of the celestial orbs), referring to astrology, and ilm al-hay'ah (science of the figure of the heavens), referring to astronomy. Both fields were rooted in Greek, Persian, and Indian traditions. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Despite consistent critiques of astrology by scientists and religious scholars, astrological prognostications required a fair amount of exact scientific knowledge and thus gave partial incentive for the study and development of astronomy.

The earliest semantic distinction between astronomy and astrology was given by the Persian astronomer and astrologer Abu Rayhan al-Biruni circa 1000. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox [1]

Contents

Opinions of contemporary scholars

According to jurists, the study of astronomy (ilm al-hay'ah) is lawful, as it is useful in predicting the beginning of months and seasons, determining the direction of salat (prayer), and navigation. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and They agree that this branch of science be used in determining the beginning and end of the month of Ramadan. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic As for astrology, this is considered by many Islamic scholars as haram (unlawful), as knowledge of the Unseen is known only by Allah. Haraam (حرام is an Arabic term meaning "forbidden" Dr. Husam al-Din Ibn Musa `Afana, a Professor of the Principles of Fiqh at Al-Quds University, Palestine, states the following:

"First of all, it is worth noting that the Arabs knew astronomy a long time ago. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Al-Quds University ( جامعة القدس) is a Palestinian University in Jerusalem. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding They would predict time through observing the movements of stars. According to the scholars of Shar`iah, there are two terms confused in many people's minds when it comes to dealing with the question in hand. These terms are astronomy and astrology. Astronomy is the science that deals with studying the movements of the celestial bodies and reducing observations to mathematical order. That science is useful in determining time, seasons, the direction of Prayer, etc. Astrology, on the other hand, is concerned with studying the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs. Astrologists believe that the movements of stars have an influence on people's lives. Both Muslim astronomers and [religious] scholars refuse the prophecies of astrologists. "[2]

Some scholars believe that astrology is a prohibited field of study. Imam Ibn Taymiyah said: “Astrology that is concerned with studying the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs is prohibited by the Quran, the Sunnah, and the unanimous agreement of the Muslim scholars. Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Furthermore, astrology was considered forbidden by all Messengers of Almighty Allah. ”

The Saudi scholar, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, said: “Astrology is a kind of sorcery and fortune-telling. Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen al-Wuhaibi al-Tamimi (1925-2001 CE) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of the latter half of the twentieth century It is forbidden because it is based on illusions, not on concrete facts. There is no relation between the movements of celestial bodies and what takes place on the Earth. ”[3]

Refutations of astrology

The first semantic distinction between astronomy and astrology was given by the Persian astronomer Abu Rayhan al-Biruni in the 11th century,[4]. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The study of astrology was also refuted by other Muslim astronomers at the time, including al-Farabi, Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna and Averroes. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Their reasons for refuting astrology were both due to the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical and also due to the views of astrologers conflicting with orthodox Islam. In Mathematics, a conjecture is a Mathematical statement which appears resourceful but has not been formally proven to be true under the rules of A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [5]

Quranic verses and Ahadith relating to astrology

Before the advent of Islam, people believed that the sun and moon might eclipse when a great figure died. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when one Celestial object moves into the shadow of another During the Muhammad's(SAW)lifetime, it happened that the sun eclipsed on the same day when Muhammad’s (SAW) son Ibrahim died. The people then thought that it had eclipsed because of Muhammad’s (SAW) son’s death. On knowing this, Muhammad (SAW) led them in the Eclipse Prayer and then delivered a speech saying: “The sun and moon are but signs of Allah; they do not eclipse because so-and-so died or was born. ”

This hadith indicates that Muhammad (SAW) denied all relation between the movements of the heavenly bodies and events on the Earth. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Ibn `Abbas reported that Muhammad (SAW) said: “He who has acquired some knowledge of astrology has acquired some knowledge of sorcery; the more he acquires of the former the more he acquires of the latter. ”[6]

Commenting on this hadith, the Yemeni scholar Muhammad ash-Shawkani (d. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Muhammad ash-Shawkani (1759-1834 CE. The surname "ash-Shawkani" is derived from Hijrah ash-Shawkan which is a town outside San‘a’ Biography 1834), said that the Islamic prophet Muhammad (SAW) compared between astrology and sorcery because sorcery was known to be forbidden; and so, he who would get some knowledge of astrology would do something forbidden and would be sinful. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and [7]

It was also reported by Ibn Abbas that Muhammad (SAW) said: “He who uses astronomy for something other than what Almighty Allah has made lawful would be practicing sorcery. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Astrologers predict knowledge of the future, and he who does so is a sorcerer, and sorcerers are disbelievers. ”[8]

Also, Ibn Mihjan reported that Muhammad (SAW) said: “I fear on account of my nation three things after my death: (I fear that) their Imams (leaders) would oppress them, (that) they would believe in astrology, and (that) they would disbelieve predestination. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community ”[9]

Abu Hurayrah also reported that Muhammad (SAW) said: “He who goes to a fortune-teller to ask him about something, his Prayer will not be accepted for forty days. Abu Hurairah ( أبو هريرة) (also known as `Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi ( عبدالرحمن بن صخر الأذدي) Abu Hurayrah ”[10]

Abu Hurayrah also reported that Muhammad (SAW) said: “He who goes to a soothsayer or a fortuneteller and believes what he says exhibits disbelief in what has been sent down to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) (from Allah). ”[11]

Contemplating the last two ahadith reported by Abu Hurayrah, it is to be noted that mere going to fortune-tellers is a sin that incurs upon a Muslim who commits it that his prayer is not accepted for forty days, and that believing what fortunetellers say renders a Muslim a disbeliever in what has been sent down to Muhammad(SAW). Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion This is because Allah says in the Quran: “Say (O Muhammad): None in the heavens and the earth knoweth the Unseen save Allah; and they know not when they will be raised (again). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ”[12]

Allah also says: “(He is) the knower of the Unseen, and He revealeth unto none His secret, save unto every messenger whom he hath chosen, and then He maketh a guard to go before him and a guard behind him That He may know that they have indeed conveyed the messages of their Lord. He surroundeth all their doings, and He keepeth count of all things. ”[13]

Prominent Arab, Muslim, Persian, and/or Middle Eastern or North African astrologers

Notes

  1. ^ S. Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra ( Hebrew: אברהם אבן עזרא or ראב"ע, also known as Abenezra) (1092 or 1093–1167 was one of the Abraham Zacuto ( Hebrew: אברהם זכות, Portuguese: Abraão ben Samuel Zacuto) (c Abu Bakr al-Hassan ibn al-Khasib, also al-Khaseb, Albubather in Latin was a Persian Physician and Astrologer of the 9th century Alchabitius (or Alcabitius Medieval Latin Arabic: Abû al-Saqr al-Qabîsî 'Abd al-'Azîz ibn Uthmân, عبدالصقر القبيصي عبد Al-fadl ibn Naubakht, (also written Nowbakht) was an 8th century Persian scholar at the court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (988–c 1061 was an Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Berossus (also Berossos or Berosus; Greek: Βήρωσσος was a Hellenistic -era Babylonian writer and astronomer who "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here Abû l-Hasan 'Alî ibn Abî l-Rijâl (أبو الحسن علي ابن أبي الرجال (commonly known as Haly, Hali, Albohazen Haly filii Abenragel Hypatia of Alexandria (haɪˈpeɪʃə ( Greek:; born between AD 350 and 370 – 415 was a Greek scholar from Alexandria in Egypt, considered TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an Ibn Yunus ( Arabic: ابن يونس) (full name Abu al-Hasan 'Ali abi Sa'id 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri (c Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari ( Arabic / Persian: أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن حبيب بن سليمان بن سمورة Ja'far ibn Muḥammad Abū Ma'shar al-Balkhī ( 10 August 787 in Balkh, Afghanistan &ndash 9 March 886 in al-Wasit Masha'allah ibn Atharī (c740-d815 AD was an eighth century Persian Jewish astrologer and astronomer from the city of Basra (now located in Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari (d 796 or 806 was a Muslim Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer. Nobakht Ahvazi (نوبخت اهوازى also transliterated 'Naubakht' and his sons were Astrologers from Ahvaz (in the present-day Khuzestan Province Porphyry of Tyre ( Greek:, c AD 233&ndashc 309 was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (1135 - 1213 was a Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages) Sudines (Greek Σουδινες ( fl c 240 BC Babylonian sage Pines (September 1964). "The Semantic Distinction between the Terms Astronomy and Astrology according to al-Biruni", Isis 55 (3), p. 343-349.
  2. ^ excerpted from a lecture given by Dr. Yusuf Marwah under the title Astronomy and the Beginning of the Lunar Months
  3. ^ Islamonline. com
  4. ^ S. Pines (September 1964), "The Semantic Distinction between the Terms Astronomy and Astrology according to al-Biruni", Isis 55 (3): 343-349
  5. ^ (Saliba 1994, pp.  60 & 67-69)
  6. ^ Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah
  7. ^ Nayl Al-Awtar, vol. 7, p. 207
  8. ^ See Meshkat Al-Masabeeh, vol. 2, p. 1296
  9. ^ Reported by Ibn `Asakir and Ibn `Abdul-Barr
  10. ^ Reported by Muslim
  11. ^ Al-Albani said in Sahih At-Targhib wa At-Tarhib, vol. 3, p. 172, that this is an authentic hadith
  12. ^ Quran, An-Naml: 65
  13. ^ Quran, Al-Jinn: 26-28

References

Further reading

See also

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic