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Islam in India |
| Architecture |
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Moinuddin Chishti · Akbar |
| Communities |
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Northern · Mappilas · Tamil |
| Islamic sects |
| Culture |
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Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia |
Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning Mughal architecture, an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, is the distinctive style developed by the Mughal Empire Islamic contribution to Indian architecture is far reaching and undeniable This article is about the founder of Sufism in India For the preceptor of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, see Moinuddin Chishty (Khuldabad. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Ahmad Raza Khan or Ahmed Rida Khan (1856-1921 was a Sunni Muslim scholar and founder of Barelwi School of thought. Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 &ndash 22 February 1958 was a Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (also Sayyid Ahmad Khan (سید احمد خان بہا در October 17 1817 – March 27 1898 commonly known as Sir Syed was an Bahadur Yar Jung (or Bahadur Yar Jang) ( 3 February 1905, Hyderabad – c Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam:മാപ്പിള refer to the Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring Tamil Muslim refers to Muslims of Tamil ethnicity found in South Asia and South East Asia. Konkani / Kokani Muslims is a Muslim sub-ethnic group of Maharashtrian Muslims living in the Konkan region of India. Vora Patel or Vohra Patel (vohras is a Sunni Muslim Patel community located in Gujarat India, primarily in the Surat and Bharuch Memon (મેમણ میمن मेमन an Ethnic group originating from Pakistan and India trace their roots largely to Sindh,a province Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Dawoodi Bohras ( Arabic: داؤدی بوہرہ Hindi: दवूदि बोह्रा are the main branch of the Bohras, a Musta‘lī subsect Ismaili Khojas About six hundred years ago the Persian -born Pir Sadruddin arrived in Sindh. Oriya Muslims are an Islamic community in the Indian state of Orissa. The Nawayath s (also spelled as Navayath or Nawayat are a small Muslim community found living in and around the town of Bhatkal a prosperous little picturesque town The Beary (also known as Byari) is a small Muslim community concentrated mostly in coastal South Kanara ( Dakshina Kannada) district of Karnataka Meo (मेव میو is a prominent Muslim Rajput tribe from North-Western India some of whom migrated to Pakistan after partition of India Sunni Bohras or Sunni Vohras are a Sunni Muslim community in Sindh province of Pakistan and Gujarat state of India. Qaim Khani or Kaim Khani ( Urdu: قائم خانى) is a Muslim community in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently The Muslim culture of Hyderabad refers to the culture associated with Muslims of Hyderabad State, India. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of Nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims Muslim chronicles for Indian history are chronicles regarding history of the Indian subcontinent written from Muslim perspective Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. There are approximately 151 million Muslims in India's population as of 2007 (according to government census 2001), i. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population e. , 13. 4% of the population. [1][2][3][4][5] Currently, India has the third largest population of Muslims in the world, following Indonesia and Pakistan. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
History
The emergence of Islam in the region is concurrent with the Turko-Muslim invasion of medieval India (which includes large parts of present day Pakistan and the Republic of India), where these rulers took over the administration of large parts of India. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning Since its introduction into India, Islam has made significant religious, artistic, philosophical, cultural, social and political influences to Indian history.
In modern times the Muslims of South Asia have had a turbulent history within the region. After the Lahore Resolution of 1946, Muslim League politicians achieved a Muslim-majority state known as Pakistan after independence from British rule. The Lahore Resolution ( Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and In modern times, the Muslim populations of India and Pakistan are roughly even. The previous President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam, two more before him, and numerous other politicians are Muslims, as are numerous sports and film celebrities within India. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (அவுல் பகீர் ஜைனுலாப்தீன் அப்துல் கலாம் born October 15 1931 Tamil Nadu Isolated incidences of violence nonetheless have occurred between the Muslim populations and the Hindu, Sikh and Christian populations.
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North and South America
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Contrary to popular belief, Islam came to South Asia long before Muslim invasions of India. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population The precise number of Muslims in Africa is unknown as statistics regarding religious demography in Africa are incomplete Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people pervades most aspects of life Islam in Angola is a minority religion with 80000-90000 adherents composed largely of migrants from West Africa and families of Lebanese origin According to the 2002 census 271 percent of the population of Benin is Roman Catholic, 24 Islam in Botswana comprises only 2-3 percent of the population Islam in Burkina Faso ( Upper Volta) has a long and varied history Muslims in Burundi are officially around 1% of the total population though Muslim Burundians estimate the figure to be closer to 8-10% Muslims comprise roughly 22 percent of Cameroon 's 18 million inhabitants According to the US State Department International Religious Freedom Report 2006 there is a small Muslim community in Cape Verde Islam accounts for approximately 22% of the population of the Central African Republic, making it the second most followed organized religion in the country The earliest Islamic presence in Chad can be traced back to the legendary Uqba ibn Nafi, whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day According to the 2006 estimate by the US Department of State, roughly 98% of the population in the Comoros are Muslim. Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not a recent phenomenon as it has been present within the area since the 18th century when Arab traders from Islam spread to the Republic of the Congo from North Africa in the mid-19th century According to the CIA factbook, Muslims make up about 35-40% of the population of Côte d'Ivoire. Islam in Djibouti has a long history first appearing in East Africa during the lifetime of Muhammad. The republic of Egypt has recognized Islam as the State religion since 1980 According to the US State Department International Religious Freedom Report 2006 practicioners of Islam comprised less than 1 percent of the population of Equatorial Although reliable statistics are not available it is estimated that 50 percent of the population of Eritrea is Sunni Muslim and 49 percent is Christian. According to the latest 1994 national census Islam is the second most widely practiced religion in Ethiopia after Christianity, with approximately one third (32 Approximately 12% of the population of Gabon practice Islam (of which 80 to 90 percent are foreigners Islam is the majority religion of The Gambia, with around 90% of the population being Muslims The spread of Islam into West Africa, beginning with ancient Ghana in the ninth century was mainly the result of the commercial activities of North African 2005 official statistics for Islam in Guinea estimate that 85% of Guinea 's 7 Islam is the predominate religion of Guinea-Bissau, numbering an estimated 38-45% of the roughly 1 Islam is the religion of approximately 10% of the Kenyan population or approximately 3 According to Adherents the Muslim population of Lesotho in 2000 was 1000 or 0 Islam in Liberia is practiced by 10% of the population The vast majority of Liberian Muslims are Sunni, with only a few Shi'ites, mostly of Lebanese origin Most Libyans adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam, which provides both a spiritual guide for individuals and a keystone for government policy Islam has been well-established in what is now known as Madagascar for centuries and today Muslims represent 7% of the population or approximately 1 Islam is the second largest religion in Malawi after Christianity; nearly all of Malawi's Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam. Muslims currently make up approximately 90 percent of the population of Mali, the largest country in West Africa. Virtually all Mauritanians are Sunni Muslims. They adhere to the Maliki Madhab, one of the four Sunni schools of law The 1968 constitution of Mauritius recognized four religious categories Hindus, Muslims Sino-Mauritians and the general population Islam is the largest religion in Morocco, with roughly 987% of the population adhering to it Islam in Mozambique is the religion of approximately four million Mozambicans or about 17 Islam is the third largest religion in Namibia after Christianity and indigenous beliefs 90% of the Nigerien population—approximately 113 million people—are followers of Islam', with a majority of those being linked to the Tijaniya Fifty percent of the population of Nigeria adheres to Islam. Islam came to Northern Nigeria as early as the ninth century and was Islam was first introduced into Rwanda by Muslim traders from the East Coast of Africa in the 18th century São Tomé and Príncipe, with a total population of about 181000 has about 5500 Muslim inhabitants about 3 percent of the population Islam is the predominant religion in Senegal. Ninety-four percent of the country's population is estimated to be Muslim Islam in the Indian Ocean was established by Muslim Sea Merchants well before the European discovery of Seychelles. Statistics for Islam in Sierra Leone estimate a Muslim population of 3610585 representing around 60 percent of the country's total population Nearly all Somalis are Sunni Muslims Practicing Islam reinforces distinctions that further set Somalis apart from their immediate African neighbors many of whom are either Christians Islam in South Africa predates the colonial period and consisted of isolated contact with Arab and East African traders Sudan is a religiously mixed country although Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in 1956 The population of Swaziland is approximately 35 percent Protestant, 30 percent African Zionist, 25 percent Catholic, and 1 percent Muslim. Islam is as of 2007 the largest religion (or may be the second after Christianity) in Tanzania with 35% of the population of the mainland ( Tanganyika) Muslims in Togo represent between 137 and 55% of the national population Islam is the official state religion in Tunisia Approximately 98 percent of the population of Tunisia is nominally Muslim. According to the National Census 2002 Islam is practiced by 12 According to the CIA World Factbook, Muslims make up nearly 100% of the population of the Western Sahara. The arrival of Islam in Zambia dates to the fourth Hijri century when Muslims established emirates on the coast of East Africa. Estimates on the number Muslims in Zimbabwe vary from as low as 120000 to as many as 1 Islam began in Asia in the 7th century during the life of Muhammad. Approximately 99 percent of Afghans are Muslims and out of them eighty percent are Sunni of the Hanafi School the rest are Shi'a, the majority of Islam in Armenia has generally been avoided throughout the centuries See also Religion in Azerbaijan Approximately 934 to 96 percent of the population of Azerbaijan is nominally Muslim. Islam is the state religion in Bahrain where the citizens are all Muslims with the majority of the population practicing Shia Islam. Islam is the largest religion of Bangladesh, the Muslim population is over 130 million (the fourth-largest muslim population in the world after According to adherentscom Muslims constitute over 5% of the population However the CIA factbook claims that Muslims are less than 1% in Bhutan Islam is Brunei 's official religion 64 percent of the population is Muslim, mostly Sunnis of Malay origin who follow the Shafi school Islam is a Minority religion in primarily Buddhist country of Burma, practiced by approximately 4% of the population Islam is the religion of a majority of the Cham (also called Khmer Islam) and Malay minorities in Cambodia. Islam in China has a rich heritage China has some of the oldest Muslim history dating back to as early as 650 when the uncle of Islam is practiced in Hong Kong by somewhere between 20000 and 100000 Muslims. Adherentscom states that the number of Muslims in Macau is 100 Islam in Cyprus was introduced when Uthman the 3rd Caliph conquered Cyprus in 649. Islam is a minority religion in East Timor. The US State Department and the CIA World Factbook estimate that Muslims make up 1% of the population although some organizations Islam in Georgia was introduced in 645 AD when an army sent by the Second Caliph of Islam Umar, conquered Eastern Georgia Islam is Indonesia's dominant Religion with approximately 88% over 200 million of its population identifying as Muslims, making it the most The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. The history of Islam in Iraq goes back several centuries to the lifetime of Muhammad (d Islam in Israel and Palestinian territories includes the Muslims of Israel, where they constitute 16% of the population those who comprise 75% of the population of The history of Islam in Japan is relatively brief in relation to the Religion 's longstanding presence in other countries around the world More than 90 percent of population in Jordan adhered to Sunni Islam in the late 1980s Islam is the largest religion practiced in Kazakhstan. Ethnic Kazakhs are historically Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school. In South Korea, the Muslim population has been steadily increasing since the introduction of the Islamic faith shortly after the Korean War. In South Korea, the Muslim population has been steadily increasing since the introduction of the Islamic faith shortly after the Korean War. In South Korea, the Muslim population has been steadily increasing since the introduction of the Islamic faith shortly after the Korean War. Islam is the main religion of the citizens of Kuwait Sunni Islam is dominant in Kuwait with 60% of the total population The vast majority of today's Kyrgyz are Muslims of the Sunni branch which came into the region during the 8th century Muslims are a small minority in this Buddhist majority country Islam in Lebanon is divided between four Muslim sects Shiites Sunnis, Alawites and Ismailis including the Druze. Islam is the official religion of Malaysia, and the Government actively promotes the spread of Islam in the country and its friendship with other Muslim countries Islam is the state religion of Maldives, and adherence to it is legally required of citizens by a revision of the constitution in 2008 Article 9 Section D states that Islam in Mongolia is mainly practised by the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ölgii (88 Islam is a minority religion in NepalAccording to a 2006 Nepalese census 4 The majority of Omanis are Ibadhi Muslims, followers of Abd Allah ibn Ibad Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This article is concerned with the religion of Islam in the Philippines Qatar is a Muslim-majority country with Islam as the state religion Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation The vast majority of Saudis are Sunni Muslims. Around 10% of citizens are Shia Muslims, most of whom live in the Eastern Province, with the largest concentrations Sunni Islam is the religion of about 15% of Singapore 's population mainly the sizeable Malay minority who constitute about 13 Islam in Sri Lanka is practised by a group of minorities who make up approximately 10% of the population Islam in Syria is composed of a Sunni majority and four minority sects Twelver Shiites, and also Druze (which is not an Islamic sect Alawi Islam in Taiwan is a slowly growing religion (about 03% of the population it could be higher if included nominally Muslims from Indonesia with an estimated 100 converts annually Islam in Tajikistan. Demographics and early history Islam, the predominant religion of all of Central Asia, was brought Islam is most popular in southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia, where the vast majority of the country's Muslims predominantly Malay The region comprising modern Turkey has a long and rich Islamic tradition stretching back to the dawn of the Seljuk period and Ottoman Empire. Traditionally the Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are Sunni Muslims. More than 80% of the population of the UAE are non-citizens Virtually all of the country's citizens are Muslims approximately 85% are Sunni and the remaining 15% are Islam is by far the dominant Religion in Uzbekistan. In the early 1990s many of the Russians remaining in the Republic (about 8% of the Islam in Vietnam is primarily the religion of the Cham people, a minority ethnic group related to Malays; however roughly one-third of the Muslims in Islam was introduced into the region by Ali ibn Abu Talib in about 630 when Prophet Muhammad was still alive This article deals with the history and the evolution of the Islamic religion in Europe. During the Ottoman occupation according to Ottoman data the majority of Albanians were of Muslim affiliation ( Sunni and Bektashi) According to the US Religious Freedom Report of 2006 there are about 2000 North Africans currently living in Andorra and they are the largest Muslim group in the country Islam in Armenia has generally been avoided throughout the centuries Islam is a Minority religion in Austria with 422 % of the population in the 2001 census See also Religion in Azerbaijan Approximately 934 to 96 percent of the population of Azerbaijan is nominally Muslim. Islam in Belarus was introduced by Lipka Tatars in the 14th -16th centuries and now also includes Muslim immigrants Islam in Belgium is relatively new and is mostly practised in the Belgian immigrant communities The modern Bosniaks, often referred to as Bosnian Muslims, descend from Slavic converts to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries that lived in the medieval Bosnian Kingdom The Muslim population of Bulgaria, including Turks, Muslim Bulgarians, Pomaks, Roma, and Crimean Islam in Croatia was introduced by the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Islam in Cyprus was introduced when Uthman the 3rd Caliph conquered Cyprus in 649. Islam in the Czech Republic History First documented visit of a person with knowledge of Islam was made (964-965 by Íbrahím Population Approximately 2-3% of the population of Denmark are Muslims Islam is the largest minority religion in Denmark In the most recent Census, performed in the year 2000 the number of people who reported themselves to be Muslims was 1387 Islam was introduced to Finland by Baltic Tatars at the end of the 19th century Statistics Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely Islam in Georgia was introduced in 645 AD when an army sent by the Second Caliph of Islam Umar, conquered Eastern Georgia Owing to work migration of the 1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s Islam became a visible religion in Germany. Islam in Greece is represented by a number of autochthonous and immigrant communities Islam in Hungary has a long history that dates back to at least the twelfth century predating the Ottoman Empire. The Nordic country Iceland is estimated to have between 800 and 1000 members by the Association of Muslims in Iceland The documented history of Islam in Ireland dates to the 1950s The history of Islam in Italy dates back to the 7th and 8th centuries when some of the Lombards, a Germanic people that ruled parts of northern Italy converted from Islam is the largest religion practiced in Kazakhstan. Ethnic Kazakhs are historically Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school. The presence of Muslims in Latvia was first recorded in the early 1800s According to the US Department of State, there are 1384 Muslims living in Liechtenstein, which is about 4% of the general population In Lithuania, unlike many other northern and western European countries Islam came long ago Muslims in Luxembourg are a minority together with Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews. Muslims in the Republic of Macedonia form 33% of the Republic of Macedonia's total population With Roman Catholics estimated at 95-98% of the population the Maltese Muslim community is considered to be very small According to the US Department of State, there is a small community of Muslims in Moldova, numbering a few thousand Many wealthy Arab and Iranian Muslims reside in Monaco as non-citizens Islam in Montenegro is the largest minority religion Montenegro's 110000 Muslims make up 17 History Treaty with Morocco In the early 1600s a delegation from the Dutch Republic visited Morocco to discuss a common alliance against Spain Islam is the largest minority religion in Norway with over 2% of the population The first noticeable presence of Islam in Poland began in the 14th century According to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (the National Statistical Institute of Portugal) there were according to the 1991 Census Islam in Romania is followed by only 03 percent of population but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation Muslims in San Marino are a minority as over 95 percent of the population is Roman Catholic The arrival of Islam in Scotland is relatively recent The bulk of Muslims in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century The Muslims in Serbia are mostly ethnic Bosniaks and Albanians, but also members of the smaller ethnic groups like Muslims by nationality, Ashkali The number of Muslims in Slovakia according to the 2001 census is negligible (according to ?? there are 5000 Muslims in Slovakia - less than 0 The Muslims in Slovenia are ethnically Bosnians and Albanians. Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation Sweden has today almost exclusively due to Immigration, a significant Muslim population According to the Confederate Census of 2001 a total number of 310807 Muslims were living in Switzerland which made up 4 The region comprising modern Turkey has a long and rich Islamic tradition stretching back to the dawn of the Seljuk period and Ottoman Empire. The majority of Muslims in Ukraine are of Crimean Tatars in ethnicity and live in the Crimean Peninsula. Islam is the second largest religion in the United Kingdom with a total of 1591000 (or 2 Islam in Argentina is represented by one of Latin America's largest Muslim minorities Statistics for Islam in Bolivia estimate a Muslim population of around a thousand representing 0 Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves. The early Brazilian Muslims led the largest slave revolt in Brazil which then had the largest slave population The statistics for Islam in Chile estimate a total Muslim population of 3196 representing 0 The statistics for Islam in Colombia estimate a total Muslim population of 10000 representing 0 The statistics for Islam in Ecuador estimate a total Muslim population of 275 representing 0 About 7 percent of Guyana 's population is Muslim, representing 76528 individuals Islam in Panama has a long and unique history Official data estimates 0 The latest statistics for Islam in Paraguay estimate a total Muslim population of 507 representing 0 The statistics for Islam in Peru estimate a total Muslim population of 1000 representing 0 According to various sources the Muslim population of Suriname represents about 20 percent of the country's total and therefore the nation has the highest percentage of Muslims Muslims constitute 6 percent of the population on Trinidad and Tobago, representing 65318 individuals The statistics for Islam in Uruguay estimate a total Muslim population of 300 to 400 representing 0 There are approximately 100000 Muslims in Venezuela, 04 percent of the nation's population The statistics for Islam in Antigua and Barbuda estimate a total Muslim population of about 200 representing 0 Statistics for Islam in Barbados estimate a Muslim population of 500 representing 0 The statistics for Islam in Belize estimate a total Muslim population of 2794 representing 1 percent of the total population According to Canada's 2001 census, there were 579640 Muslims in Canada, just under 2% of the population The statistics for Islam in Costa Rica is 4000 There are a number of Islamic organizations in San José including the Centro Islámico (Masjid Omar de Costa The latest statistics for Islam in Cuba claim a population of under a thousand Muslims representing 0 Statistics for Islam in Dominica are not readily available According to the International Religious Freedom Report in 2005 followers of minority religions and denominations which range Statistics for Islam in the Dominican Republic estimate that 0 There is a small Islamic community in El Salvador,they are people mostly coming from the Arab World and Turkey. There are over 200 Muslims in Grenada. They make up 030% of the population The Muslim population of Guatemala is approximately 1200 Of this population 95% are Palestinian Arab immigrants The estimated population of Haitian Muslims is about 3250 representing approximately 0 The statistics for Islam in Honduras estimate a total Muslim population of 2790 representing 0 The statistics for Islam in Jamaica estimate a total Muslim population of 5000 representing 0 While some have claimed that official data estimates that there are 318608 Muslims in Mexico, representing 0 Statistics for Islam in Nicaragua are not readily available but according to Fahmi Hassan President of the Asociación Cultural Nicaragüense-Islámica the Muslim population Islam in Panama has a long and unique history Official data estimates 0 According to the United States Department of State, Islam is a minority religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, with some Muslims living in the island nation Muslims constitute 6 percent of the population on Trinidad and Tobago, representing 65318 individuals The history of Islam in the United States starts in the early 16th century, with Estevánico of Azamor being the first Muslim to enter the historical record Islam in Oceania refers to Islam and Muslims in Oceania. Some countries in Oceania notably Australia have Islam as their third largest Religion For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Islam is the fourth largest religious grouping in Australia after Christianity, ' No Religion ' and Buddhism. The CIA World Factbook estimates that 7% of the population of Christmas Island is Muslim The CIA World Factbook estimates that roughtly 80 percent of the 629 inhabitants on the Cocos (Keeling Islands are Sunni Muslims. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" Islam is a minority religion in East Timor. The US State Department and the CIA World Factbook estimate that Muslims make up 1% of the population although some organizations The Muslims of Fiji comprise around 7% of the population (62 534 Islam in New Caledonia arrived more than a 100 years ago The first Muslims in New Caledonia were the Arabs who were brought there by the French Islam in Papua New Guinea is a minority religion the US department of state estimates that there are about 2000 muslims in the country The United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report states that according to the most recent reports there are approximately 350 Muslims in the Solomon Islam in Vanuatu is practised by about 200 members of the small island nation of Vanuatu in Oceania. Micronesia, from the Greek mikros (μικρός (meaning small) and nesos (νῆσος (meaning island) is a Subregion Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Islam in New Zealand has grown with inward immigration to that country Islam in Tonga consists of about 100 people in a population of about 102000 The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning Islamic influence first came to be felt in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Trade relations between Arabia and the subcontinent are very ancient. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and ports of South East Asia, to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. The Malabar region lies along the southwest coast of India and forms the northern part of the present-day state of Kerala. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book The History of India as told by its own Historians, the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H Events By Place Byzantine Empire Serbs settle in the Balkans having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius H. G. Rawlinson, in his book: Ancient and Medieval History of India[6] claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD. Shaykh Zainuddin Makhdum’s “Tuhfat al-Mujahidin” also is a reliable work[7]. This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals[8], and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV. [9]It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world. The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. [10]
The first Indian mosque was built in 612 A. Events By Place Europe Sisebut succeeds Gundemar as king of the Visigoths. D, at the behest of Cheraman Perumal, during the life time of Muhammad (c. Cheraman Perumal can refer to Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar, A Hindu Nayanar saint from South India Cheraman IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics 571–632) in Kodungallur by Malik Bin Deenar. This article is about the year AD 571 For the US telephone area code see Area code 571. Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. Kodungallur (anglicised name Cranganore) is a city and a Municipality in the Thrissur district in the Indian state of Kerala Malik bin Deenar or Malik Ibn Dinar was a Tabi‘in. He is famous for being the first to bring Islam to India. [11][12][13]
In Malabar the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam because they were more closely connected with the Arabs than others. The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam:മാപ്പിള refer to the Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and a number of natives also embraced Islam. These new converts were now added to the Mappila community. Thus among the Mapilas, we find, both the descendants of the Arabs through local women and the converts from among the local people[14]
In the 8th century, the province of Sindh (Pakistan) was conquered by Syrian Arabs led by Muhammad bin Qasim. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن قاسم (c 31 December, 695 &ndash 18 July, 715) born Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate.
In the first half of the 10th century, Mahmud of Ghazni added the Punjab to the Ghaznavid Empire and conducted several raids deeper into modern day India. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century by Muhammad of Ghor. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ( Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए
Conversion controversy
Considerable controversy exists both in scholarly and public opinion about the conversions to Islam typically represented by the following schools of thought:[15]
- The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the Iranian plateau or Arabs. Persecution of Hindus refers to the Religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus Hindus have been historically persecuted during Islamic rule of the The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern [16]
- Muslims sought conversion through jihad [15]
- Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes[15][16]
- Conversion was a result of the actions of Sunni Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heart[15]
- Conversion came from Buddhists and the en masse conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste strictures. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group [16]
- A combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart[15]
- As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant Muslim civilization and global polity at large. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings [16]
Embedded within this lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being a natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to Islamicize the Indian subcontinent and is highly embroiled within the politics of the partition and communalism in India. Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see Spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a society's conversion to the religion of Islam The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, See also Communalism (South Asia. In many parts of the world communalism is a modern term that describes a broad range of Social movements [15] An estimate of the number of people killed, based on the Muslim chronicles and demographic calculations, was done by K.S. Lal in his book Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, who claimed that between 1000 CE and 1500 CE, the population of Hindus decreased by 80 million. Kishori Saran Lal (1920 &ndash 2002 was an Indian Historian. He wrote many historical books mainly on medieval India Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (AD 1000-1800 is a book by K His work has come under criticism by historians such as Simon Digby (School of Oriental and African Studies) and Irfan Habib for its agenda and lack of accurate data in pre-census times. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (AD 1000-1800 is a book by K The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of Irfan Habib (born 1931 is an Indian Historian, a former Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research and a Padma Bhushan awardee A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population Lal has responded to these criticisms in later works. Historians such as Will Durant contend that Islam was spread through violence. William James Durant ( November 5, 1885 &ndash November 7, 1981) was a prolific American popularizer in the fields of History [17][18] Sir Jadunath Sarkar contends that several Muslim invaders were waging a systematic jihad against Hindus in India to the effect that "Every device short of massacre in cold blood was resorted to in order to convert heathen subjects. Sir Jadunath Sarkar (যদুনাথ সরকার (December 10 1870 - May 19 1958) was a noted Indian Bengali historian Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. "[19] Hindus who converted to Islam were not immune to persecution due to the Muslim Caste System in India established by Ziauddin al-Barani in the Fatawa-i Jahandari. Caste system among South Asian Muslims refers to units of social stratification that have developed among Muslims in South Asia despite Islam's [20], where they were regarded as an "Ajlaf" caste and subjected to discrimination by the "Ashraf" castes[21]
Disputers of the "Conversion by the Sword Theory" point to the presence of the large Muslim communities found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Western Burma, Bangladesh, Southern Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines coupled with the distinctive lack of equivalent Muslim communities around the heartland of historical Muslim Empires in the Indian Sub-Continent as refutation to the "Conversion by the Sword Theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today. Different population estimates by economics historian Angus Maddison and by Jean-Noël Biraben also indicate that India's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500, but increased by about 35 million during that time. Angus Maddison, Emeritus Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Groningen. [22][23]
Not all Muslim invaders were simply raiders. Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs (some of whom were borne of Hindu wives) varied considerably. While some were uniformly hated, others developed a popular following. According to the memoirs of Ibn Batuta who travelled through Delhi in the 14th century, one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi's population, Batuta's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world, Persia and Turkey were often favored with important posts at the royal courts suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration. Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة (born February Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. S. A. A. Rizvi (The Wonder That Was India - II), however points to Muhammad bin Tughlaq as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks, barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts. Muhammad bin Tughluq (محمد بن تغلق (c1300&ndash 1351 also Prince Juna Khan was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351 In his reign, it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing. [24]
Islam in Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Malik Ibn Dinar and 20 others who were the followers of Prophet Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, first landed in Kodungallur in Keralawhen they came to India. Malik bin Deenar or Malik Ibn Dinar was a Tabi‘in. He is famous for being the first to bring Islam to India. Kodungallur (anglicised name Cranganore) is a city and a Municipality in the Thrissur district in the Indian state of Kerala Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Islam received royal patronage in some states here, and later spread to other parts of India. He was gifted a defunct Jain temple by the local ruler, where he established the first mosque in the Indian subcontinent. The exact date of its establishment is not known but is believed to be in 629 CE. Though, generally it is considered to be the second mosque of the world to make Jumma Prayer after the mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia. His missionary team then went on to built 10 other mosques along the Malabar coast including the ones at Kollam, Chaliyam,Pantalayini Kollam/Quilandi, Madayi/Pazhayangadi, Srikandhapuram,Dharmadom, Kasaragode,Mangalore and Barkur. Some reports suggest that the ancient mosques at Chombal, Kottayam,Poovar and Thengapattanam were also built during this time.
After the fall of Chola Dynasty, the newly formed Vijayanagara Empire invited the Seljuk Turks from Ottoman Empire from the Fractions of Hanafi (Known as Rowther in South India) for trade link in 1279 AD, then biggest armada of Turks traders and missionaries settled in Tharangambadi (Nagapattinam), Karaikal, Muthupet, Koothanallur and Podakkudi. Turks (Rowthers) were unable to convert Hindus in Tanjore regions. The Turks settled in this area's with their armada and expanded to a moderate size of Islam community with population of almost 1 million Rowthers. These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. Hanafi franctions having fair complexions because they were more closely connected with the Turkish than others in South. There are some Turkish Anatolian and Turkish Safavid Inscriptions found in wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages, inscriptions seized by Madras Museum and available for public viewing. You may contact Archeologic Division [II] at Madras Museum, for viewing and further research.
Later in the 1300 AD Arabs settles in the areas of Nagore, Kilakkarai, Adirampattinam, Kayalpatnam, Erwadi and Sri Lanka this peoples may have been the first Shafi Fractions (Known as Marakkar in Far South and Coastal area of South India) community of Islam. Shafi Fractions also have mixed fair and darker complexion because they were more closely connected with the Arabs than others in South. Arab traders also opened many new villages in these areas and settles. Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and a number of natives like Malaya and Indonesia also embraced Islam. Arabs (Marakkar's) missionaries marries local women's and convert them to Islam. This conversion made Marakkars to be a very big Islamic community of almost 2. 5 million peoples.
References: J. P. Mulliner. Rise of Islam in India. University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215
Sufism and spread of Islam
Sufis (Islamic mystics) played an important role in the spread of Islam in India. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف They were very successful in spreading Islam, as many aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and monism. Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence The Sufis' unorthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice. Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chisti, Nizam-ud-din Auliya, Shah Jalal, Amir Khusro,Sarkar Sabir Pak,Waris Pak trained Sufi groups for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India. This article is about the founder of Sufism in India For the preceptor of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, see Moinuddin Chishty (Khuldabad. Hazrat Khawaja Nizamuddin Auliya ( 1238 - 3 April 1325) (حضرت خواجة نظام الدّین اولیا also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin was a famous Shah Jalal was a saint of Bengal and is the most celebrated personality of the region of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow ( Hindi: hi अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरो (1253-1325 CE better known as Amīr Khusrow Hazrat Alaudin Ali Ahmad As-Sabir (RA was an Islamic Sufi He was in the Chisti Silsila of Khawaja Gharib Nawaz Ajmeri Once the Islamic Empire was established in India, Sufis invariably provided a touch of colour and beauty to what might have otherwise been rather cold and stark reigns. The Sufi movement also attracted followers from the artisan and untouchable communities; they played a crucial role in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. However there is also evidence of fanatical and violent conversions carried out by Sufi Muslims. Ahmed Sirhindi, Naqshbandi Sufi passionately advocated Peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam.
Role of Muslims in India's independence movement
The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries, poets and writers is documented in India's struggle against the British. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai are Muslims who engaged in this purpose. Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 &ndash 22 February 1958 was a Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence Ajmal Khan (1863– December 29, 1927) was a noted Indian Freedom fighter, renowned physician and educationalist Rafi Ahmed Kidwai ( Hindi: रफ़ी अहमद क़िदवई (1894 - 24 October 1954 was an Indian independence activist and a Socialist, Muhammad Ashfaq Ullah Khan of Shahjehanpur conspired to loot the British treasury at Kakori (Lucknow). Ashfaqulla Khan ( Urdu: اشفاق اللہ خان, Hindi: अशफा़क़ुल्ला ख़ान) ( October 22, 1900 WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Shahjahanpur is a district and a Municipal board in the Indian state of Uttar WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kakori ( Hindi: काकोरी Urdu: کاکوری) is a town and a Nagar Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (popularly known as Frontier Gandhi), was a great nationalist who spent 45 of his 95 years of life in jail; Barakatullah of Bhopal was one of the founders of the Ghadar party which created a network of anti-British organizations; Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar party worked as an underground revolutionary in France and was hanged for his part in the unsuccessful Ghadar (mutiny) uprising in 1915; Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of Faizabad (UP) planned the Indian Mutiny in Malaya and Burma along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of Jaunpur and was hanged in 1917; Vakkom Abdul Khadar of Kerala participated in the "Quit India" struggle in 1942 and was hanged; Umar Subhani, an industrialist and millionaire of Bombay provided Gandhi with congress expenses and ultimately gave his life for the cause of independence. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान Maulavi Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah or Maulana Barkatullah (c Bhopāl ( Hindi: भोपाल bʰoːpɑːl, Marathi -भोपाळ is a city in central India. The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim to liberate India from This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the Faizabad in Tajikistan see Faizabad Tajikistan. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Sepoys of British East India Company 's army on the 10th of May 1857 in the town of Meerut, British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a Civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in Among Muslim women, Hazrat Mahal, Asghari Begum, Bi Amma contributed in the struggle of freedom from the British. Begum Hazrat Mahal, also known as Begum of Awadh was the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
The period starting from 1498 saw the rise of the naval and trading power of the European countries, as they increasingly projected their naval power and expanded their trading interests over the Indian subcontinent. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Subsequently with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain and in Europe, the European powers gained a significant technological and commercial advantage over the decaying Mughal Empire. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the They gradually began increasing their influence on the subcontinent.
Hyder Ali, and later his son Sultan Tipu were early to understand the threat of the British East India Company and resisted it. Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or However, Tipu Sultan was finally defeated at Srirangapatnam in 1799. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srirangapattana ( Kannada:ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ (also spelt Srirangapatna In Bengal, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah faced the expansionist aims of the British East India Company and fought the British. A Nawab or Nawaab ( Urdu: نواب Hindi: नवाब was originally the Subedar (provincial governor or viceroy of a Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla, more popularly known as Siraj ud-Daulah (1733 &ndash July 2, 1757) was the last independent Nawab of The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or However, he lost at the battle of Plassey in 1757. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Palashi (পলাশী Pôlashi, formerly rendered in English: Plassey) is a small After the First war of Independence, which is popularly known as Sepoy Mutiny of 1857,the upper class Muslims were targeted by the Britishers the most, as under their leadership the war was mostly fought in and around Delhi. Thousands of kith and kins were shot or hanged near the gate of Red Fort, Delhi, which is now known as 'Khooni Darwaza'(the bloody gate). The renowned Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib(1797-1869) has given a vivid description of such massacre in his letters now published by the Oxford University Press 'Ghalib his life and letters'compiled and translated by Ralph Russel and Khurshidul Islam(1994). Dabeer-ul-Mulk Najm-ud-daulah Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan ( Urdu / Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان) Pen-name
As the Muslim power waned with the gradual demise of the Mughal Empire, the Muslims of India faced a new challenge - that of protecting their culture and interests, yet interacting with the alien, technologically advantaged power. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most In this period, the Ulama of Firangi Mahal, based first at Sehali, District Barabanki, and since 1690s based in Lucknow, educated and guided the Muslims. Firangi Mahal ( Hindi: फ़रन्गी महल Urdu: فرنگی محل, literally French Palace from Arabic فرنگی This article is about the city of Barabanki For the district see Barabanki District. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh The Firangi Mahal led and steered the Muslims of India. The moulanas and moulvis (religious teachers) of Darul-uloom, Deoband (UP) also played significant role in freedom struggle of India declaring subjugation of an unjust rule is against Islamic tenets.
Other famous Muslims who fought for freedom under the British Raj: Maulana Azad, Hakeem Ajmal Khan, Hasrat Mohani, Dr. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (11 November 1888 &ndash 22 February 1958 was a Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence Ajmal Khan (1863– December 29, 1927) was a noted Indian Freedom fighter, renowned physician and educationalist Maulana Hasrat Mohani ( Urdu: مولانا حسرت موہانی) (1875 – 1951 was a romantic poet of Urdu language journalist politician parliamentarian Syed Mahmud, Professor Maulavi Barkatullah, Dr. Zakir Husain , Saifuddin Kichlu, Allama Shibli Nomani, Vakkom Abdul Khadir, Dr. Maulavi Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah or Maulana Barkatullah (c Dr Zakir Hussain ( February 8, 1897 - May 3, 1969) ( Urdu: زاکِر حسین was the third President of India from Saifuddin Kitchlew ( January 15, 1888 - October 9, 1963) was an Indian Freedom fighter and a Muslim Indian Allama Shibli Nu'mani (June 3 1857 - November 18 1914 Azamgarh) was an Indian scholar on Islam. Manzoor Abdul Wahab, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Hakeem Nusrat Husain, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Samad Achakzai, Colonel Shahnawaz, Dr. Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur Shah II; 24 October 1775 7 November 1862 was the last of the Mughal Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( Pashto / Urdu: خان عبد الغفار خان Hindi: ख़ान अब्दुल ग़्फ़्फ़ार ख़ान M. A. Ansari, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, Ansar Harwani, Tak Sherwani, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, Mustsafa Husain, VM Ubaidullah, SR Rahim, Badruddin Tyabjee, and Moulvi Abdul Hamid. Rafi Ahmed Kidwai ( Hindi: रफ़ी अहमद क़िदवई (1894 - 24 October 1954 was an Indian independence activist and a Socialist,
Until the 1930s Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a member of the Indian National Congress and was part of the freedom struggle. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal, poet and philosopher, was a strong proponent of Hindu - Muslim unity and an undivdided India until the 1920s.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context, and struggled for freedom alongside Mahatama Gandhi and Maulana Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal. Maulana Shaukat Ali was an Indian Muslim Nationalist and leader of the Khilafat movement Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Firangi Mahal ( Hindi: फ़रन्गी महल Urdu: فرنگی محل, literally French Palace from Arabic فرنگی Until the 1930s, the Muslims of India broadly conducted their politics alongside their countrymen, in the overall context of an undivided India.
In the late 1920s, recognising the different perspectives of the Indian National Congress and that of the All India Muslim League, Dr. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented the concept of a separate Muslim homeland in India in the 1930s. Consequently, the All India Muslim League raised the demand for a separate Muslim homeland. The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British This demand was raised in Lahore in 1940 (Known as the Pakistan Resolution). ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The Lahore Resolution ( Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal had passed away by then, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan,Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, and many others led the Pakistan Movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan For other people with the same or similar name see Liaqat Ali (disambiguation Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (accurate transliteration Liāqat Alī Khān Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy ( September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India
Initially, the demand for separate Muslim homeland(s) was within a framework of a large, independent, undivided India with autonomous regions governed by the Muslims. A number of other options to give the Muslim minority in India adequate protection and political representation in a free, undivided India, were also debated. However, when no common formula leading to early independence of India from the British Raj could be agreed between the Indian National Congress, the All India Muslim League, and the British colonial government, the All India Muslim League pressed unequivocally with its demand for a completely independent, sovereign country, Pakistan. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
Law and politics
Muslims in India are governed by "The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937. "[25] It directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in marriage, mahr (dower), divorce, maintenance, gifts, waqf, wills and inheritance. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. A waqf ( plural, awqāf; vakıf wæqəf is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim [26] The courts generally apply the Hanafi Sunni law, with exceptions made only for those areas where Shia law differs substantially from Sunni practice. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic
Although the Indian constitution provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion, Article 44 recommends a Uniform civil code. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. Uniform Civil Code is a term which has originated from the concept of a Civil Law Code. The attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under common civil code is strongly resisted and is viewed by Indian Muslims as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country. Thus in India there exists the unique situation where proponents of a secular law are deemed fascist while those who support the separate Sharia law for Indian Muslims are considered secular. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The All India Muslim Personal Law Board was established for the protection and continued applicability of “Muslim Personal Law” i. The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB is an organisation constituted in 1973 to adopt suitable strategies for the protection and continued applicability of Muslim Personal e. Shariat Application Act in India.
Hindu-Muslim conflict
- See also: Persecution of Muslims#Communal violence in India and Persecution of Hindus#In the Indian subcontinent
India has always maintained a constitutional commitment to secularism. Persecution of Muslims refers to the Religious persecution inflicted upon Muslims Persecution may refer to beating torture confiscation or destruction Persecution of Hindus refers to the Religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus Hindus have been historically persecuted during Islamic rule of the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Since the colonial period, Hindu-Muslim relations in India have been marred by communal violence. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other The aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947 saw large scale sectarian strife and bloodshed throughout the nation. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, Sectarian violence or sectarian strife is Violence inspired by Sectarianism, that is between different Sects of one particular mode of thought Since then, India has witnessed sporadic large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of the Hindu and Muslim communities. These conflicts also stem from the ideologies of Hindu Nationalism versus Islamic Extremism and prevalent in certain sections of the population. Hindu nationalism is a nationalist Ideology that sees the modern State of the Republic of India as a Hindu Polity Islamic Extremism is a term used to describe the actions and beliefs of violent Islamic activists though many mainstream Muslims would say they are not Islamic at all
More Muslims have usually been killed than Hindus in inter-community violence in India, while many Hindus have been persecuted in neighboring Muslim states and in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In all the communal riots since 1947, factually contested official police records reveal that three-quarters of lives lost and properties destroyed were Muslim, a figure that climbed to 85% during the 2002 riots in Gujarat. [27]. Nevertheless, it is to be noted that most of the Muslims of India remained in their homeland while many Hindus felt forced to migrate from Pakistan to India or Abroad.
Violence against Hindus East Pakistan, seeing the transmigration of over two million Hindus from 1950 to 1969, and also that of many Urdu speaking Muslims from the newly formed Bangladesh to West Pakistan during and after the 1971 crisis. The birth of Bangladesh witnessed unparalleled violence against Hindus as well when nearly three million Bangladeshis were killed and another 10 million sought refuge in India, the majority of them were Hindu. In addition, Islamist attacks on Hindus in Kashmir such as the Wandhama massacre and Kaluchak Massacre contributed to the rising communal tensions in the region. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Wandhama massacre refers to the murder of Kashmiri Hindus in the town of Wandhama on January 1998. The Kaluchak Massacre refers to an incident on May 14 2002 near the town of Kaluchak in the Indian state of Jammu when three terrorists attacked a tourist The ethnic cleansing of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits from the region by Islamists worsened the situation. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Original Kashmiri Pandit ( Hindi: hi कश्मीरी पण्डित refers to a person who belongs to a sect of Hindu Pandits who originate Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The Indian military stationed in Kashmir has been accused by Pakistan, as well as human rights advocacy groups, of atrocities against the Muslim population in the region.
The sense of communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims in the post-partition period has been compromised in the last decade with the razing of the disputed Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district The demolition took place in 1992 and was allegedly perpetrated by the Hindu Nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and organizations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Bajrang Dal and Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Hindu nationalism is a nationalist Ideology that sees the modern State of the Republic of India as a Hindu Polity The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ National Volunteers' Organisation) also known as the Sangh or The Bajrang Dal (बजरंग दल a Hindu Militant organization in India, is the youth wing of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP and is based on Viśva Hindū Pariṣad ( Devanāgarī: विश्व हिन्दु परिषद World Hindu Council widely This was followed by tit for tat violence by Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists throughout the country including Mumbai with the Bombay Riots and also the 1993 Mumbai Bombings, amongst those allegedly involved in these atrocities were the Muslim Mafia don Dawood Ibrahim and the predominantly Muslim D-Company criminal gang. Tit for tat is a highly effective strategy in Game theory for the Iterated prisoner's dilemma. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Although numerous riots have occurred in the City of Mumbai, India (Bombay since Independence, the Bombay Riots usually refers to the riots in Mumbai The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) India on March 12, 1993 Dawood Ibrahim (داوود ابراهيم b December 26, 1955, also known as Dawood Ebrahim, and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh D-Company is a Criminal organization headed by mafioso Dawood Ibrahim.
In 2001 a high profile attack on the Indian Parliament by Islamic militants created considerable strain on community relations. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a high-profile attack by Kashmiri militants against the building housing the Parliament of India in New Delhi The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme Legislative body of India.
With a rise in Hindu nationalism and Islamic extremism, Hindu-Muslim conflict has now allegedly taken a more planned form and is being linked to genocide. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group [28]
Some of the most violent events in recent times took place during the infamous Gujarat riots in India where it is estimated one thousand people were killed, most of whom allegedly Muslim, some sources claim there were approximately 2000 Muslim deaths and 58 Hindu deaths,[29] there were also allegations made of state involvement. The 2002 Gujarat violence describes a series of communal Riots between the communities of Hindus and Muslims that took place in the Indian [30][31] The riots were in retaliation to the Godhra Train Burning in which 50 Hindus belonging to group called the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, returning from the disputed site of the Babri Mosque, were burnt alive in a train fire at the Godhra railway station. The Godhra train burning incident occurred in the town of Godhra in the Indian state of Gujarat at 0830 hours (830 AM on 27 February 2002. Viśva Hindū Pariṣad ( Devanāgarī: विश्व हिन्दु परिषद World Hindu Council widely The Babri Mosque (بابری مسجد बाबरी मस्जिद or Mosque of Babur was a Mosque constructed by order of the first Mughal The incident was allegedly a planned act carried out by revengeful and extremist Ghanchi Muslims in the region against the Hindu pilgrims according to Gujarat police. [32] The commission appointed to investigate this finding declared that the fire was an accident. In 2006 the High Court decided the constitution of such a committee was illegal as another inquiry headed by Justice Nanavati Shah was still investigating the matter. [2]. The Nanavati Shah commission is yet to conclude its inquiry and recently declared that it is not going to give an interim report in the meantime. [33] The Gujarat riots that took place in retaliation for the incident swiftly took the state out of control, with the killing of Muslims by angry mobs of Hindus. Several Hindu Nationalist groups and government ministers (including the chief minister of Gujarat state, Narendra Modi) have been accused of direct involvement in the anti-Muslim riots.
Muslim-Hindu conflicts have also been fomented due to the mushrooming of Islamic Extremist organisations like SIMI (Students Islamic Movement of India) whose goal is to establish Islamic rule in India. The Students Islamic Movement of India was formed in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh state in April 1977 Other Pakistan based groups such as the Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed have been fomenting bias in the local Muslim populace against Hindus. Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or These groups are believed by many to be responsible for the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, in which nearly 200 people were killed. Such groups also attacked the Indian Parliament in 2001, declared parts of Indian Kashmir to be Pakistani in 1999 and have orchestrated numerous other attacks including constant attacks in Indian Kashmir and bombings in the Indian capital New Delhi. The 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on October 29, 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least The 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on October 29, 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least In the meantime, the toll of innocent Muslims and Hindus at the altar of communal strife continues to mount. [3]
As per Professor M. D. Nalapat (Vice-chairman of the Manipal Advanced Research Group, UNESCO Peace Chair, and professor of geopolitics at Manipal University), the reason for "Hindu - Muslim" conflict is "Hindu Backlash" or "partial" secularism, in which only Hindus are expected to be secular while Muslims and other minorities remain free to practice exclusionary practices. India[34].
Muslim-Christian Conflict
For the most part, Muslims and Christians form the same votebank in the left-of-center arena of politics, typically at odds with Hindus. However, in troubled areas of India, Muslims and Christians have come into conflict with each other.
Muslims in India who convert to Christianity are often subjected to harassment, intimidation, and attacks by Muslims. In Kashmir, the only Indian state with a Muslim majority, a Christian convert and missionary named Bashir Tantray was killed , allegedly by militant Islamists in 2006[35].
A Christian priest, K. K. Alavi, who is a convert from Islam, recently raised the ire of his former Muslim community and has received many death threats. An Islamic terrorist group named "The National Development Front" actively campaigned against him. National Development Front, abbreviated as NDF, is a right wing Islamist organisation in Kerala, India established in 1993 claiming to [36].
Muslims in modern India
Muslims in India are 13. List of notable Muslims of independent India Literature Saadat Hasan Manto Kaifi Azmi Zoe Ansari A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 4% of total population. Like all minorities, Muslims have played roles in various fields of the country's advancement. Average income of Indian Muslims is the lowest across all Indian religions. The reasons said for the same are, marriages to multiple females, more number of children and low eductional levels. Only four percent of Indian Muslims study in Madrasas where the primary medium of eduction is Urdu. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised The remaining 96% are either go to government schools, private schools or are illiterate as per Sachar Committee report. The Rajinder Sachar Committee, appointed by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India was a high level committee for preparation of a report on the social economic The purchasing power of the Muslim community in India was estimated at about $30 billion in 2005 (or 4 per cent of the national total). However, an overwhelming 131 million Muslims in India live on a per capita consumption of less than Rs. 20 per day ($0. 50 per day), according to the findings of the Arjun Sengupta report on the Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector. [37][4] Despite such adversity, a vigorous 25 million-strong Muslim middle class developed in India in the last quarter of the 20th century. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power.
Prominent Indian Muslims
- There have been three Muslim presidents of India, Dr. Zakir Hussain, Dr Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed and Dr. Dr Zakir Hussain ( February 8, 1897 - May 3, 1969) ( Urdu: زاکِر حسین was the third President of India from A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (அவுல் பகீர் ஜைனுலாப்தீன் அப்துல் கலாம் born October 15 1931 Tamil Nadu
- India has also had some very popular Muslim actors- Shahrukh Khan, Amir Khan, Salman Khan and Saif Ali Khan are some of the most popular stars in Bollywood
Muslims are also playing pivotal roles in the advertising industry, film industry (Bollywood), modern art, academics, theatre and sports. Ustad Amir Khan ( Hindi: अमीर ख़ान was a well-known Indian classical Vocalist. Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan ( Hindi: सलमान ख़ान Urdu: سلمان خان səlˈmɑːn ˈxɑːn born December 27, 1965) Saif Ali Khan ( Hindi: सैफ़ अली ख़ान Urdu: سیف علی خان sɛf əli xɑn born August 16 1970 in New Delhi, India Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India Some large industries like Wipro Ltd. Wipro Technologies ( is an Information technology service company established in India in 1980 , Wockhardt, Himalaya health care, Hamdard Laboratories and Mirza Tanners are owned by Muslims.
Muslims are represented in Indian politics. For details on parliamentary representation see Muslims in Parliament of India. Muslims in India are 134% of total population Their representation in Lok Sabha is 6
Sachar Committee
According to a recently published report to government, called the Sachar Report, Muslims are heavily under-represented in different government and social areas. The Rajinder Sachar Committee, appointed by the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India was a high level committee for preparation of a report on the social economic [38][39][40] Among other facts, it found that in the state of West Bengal, where Muslims make up 27% of the population, their employment in the government sector was below 3%.
The Sachar report has received substantial backlash, including allegations of bias in the media coverage concerning the report. Indian media expert[41] Dasu Krishnamoorti has criticized the media coverage of the report. He criticizes the claims made in the media, that the fault of the plight of the Muslim lays squarely on the Hindus and the Congress Party, as politically motivated in favor of the Muslim community and encourages "emotional segregation (between Muslims and Hindus) that hardly helps Muslims share the Indian miracle". [42]The report stands criticized for misrepresenting data and figures, bias and "misrepresenting inequities". [43] Leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party have also criticized the Sacher report as "distorted, politically motivated and dangerous", also pointing out that proposals of special reservation given to Muslims would harm the country, and criticized the UPA Government's endorsement of the report as a snub to their previous efforts to help the Muslim community. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political United Progressive Alliance ( UPA) is the present ruling coalition of political parties heading the Government of India. [44][45] BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi said that the tone and texture of the Sachar Committee "has a striking similarity to the Muslim League of pre-independence era. Murli Manohar Joshi was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Unfortunately, the government is irrationally following a policy of blind populism which threatens to divide the nation. "[44]
Muslim employment in government sectors (according to the Sachar Report)[46]
| Area | Muslim % |
|---|---|
| Total | 4. 9 |
| PSUs | 7. 2 |
| IAS, IFS, and IPS | 3. 2 |
| Railways | 4. 5 |
| Judiciary | 7. 8 |
| Health | 4. 4 |
| Transport | 6. 5 |
| Home affairs | 7. 3 |
| Education | 6. 5 |
Muslim institutes
There are several well established Muslim institutes in India. Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution which was established in 1875 Here is a list of reputed institutes established by Muslims.
- Modern Universities and institutes: Aligarh Muslim University, , Dar-us salam educattion trust (which has colleges like deccan college of engineering, Deccan school of hospital management, Deccan college of Medical sciences), Jamia Millia Islamia, Hamdard University,Al- Barkaat Educational Institutions, Maulana Azad Education Society Aurangabad, Dr. Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution which was established in 1875 Jamia Millia Islamia ( Urdu: جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ Hindi: जामिया मिलिया इस्लामिया Translation Jamia Hamdard is a university located in New Delhi, India It offers was established in 1989 Rafiq Zakariya Campus Aurangabad]], Al Ameen Educational Society,Crescent Engineering College and Al-Kabir educational society. Crescent Engineering College: Also BSAbdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College is located in Vandalur near Tambaram, a suburban area of Chennai, India Al-Kabir educational society is an educational institution in Mysore and was founded by late Fahmida Begum in 1987
- Traditional Islamic Universities: Sunni Markaz Kerala (the largest charitable, non governmental, non-profit Islamic institution in India), Raza Academy, Al jamiatulAshrafia, Azamgarh, Darul Uloom Deoband and Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama. The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic school, where Deobandi Islamic movement was started Nadwatul Ulama is an Islamic institution at Lucknow, which draws large number of Muslim students from all over the country
Population statistics
Islam is India's largest minority religion, with Muslims officially constituting 13. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 4% of the country's population, or 138 million people as of the 2001 census. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population However, unofficial estimates claim a far higher figure supposedly discounted in censuses. For instance, in an interview with a well circulated newspaper of India The Hindu Justice K. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper M. Yusuf, a retired Judge from Calcutta High Court and Chairman of West Bengal Minority Commission, has said that the real percentage of Muslims in India is at least 20%. [5]
pro Hindutva people say in their reports that the Muslim population has reached 30%. For Veer Savarkar's book see Hindutva (book. Hindutva (Devanagari हिन्दुत्व "Hinduness" a word coined by Vinayak [6] [47]
The largest concentrations-about 47% of all Muslims in India, according to the 2001 census--live in the 3 states of Uttar Pradesh (30. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U 7 million) (18. 5%), West Bengal (20. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. 2 million) (25%), and Bihar (13. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. 7 million) (16. 5%). Muslims represent a majority of the local population only in Jammu and Kashmir (67% in 2001) and Lakshadweep (95%). ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Lakshadweep ( (ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്,) the smallest Union territory of India, is a group of islands 200 to 300 km off of the coast of High concentrations of Muslims are found in the eastern states of Assam (31%) and West Bengal (25%), and in the southern state of Kerala (24. Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; 7%) and Karnataka (12. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India 2%). Muslims are generally more educated, urban, integrated and prosperous in the Western and Southern states of India than in the Northern and Eastern ones; this could be due to partition when the more affluent and educated population migrated over the border, to Pakistan in the North and Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in the East. India has the third largest Muslim population (after Indonesia and Pakistan) and also the second largest Shia Muslim population (after Iran) in the world. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
The analysis on religious data, among the six major religious communities, shows that the decadal growth of the Muslims was the highest (36. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos 0%) in the 2001 census. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. This statistic suggested that while the growth rate for Hindus has fallen between 1991 and 2001 compared with 1981 and 1991, Muslims have actually grown faster in the last decade, this led Indian media[48] and different parties raising an alarm at the growing number of Muslims and expressing concern about the demographic imbalance and overpopulation, which the Indian government is desperately trying to stop democratically. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" [49]
A grave objection to this theory is the fact that the 1991 census did not include Jammu & Kashmir, the only Muslim majority state and strife-torn Assam, while the 2001 census does include Jammu & Kashmir. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Adjusted for this, the Muslim growth rate plunges from 36 per cent to 29. 3 per cent.
Muslim population in Indian states according to 2001 Census. [50]
| State | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Lakshadweep | 57,903 | 95. 4707 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 6,793,240 | 66. 9700 |
| Assam | 8,240,611 | 30. 9152 |
| West Bengal | 20,240,543 | 25. 2451 |
| Kerala | 7,863,842 | 24. 6969 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 30,740,158 | 18. 4961 |
| Bihar | 13,722,048 | 16. 5329 |
| Jharkhand | 3,731,308 | 13. 8474 |
| Karnataka | 6,463,127 | 12. 2291 |
| Uttaranchal | 1,012,141 | 11. 9225 |
| Delhi | 1,623,520 | 11. 7217 |
| Maharashtra | 10,270,485 | 10. 6014 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 6,986,856 | 9. 1679 |
| Gujarat | 4,592,854 | 9. 0641 |
| Manipur | 190,939 | 8. 8121 |
| Rajasthan | 4,788,227 | 8. 4737 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 29,265 | 8. 2170 |
| Tripura | 254,442 | 7. 9533 |
| Daman & Diu | 12,281 | 7. 7628 |
| Goa | 92,210 | 6. 8422 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 3,841,449 | 6. 3655 |
| Pondicherry | 59,358 | 6. 0921 |
| Haryana | 1,222,916 | 5. 7836 |
| Tamil Nadu | 3,470,647 | 5. 5614 |
| Meghalaya | 99,169 | 4. 2767 |
| Chandigarh | 35,548 | 3. 9470 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 6,524 | 2. 9589 |
| Orissa | 761,985 | 2. 0703 |
| Chhattisgarh | 409,615 | 1. 9661 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 119,512 | 1. 9663 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 20,675 | 1. 8830 |
| Nagaland | 35,005 | 1. 7590 |
| Punjab | 382,045 | 1. 5684 |
| Sikkim | 7,693 | 1. 4224 |
| Mizoram | 10,099 | 1. 1365 |
Percentage distribution of population (adjusted) by religious communities : India – 1961 to 2001 Census (excluding Assam and J&K). [51]
| Year | Percentage |
| 1951 | 10. 1% |
| 1971 | 10. 4% |
| 1981 | 11. 9% |
| 1991 | 12. 0% |
| 2001 | 12. 8% |
Percentage distribution (unadjusted) of population by religious communities India - 1961 to 2001 Census (without excluding Assam and J&K). [52]
| Year | Percentage |
| 1961 | 10. 7% |
| 1971 | 11. 2% |
| 1981 | 12. 0% |
| 1991 | 12. 8% |
| 2001 | 13. 4% |
| Composition | Hindus[53] | Muslims[54] |
|---|---|---|
| % total of population 2001 | 80. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 5 | 13. 4 |
| 10-Yr Growth % (est '91–'01)[55][β] | 20. 3 | 36. 0 |
| Sex ratio* (avg. 933) | 931 | 936 |
| Literacy rate (avg. 64. 8) | 65. 1 | 59. 1 |
| Work Participation Rate | 40. 4 | 31. 3 |
| Rural sex ratio[55] | 944 | 953 |
| Urban sex ratio[55] | 894 | 907 |
| Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs) | 925 | 950 |
Islamic traditions in South Asia
A large number of Indian Muslims follow Sunni Barelwi (Sufi) traditions attached to the memory of great Sufi saints. Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sufism is a mystical path (tarika) as distinct from the legalistic path of the sharia. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. A Sufi attains a direct vision of oneness with God, often on the edges of orthodox behavior, and can thus become a Pir (living saint) who may take on disciples (murids) and set up a spiritual lineage that can last for generations. Murid ( مريد) is a Sufi term meaning 'committed one' It refers to a person who is committed to a teacher in the spiritual path of Sufism Orders of Sufis became important in India during the thirteenth century following the ministry of Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236), who settled in Ajmer, Rajasthan, and attracted large numbers of converts to Islam because of his holiness. This article is about the founder of Sufism in India For the preceptor of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, see Moinuddin Chishty (Khuldabad. This article is about a city in central Rajasthan, for the historical region see Ajmer region. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area His Chishtiyya order went on to become the most influential Sufi lineage in India, although other orders from Central Asia and Southwest Asia also reached to India and played a major role in the spread of Islam. The Chishti Order ( - Češtī) is a Sufi order within the mystic branches of Islam which was founded in Chisht, a small town near Herat Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. In this way, they created a large literature in regional languages that embedded Islamic culture deeply into older South Asian traditions. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or
The leadership of the Muslim community pursued various directions in the evolution of Indian Islam during the twentieth century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The most conservative wing has typically rested on the education system provided by the hundreds of religious training institutes (madrasa) throughout the country, which have tended to stress the study of the Qur'an and Islamic texts in Arabic and Persian but little else. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Several national movements have emerged from this sector of the Muslim community. The Jamaati Islami (Islamic Party), founded in 1941, advocates the establishment of an overtly Islamic government. Jamaat-e-Islami ( Urdu: جماعتِ اسلامی, " Islamic Block " Jamaat, JI) is an Islamist Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Tablighi Jamaat (Outreach Society) became active after the 1940s as a movement, primarily among the ulema (religious leaders), stressing personal renewal, prayer, a missionary spirit, and attention to orthodoxy. Tablighi Jamaat ("Conveying Group" ( Arabic: جماعة التبليغ, also Tabligh) is a Muslim Missionary and revival The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be It has been highly critical of the kind of activities that occur in and around Sufi shrines and remains a minor if respected force in the training of the ulema. Conversely, other ulema have upheld the legitimacy of mass religion, including exaltation of pirs and the memory of the Prophet. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics A powerful secularising drive led by Syed Ahmad Khan resulted in the foundation of Aligarh Muslim University (1875 as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College)-with a broader, more modern curriculum, and other major Muslim universities. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (also Sayyid Ahmad Khan (سید احمد خان بہا در October 17 1817 – March 27 1898 commonly known as Sir Syed was an Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution which was established in 1875 Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common MAO College (or Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College) was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the leader of Muslim
Indo Islamic art and architecture
Indian architecture took new shape with the advent of Islamic rule in India towards the end of the 12th century AD. New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble, painted plaster and brightly coloured glazed tiles.
In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order i. e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate i. e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilizations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. One fact that must be stressed here is that, the Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments in these countries, which were largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble, the Indo-Islamic monuments were typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. It must be emphasized that the development of the Indo-Islamic architecture was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India.
Islamic architecture in India can be divided into two parts: religious and secular. Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture, while palaces and forts are examples of secular Islamic architecture. Forts were essentially functional, complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage and repel the enemy.
Mosques: The mosque or masjid is a representation of Muslim art in its simplest form. The mosque is basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, crowned off with a dome. A mihrab indicates the direction of the qibla for prayer. Towards the right of the mihrab stands the mimbar or pulpit from where the Imam presides over the proceedings. An elevated platform, usually a minaret from where the Faithful are summoned to attend prayers is an invariable part of a mosque. Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday prayers are called the Jama Masjids.
Tombs: Although not actually religious in nature, the tomb or maqbara introduced an entirely new architectural concept. While the masjid was mainly known for its simplicity, a tomb could range from being a simple affair (Aurangazeb’s grave) to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur (Taj Mahal). The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ The tomb usually consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the huzrah in whose centre is the cenotaph or zarih. This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome. In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the maqbara, in which the corpse is buried in a grave or qabr. Smaller tombs may have a mihrab, although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located at a distance from the main tomb. Normally the whole tomb complex or rauza is surrounded by an enclosure. The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a dargah. Almost all Islamic monuments were subjected to free use of verses from the Holy Koran and a great amount of time was spent in carving out minute details on walls, ceilings, pillars and domes.
Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the Imperial style (1191 to 1557AD); the Provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like Jaunpur and the Deccan; and the Mughal style (1526 to 1707AD). [56]
Literature
- Elliot and Dowson: The History of India as told by its own Historians, New Delhi reprint, 1990. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H
- Elliot, Sir H. M. , Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period is a book with eight volumes written by H (Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List)
- Majumdar, R. C. (ed. ), The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume VI, The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1960; Volume VII, The Mughal Empire, Bombay, 1973.
- Mistry, Malika B. (December 2005). "Muslims in India: A demographic and socio-economic profile". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25 (3): 399-422. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- M K A Siddiqui (ed. ), Marginal Muslim Communities In India, Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004) (review)
- Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1957). "Some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India". Studia Islamica 8: 51-69. Studia Islamica is an Islamic studies journal focusing on the history religion law literature and language of primarily south-western Asia and Mediterranean
See also
- Nawayath
- Beary Muslims of Dakshina Kannada
- Oriya Muslims
- Demographics of India
- Indian Muslim nationalism
- NCERT controversy
- Islam by country
- Islam in Pakistan
- Islam in Bangladesh
- Mappila (Muslim community from Kerala)
- Bombay(film) a film by Mani Rathnam on Hindu-Muslim relations
- Muslims in Parliament of India
- Raza Academy
- List of Indian Muslims
- Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
- Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam
- Zakir Naik
References
- This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Nawayath s (also spelled as Navayath or Nawayat are a small Muslim community found living in and around the town of Bhatkal a prosperous little picturesque town The Beary (also known as Byari) is a small Muslim community concentrated mostly in coastal South Kanara ( Dakshina Kannada) district of Karnataka Dakshina Kannada ( Kannada & Tulu:ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ (earlier known as South Kanara, or South Canara) is a coastal Oriya Muslims are an Islamic community in the Indian state of Orissa. The Demographics of India are overall remarkably diverse India's population of approximately 1 Indian Muslim nationalism refers to the political and cultural expression of Nationalism, founded upon the religious tenets and identity of Islam, of the Muslims The National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT) is an apex resource organisation set up by the Government of India, with headquarters at New Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Islam is the largest religion of Bangladesh, the Muslim population is over 130 million (the fourth-largest muslim population in the world after The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam:മാപ്പിള refer to the Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring This article is about the film See Bombay (disambiguation for other uses Muslims in India are 134% of total population Their representation in Lok Sabha is 6 Raza Academy is the most prominent Sunni organization of Indian Muslims. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam is a book by Koenraad Elst published in 1992. Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (born October 18, 1965) is an Indian Public speaker, and Writer on the subject of Islam and The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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- ^ Durant, Will. William James Durant ( November 5, 1885 &ndash November 7, 1981) was a prolific American popularizer in the fields of History "The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage" (page 459).
- ^ Elst, Koenraad. "Was there an Islamic "Genocide" of Hindus?", Kashmir Herald, 2006-08-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Retrieved on 2006-08-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath. Sir Jadunath Sarkar (যদুনাথ সরকার (December 10 1870 - May 19 1958) was a noted Indian Bengali historian How the Muslims forcibly converted the Hindus of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to Islam.
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- ^ Organised riots & structured violence in India. The Hindu. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ India's Great Divide. Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ India's Great Divide. Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Demand for CBI probe into Zaheera's u-turn. The Hindu. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Still a burning question
- ^ No report on Godhra: Nanavati Commission. The Hindustan Times. Retieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ A Hindu backlash hits Sonia Gandhi - upiasiaonline.com
- ^ Christian convert from Islam shot dead in Kashmir,SperoNews
- ^ Convert from Islam in India Remains on Death List,Christian Examiner
- ^ 84% of the Muslims in India live in Africa-like conditions
- ^ Summarised Sachar Report on Status of Indian Muslims
- ^ Sachar report to be implemented in full
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- ^ Welcome to Dasu Krishnamoorthy Media Site
- ^ Media Response to Sachar Report, Dasu Krishnamoorthy
- '^ Sachar Report, Myth and reality,Rediff. com
- ^ a b BJP criticized govt on Sachar report,Rediff. com
- ^ BJP leader criticized Sachar report,The Hindu
- ^ Frontline Magazine, pay. Hindu. com. This article is based on Sachar Report.
- ^ [1], although the Hindutva organizations generally gain from portraying the Muslims as a demographic threat. [Anand, Dibyesh, The Violence of Security: Hindu Nationalism and the Politics of Representing 'the Muslim' as a Danger, The Round Table, Vol. 94, No. 379 (April 2005): 208]
- ^ The Muslim growth rate and the media
- ^ - The population bogey Frontline Coverstory Volume 21 - Issue 20, Sept. 25 - Oct. 08, 2004
- ^ Indian Census 2001 - Religion
- ^ Indian Census. Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Indian Census. Retrieved on April 4, 2007. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Tables: Profiles by main religions: Hindus (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Tables: Profiles by main religions: Muslims (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b c A snapshot of population size, distribution, growth and socio economic characteristics of religious communities from Census 2001 (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION pp1–9. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
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External links
Articles
- Indian Muslims are descendants of locals, says scientific study
- Overview of Islamism in India - by Husain Haqqani, Hudson Institute
- Indian Muslims Inc, Their Market & Global Business Impact, Special Report by DinarStandard. Husain Haqqani or Hussain Haqqani ( Urdu: حسین حقّانی) (born July 1, 1956 in Malir, Karachi, Pakistan The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by com
- The Missing Muslim, the Sunday Express. Full coverage on Sachar Report
- Frontline Magazine, pay. Hindu. com
- India Muslims have lowest rank, BBC
- Why India's 150m Muslims are missing out on the country's rise, Economist
- Muslim India struggles to escape the past, Guardian Unlimited
- India's Muslim Population, Council on Foreign Relations
- India's Great Divide, Time
- Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List
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