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The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam, children's duties towards their parents, and parent's rights over their children, both males and females, biological and foster children. Foster care is a system by which a certified stand-in "parent(s" cares for minor Children or young peoples who have been removed from their birth parents Also discussed are some of the differences regarding rights with respect to different schools of thought.

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Contents

Children in the Qur'an

The Qur'an uses various terms for children (e. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. g. Arabic terms "dhurriyya; ghulām; ibn; walad; walīd; mawlūd; ṣabī; tifl; saghir) but according to Avner Giladi, the context seldom makes it clear whether it is exclusively referring to the unmatures. [1] The Qur'anic statements about children, Giladi states, are mainly concerned with "infanticide, adoption, breast-feeding, and fatherless children. "[1] These statements were of a normative-ethical significance for later Muslim jurists who formed the foundations of Islamic legislation. [1]

Children as property

In the pre-Islamic Arabia, the children were considered to be the properties of their fathers. The Qur'an rejected this conception. [2] A. Giladi holds that Quran's rejection of this idea was a Judaeo-Christian influence and was a response to the challenge of structural changes in tribal society. Judeo-Christian (or Judaeo-Christian, sometimes written as Judæo-Christian) is a term used to describe the body of concepts and values which are thought to be held [2]

Infanticide

Pre-Islamic Arabia

The pre-Islamic pagan Arab society also practiced Infanticide as a form of "post-partum birth control". Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. [1] Regarding the prevalence of this practice, we know it was "common enough among the pre-Islamic Arabs to be assigned a specific term, waʾd". [3] Infanticide was practiced either out of destitution (thus practiced on males and females alike), or as sacrifices to gods, or as "disappointment and fear of social disgrace felt by a father upon the birth of a daughter". [1]

Advent of Islam

The Qur'an rejected the practice of infanticide. Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. Together with polytheism and homicide, Infanticide was regarded as a grave sin (see 6:151 and 60:12). Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. [1] Infanticide is also implicitly denounced in the story of Pharoah's slaughter of the male children of Israelites (see 2:49; 7:127; 7:141; 14:6; 28:4 ;40:25). Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. The Qur'an also mentions the story, not intended as an example to be followed, of the killing of an unbelieving young man by khidr. Al-Khidr (الخضر "the Green One" also transcribed Khidr Khidar Khizr Khizar; or most accurately Ĥiḍr) has a disputed status amongst scholars This was done in order to preserve the young man's faithful parents from disobedience and ingratitude which the young man was destined to bring to their life (see 18:74; 18:80). [1]

Adoption

Pre-Islamic Arabia

Adoption was a common practice in pre-Islamic Arabia. According to this custom, the adopted son would take the name of his adoptive parent, and would be assimilated into the family in a "legal sense". [2][1]

Advent of Islam

The Quran replaced the pre-Islamic custom of adoption by the recommendation that "believers treat children of unknown origin as their brothers in the faith and clients". (see 33:4-5, 33:37-40)[2] Adoption was viewed "as a lie, as an artificial tie between adults and children, devoid of any real emotional relationship, as a cause of confusion where lineage was concerned and thus a possible source of problems regarding marriage between members of the same family and regarding inheritance. "[2] After the cancellation of the Arabic custom of adoption, Muhammad married Zaynab bint Jaysh, the divorced wife of his adopted son Zayd, thereby confirming the rule that forbids father and son to marry the same woman, Avner Giladi states. [1]

Breast-feeding

Pre-Islamic Arabia

In pre-Islamic Arabia, unlike the Jewish and Christian tradition, sexual relations between males and their milk-mothers or milk-sisters was not looked upon as incest. [1]

Advent of Islam

The Qur'an forbade sexual relations between males and their milk-mothers or milk-sisters (4:23). In Islamic Sharia legal terminology a mahram ( Arabic محرم also Transliterated mahrim or maharem) is an Radā or ridā'a is a technical term from Islamic jurisprudence meaning "the suckling which produces the legal impediment to marriage of foster-kinship" According to Avner Giladi, verses 2:233 and 65:6 aim at "protecting repudiated but still lactating women and their nurslings by guaranteeing them economic support from the father for at least two years and by sanctioning non-maternal nursing when needed. "[1]

Fatherless Children

The Qur'an in 19 verses forbids harsh and oppressive treatment of orphan's children while urging kindness and justice towards them. Muhammad himself was an orphan and an early Qur'anic verse 93:6-8 celebrates God's providence and care towards him. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Other Qur'anic verses identify those who repulse the orphan as unbelievers 107:2, rebuke those who do not honor the orphans and encourage the unbelievers to feed the orphans (see 89:17, 90:14-15). The Qur'an speaks of the reward waiting for those who feed orphans, poor and the prisoner for the love of God (76:8-9). It also warns those who wrongfully consume the property of orphans that they will be punished in the hereafter with "fire in their own bellies". [1][4] The Qur'an also gives concrete instructions to guardians regarding the orphans, particularly on how to protect their wealth and property rights. [4]

According to Avner Giladi, these verses were not only a reaction against the injustice and violence against widows and orphans before Islam but were also meant to strengthen and unify Muslim converts against the growing threat from outside and from within the group. [1][4]

Other passages

According to Avner Giladi, other Qur'anic passages are, on the whole, typical of patrilineal societies:[1]

sons (and property) are signs of divine benevolence (e. g. 16:72;17:6;26:132-133; 71:12) but can also be a temptation for the believers (8:28) who, unlike pagans, are to rely on God, not on earthly power (e. g. 3:10, 3:116;9:24; 18:46;19:77). Unlike daughters, whose birth evokes disappointment and protest against God's decree ( 16:57-59 ; cf. 42:49-50), sons are much desired (cf. 7:189-190). Both parents invest much in their children, from the moment of conception through pregnancy and lactation to weaning and upbringing (17:24; 31:14;46:15) and hope to find comfort in them (25:74). Mothers, particularly, love their children (20:40;28:7-13), with some indication of favoring sons. Children are sexually innocent and therefore may be in the company of adults of both sexes even when the latter are not completely dressed ( 24:31,24:58-59).

Rights of Children

A tradition reports:

Prophet Muhammad was reported as saying: "Be fair and just in terms of the gifts you offer your children. If I was to give preference to any (gender over the other) I would have preferred females over males (in terms of giving gifts). "[6][7]

One day a man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab to complain of disobedient son. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great So Umar had brought the boy to him and he blamed him for his disobedience. Then the boy addressed Umar by saying "O Commander of the faithful: Are there no rights for boy against his father?". Umar said "yes". Then the boy said "What are these rights O Commander of the Faithful?" Umar said, "To choose a good mother for him, to select good name to him and to teach him the Quran" Then the boy said: "O Commander of the faithful; my father has not accomplished any of these rights. As for my mother, she was a black slave for a Magian; As for my name, he has named me Jual (beetle); and he has not taught me even one letter from the Quran". Then Umar turned round to the man and said "you came to me complaining disobedience on the part of your son, whereas you have not given him his rights. So you have made mistakes against him before he has made mistakes against you". [12]

Rights of Parents

With regard to Islam, some of the prerogatives of parents with respect to children, and countervailing rights of children are:

The Prophet said thrice, "Should I inform you out the greatest of the great sins?" They said, "Yes, O Allah's Apostle!" He said, "To join others in worship with Allah and to be undutiful to one's parents. " The Prophet then sat up after he had been reclining (on a pillow) and said, "And I warn you against giving a false witness", and he kept on saying that warning till we thought he would not stop. (See Hadith No. 7, Vol. 8)[14]

A man came to the Prophet and said, "O Allah's Apostle! Who is more entitled to be treated with the best companionship by me?" The Prophet said, "Your mother. " The man said. "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your mother. " The man further said, "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your mother. " The man asked for the fourth time, "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your father. "[17][18]

Muhammad and Children

Muhammad established laws and examples (sunnah) in respect of which is obligatory for the Muslim community to follow. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” His behavior towards children was demonstrably kind. Instances of Muhammad professing affection for children are recorded in hadith(s):

I went along with Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) at a time during the day but he did not talk to me and I did not talk to him until he reached the market of Banu Qaynuqa. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, بنو قينقاع) were one of the three main Jewish He came back to the tent of Fatimah and said, “Is the little chap (meaning Al-Hasan) there?” We were under the impression that his mother had detained him in order to bathe him and dress him and garland him with sweet garland. Not much time had passed that he (Al-Hasan) came running until both of them embraced each other, thereupon Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “O Allah, I love him; love him and love one who loves him. ” (Sahih Muslim)

Abu Hurairah reported: The Prophet (Muhammad) kissed his grandson Al-Hasan bin `Ali in the presence of Al-Aqra` bin Habis. Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Thereupon he remarked: "I have ten children and I have never kissed any one of them. " Messenger of Allah (Muhammad) looked at him and said, "He who does not show mercy to others will not be shown mercy". IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics (Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim). Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections

Another tradition relates his emphasis on treating children with respect and understanding:

Narrated `A’ishah: The Prophet took a child in his lap … and then the child urinated on him, so he asked for water and poured it over the place of the urine. (Bukhari) . . . . Embarrassed, the father sprang forward. “What have you done, you silly boy” he shouted. His arm shoved forward to grab the child away from the Muhammad, his red face showing his anger. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Fear and confusion showed in the face of the child. Muhammad restrained the man, and gently hugged the child to him. “Don’t worry,” he told the over-zealous father. “This is not a big issue. My clothes can be washed. But be careful with how you treat the child” he continued. “What can restore his self-esteem after you have dealt with him in public like this?”". [23]

Marriage

Consent

All Sunni schools of thought agree that forced marriages are strictly forbidden in Islam, as Islamic marriages are contracts between two consenting parties referred to as mithaq. [24] It has been quoted from Muhammad:

"The widow and the divorced woman shall not be married until their order is obtained, and the virgin shall not be married until her consent is obtained. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics "

In addition, Muhammad gave women the power to annul their marriages if it was found that they had been married against their consent. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

"When a man gives his daughter in marriage and she dislikes it, the marriage shall be annulled. " Once a virgin girl came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said that her father had married her to a man against her wishes. The Prophet gave her the right to repudiate the marriage. [24]

In Islam, marriage is essentially a contract. However, the distinction between sacred and secular was never explicit in Islam. Any action or transaction in Islam has religious implications. It is not quite accurate, therefore, to designate marriage in Islam simply as a secular contract.

For a valid marriage, the following conditions must be satisfied, this is in accordance with all schools of thought[25]

Maliki school of thought gives the right of Ijbar to the guardian. Ijbar is defined as the annulment of marriage due to objection by male guardian. [26] According to Imam Malik, children due to their immaturity may choose an unsuitable partner for themselves, hence, the power of Ijbar has been given to the guardian so that he may overrule the child to marry someone he thinks is unsuitable for her. This is the legal right given to the guardian for girls by Maliki school of thought. [27] In addition, Islam requires that parents be followed in almost every circumstances, hence parents may ask their children to divorce a certain person, but this cannot be upheld in an Islamic court of law and is not a legal right of the parent. [28]

Age of Marriage

No age limits have been fixed by Islam for marriage according to Levy,[29] and "quite young children may be legally married. " The girl may not live with the husband however until she is fit for marital sexual relations. [30] The Hanafi madhhab of Islamic fiqh maintains that a wife must not be taken to her husband's house until she reaches the condition of fitness for sexual relations. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Levy adds:

"In case of a dispute on the matter between the husband and the bride's wali (her nearest male kinsman and her guardian), the judge (qadi) is to be informed and he is to appoint two matrons to examine the girl and report on her physical preparedness for marriage. Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting Qadi (also known as Qazi or Kazi or Kadi) (قاضي is a judge ruling in accordance with the Sharia, Islamic religious law If they decide she is too young, she must return to her father's house until she is judged fit. Betrothal may take place at any age. Actual marriage is later, but the age for it varies in different lands. "[31]

In Islamic legal terminology, Baligh refers to a person who has reached maturity, puberty or adulthood and has full responsibility under Islamic law. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society In Islamic Legal terminology Baligh or Bulugh (بالغ or بُلوغ refers to a person who has reached maturity or Puberty and has full responsibility Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Legal theorists assign different ages and criteria for reaching this state for both males and females. [32] In marriage baligh is related to the Arabic legal expression, hatta tutiqa'l-rijal, which means that the wedding may not take place until the girl is physically fit to engage in sexual intercourse. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract In comparison, baligh or balaghat concerns the reaching of sexual maturity which becomes manifest by the menses. Sexual maturity is the age or stage when an Organism can reproduce. The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the The age related to these two concepts can, but need not necessarily, coincide. Only after a separate condition called rushd, or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a girl receive her bridewealth. Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of [33]

Orphans and Adoptees

By a verse in the Qur'an, Muhammad instructed adoptive parents to refer to their adoptive children by the names of their biological parents, if known:

. An orphan (from the Greek ὀρφανός) is a child whose natural parents are absent or dead and who are not there to bring him up Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born . . Nor has He made your adopted sons your (biological) sons. Such is (only) your (manner of) speech by your mouths. But Allah tells (you) the Truth, and He shows the (right) Way. Call them by (the names of) their fathers; that is juster in the sight of Allah. But if you know not their father's (names, call them) your brothers in faith, or your trustees. But there is no blame on you if you make a mistake therein. (What counts is) the intention of your hearts. And Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. (Qur'an [Qur'an 33:4-5])

The guardian/child relationship under Islamic law regarding is slightly different than the guardian/adoptee relationship under the civil law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Islamic adoption is termed kafala, originating from a word meaning "to feed. This is a sub-article to Islamic marital jurisprudence and Adoption. " In essence, it describes more of a foster-parent relationship. Some other Islamic customs surrounding this relationship are:

Slavery

Main article: Islam and slavery

Islam accepts certain circumstances of child enslavement. The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. The children of a slave-girl also obtain the status of slave under the mother's master; except if the father is the master himself, in which case the child is born free and the mother becomes an umm walad, necessitating her eventual emancipation. [34][35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Children
  2. ^ a b c d e A. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Children usually acquire the religious views of their Parents though they may also be influenced by others they communicate with such as peers and teachers The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts Giladi, saqir, Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill
  3. ^ Donna Lee Bowen, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Infanticide
  4. ^ a b c Giladi, Avner. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Orphans, Encyclopedia of the Quran. The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts Brill, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c By I. A. Arshed. Parent-Child Relationship in Islam. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  6. ^ Al-Sheha, Abdulrahman. Women In the Shade of Islam, 33-34.  
  7. ^ Reported by Imam Bayhaqi
  8. ^ The Rights of Children In Islam
  9. ^ "Imam Al-Ghazali’s views on children's education"
  10. ^ from Hadith collections compiled by Tirmidhi (#4977) and Baihaqi
  11. ^ ibid. Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Husayn al-Bayhaqi, البيهقي also known as Imam Al-Bayhaqi was born 384AH (994 in the small town of Khusraugird near Bayhaq in
  12. ^ Ulwan, Abd-Allah Nasih (2000). Child Education in Islam. Dar Al Salam. ISBN 977-342-000-0.  
  13. ^ Parents' rights in Islam
  14. ^ Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 48, Number 822
  15. ^ Mother in Qur'an & Sunnah
  16. ^ "Who has more right to custody in Islam?"
  17. ^ Mother in Qur'an & Sunnah
  18. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 2
  19. ^ http://www.jamiat.org.za/al-jamiat/v34children.html 'Disciplining of Children - An Islamic Perspective' by Mufti Z. Bhayat, citing Abu Dawood and Durr-Manthoor
  20. ^ ibid. , citing the named author.
  21. ^ ibid.
  22. ^ ibid.
  23. ^ Kassamali, Tahera. Raising Children. Tayyiba Publishers & Distr.  
  24. ^ a b c Prof. Abdur Rahman I. Doi Professor and Director, Center for Islamic Legal Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaira, Nigeria. Marriage - The Free Consent of the Parties. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Hannan, Social Laws in Islam"
  26. ^ Prof. Abdur Rahman I. Doi Professor and Director, Center for Islamic Legal Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaira, Nigeria. Marriage - Ijbar: A Safety Valve. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  27. ^ ibid
  28. ^ "Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 73, Number 8"
  29. ^ Levy, p. 106
  30. ^ Levy, p. 106
  31. ^ Levy, p. 107
  32. ^ John Esposito, Islam, Oxford University Press 2003
  33. ^ Masud, Islamic Legal Interpretation, Muftis and Their Fatwas, Harvard University Press, 1996
  34. ^ p. John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the 79 Levy 1969, The Social Structure of Islam, by Reuben Levy - Professor of Persian in the University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
  35. ^ page 11 of 'Abd. Brunschvig. - Encyclopedia of Islam'

References

External links

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