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Saint Isidore of Seville
St. Isidore, depicted by Murillo
Bishop, Confessor and Doctor of the Church
Born c. This article is about the painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo There is also an article on the Canadian village Murillo Ontario, which was named after the artist due to 560, Cartagena, Spain
Died April 4, 636, Seville, Spain
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Canonized 1598, Rome by Pope Clement VIII
Feast April 4
Attributes Confessor; Doctor of the Church; bees; Bishop holding a pen while surrounded by a swarm of bees; bishop standing near a beehive; old bishop with a prince at his feet; pen; priest or bishop with pen and book; with Saint Leander, Saint Fulgentius, and Saint Florentina; with his Etymologia
Patronage (only proposed, but quite well embraced) computers, the internet; students
Saints Portal

Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: San Isidro or San Isidoro de Sevilla, Latin: Isidorus Hispalensis) (c. Events By Place Europe Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Events By Place Byzantine Empire August 20 — Battle of Yarmuk: Khalid ibn al-Walid 's victory against the Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life The title confessor is used in the Christian Church in several ways Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight A beehive is in a general sense an enclosed structure in which some species of Honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young Saint Leander of Seville ( San Leandro de Sevilla) ( Cartagena, c For homonyms including another saint see Fulgentius. Saint Fulgentius of Écija (San Fulgencio de Écija was Bishop of Ecija (Astigi Saint Florentina (d ca 612 is venerated as a Saint by the Catholic Church. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. 560 – April 4, 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and has the reputation of being one of the great scholars of the early Middle Ages. Events By Place Europe Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Events By Place Byzantine Empire August 20 — Battle of Yarmuk: Khalid ibn al-Walid 's victory against the In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. All the later medieval history-writing of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) were based on his histories. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

At a time of disintegration of classical culture, and aristocratic violence and illiteracy, he was involved in the conversion of the royal Visigothic Arians to Catholicism, both assisting his brother Leander of Seville, and continuing after his brother's death. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. Saint Leander of Seville ( San Leandro de Sevilla) ( Cartagena, c Like Leander, he took a most prominent part in the Councils of Toledo and Seville. Councils of Toledo ( Concilia toletana) From the fifth to the Seventh century, about thirty Synods, variously counted were held at Toledo The Visigothic legislation which resulted from these councils is regarded by modern historians as exercising an important influence on the beginnings of representative government.

Contents

Life

Childhood and education

Isidore was born in Cartagena, Spain, to Severianus and Theodora, part of an influential family who were instrumental in the political-religious manoeuvring that converted the Visigothic kings from Arianism to Catholicism, and were all awarded sainthoods:

Isidore received his elementary education in the Cathedral school of Seville. In this institution, which was the first of its kind in Hispania, the trivium and quadrivium were taught by a body of learned men, among whom was the archbishop, Leander. In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects taught first Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. The quadrivium comprised the four subjects or arts taught in Medieval universities after the trivium. With such diligence did he apply himself to study that in a remarkably short time mastered Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Statue of Isidore of Seville by José Alcoverro, outside of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, in Madrid.
Statue of Isidore of Seville by José Alcoverro, outside of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, in Madrid. José Alcoverro y Amorós ( Tivenys, Tarragona, 1835 — Madrid, December 1908 was a Spanish sculptor a pupil of José Piquer. The Biblioteca Nacional de España ('National Library of Spain' is a major Public library, the largest in Spain Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.

Whether St. Isidore ever embraced monastic life or not is still an open question, but though he himself may never have been affiliated with any of the religious orders, he esteemed them highly — on his elevation to the episcopate he immediately constituted himself protector of the monks and in 619 he pronounced anathema against any ecclesiastic who should in any way molest the monasteries. The episcopate is the collective body of all Bishops of a church Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople.

Bishop of Seville

After the death of St. Leander, his brother St. Isidore succeeded to the See of Seville.

His long incumbency in this office was spent in a period of disintegration and transition. The ancient institutions and classic learning of the Roman Empire were fast disappearing. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial For almost two centuries the Goths had been in full control of Hispania, and their barbarous manners and contempt of learning threatened greatly to put back her progress in civilization. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s

Realizing that the spiritual as well as the material well-being of the nation depended on the full assimilation of the foreign elements, St. Isidore set himself to the task of welding into a homogeneous nation the various peoples who made up the Gothic kingdom. To this end he availed himself of all the resources of religion and education. His efforts were attended with complete success. Arianism, which had taken deep root among the Visigoths, was eradicated, and the new heresy of Acephales was completely stifled at the very outset; religious discipline was everywhere strengthened. Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief

Second Synod of Seville (November 618 or 619)

Isidore presided over the Second Council of Seville, begun November 13, 619, in the reign of King Sisebur. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Sisebut (also Sisebuth Sisebuto Sisebur or Sisebod died 620 or 621 was Visigothic King of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) from 612 until The bishops of Gaul and Narbonne attended, as well as the Hispanic prelates. In the Council's Acts the nature of Christ is fully set forth, countering Arian conceptions.

Fourth National Council of Toledo

At this council, begun December 5, 633, all the bishops of Hispania were in attendance. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Events By Place Europe Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. Osric becomes king of Deira. St. Isidore, though far advanced in years, presided over its deliberations, and was the originator of most of its enactments.

The council probably expressed with tolerable accuracy the mind and influence of St. Isidore. The position and deference granted to the king is remarkable. The Church is free and independent, yet bound in solemn allegiance to the acknowledged king: nothing was said of allegiance to the Bishop of Rome. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and

It was at the Fourth National Council of Toledo and through his influence that a decree was promulgated commanding and requiring all bishops to establish seminaries in their Cathedral Cities, along the lines of the school associated with Isidore already existing at Seville. Within his own jurisdiction he had availed himself of the resources of education to counteract the growing influence of Gothic barbarism. His was the quickening spirit that animated the educational movement of which Seville was the centre. The study of Greek and Hebrew, as well as the liberal arts, was prescribed. Interest in law and medicine was also encouraged. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Through the authority of the fourth council this policy of education was made obligatory upon all the bishops of the kingdom.

Works

Isidore's Latin style in the ‘’Etymologiae‘’ and elsewhere, though simple and lucid, cannot be said to be classical, affected as it was by local Visigothic traditions. It discloses most of the imperfections peculiar to all ages of transition and particularly reveals a growing Visigothic influence. Isidore can possibly be characterized as the world's last native speaker of Latin. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Etymologiae

Long before the Arabs had awakened to an appreciation of Greek Philosophy, he had introduced Aristotle to his countrymen. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding He was the first Christian writer to essay the task of compiling for his co-religionists a summa of universal knowledge, in the form of his most important work, the Etymologiae (taking its title from the method he used in the transcription of his era's knowledge). A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Etymologiae (or Origines, standard abbrev Orig) is an Encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (died It is also known by classicists as the Origines (the standard abbreviation being Orig. ). This encyclopedia — the first known to be compiled in medieval civilization — epitomized all learning, ancient as well as modern, forming a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 volumes. An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge An epitome ( Greek epitemnein —to cut short is a summary or miniature form also used as a Synonym for embodiment In it many fragments of classical learning are preserved which otherwise would have been hopelessly lost but, on the other hand, some of these fragments were lost in the first place because Isidore’s work was so highly regarded that it superseded the use of many individual works of the classics themselves, which were not recopied and have therefore been lost.

The fame of this work imparted a new impetus to encyclopedic writing, which bore abundant fruit in the subsequent centuries of the Middle Ages. It was the most popular compendium in medieval libraries. It was printed in at least 10 editions between 1470 and 1530, showing Isidore's continued popularity in the Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Until the twelfth century brought translations from Arabic sources, Isidore transmitted what western Europeans remembered of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks, although he understood only a limited amount of Greek. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Etymologiae was much copied, particularly into medieval bestiaries. A bestiary, or Bestiarum vocabulum is a compendium of beasts Bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals

The shape of the Earth

The medieval T-O map represents the inhabitated world as described by Isidore in his Etymologiae.
The medieval T-O map represents the inhabitated world as described by Isidore in his Etymologiae. A T and O map or O-T or T-O map ( orbis terrae, orb or circle of the earth is a type of Medieval World map, sometimes also called Etymologiae (or Origines, standard abbrev Orig) is an Encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (died

Isidore taught in the Etymologiae that the Earth was round. His meaning was ambiguous and some writers think he referred to a disc-shaped Earth; his other writings make it clear, however, that he considered the Earth to be globular. [1] He also admitted the possibility of people dwelling at the antipodes, considering them as legendary[2] and noting that there was no evidence for their existence. The antipodes refer to lands and peoples located on the opposite side of the World compared to the speaker [3] Isidore's disc-shaped analogy continued to be used through the Middle Ages by authors clearly favouring a spherical Earth, e. g. the 9th century bishop Rabanus Maurus who compared the habitable part of the northern hemisphere (Aristotle's northern temperate clime) with a wheel, imagined as a slice of the whole sphere. Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c 780 &ndash 4 February 856) also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. See also: Flat Earth. The idea of a flat Earth is the idea that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane) rather than the view that it is a very close approximation of

On the Catholic Faith against the Jews

St. Isidore's "De fide catholica contra Iudeaos" furthers St. Augustine's ideas on the Jewish presence in Christian society. Like St. Augustine, Isidore of Seville accepted the necessity of not eliminating the Jewish population because of their supposed role in the second coming of Christ. In "De fide catholica contra Iudeaos", Isidore exceeds the anti-Jewish polemics of early theologians by demonizing Jewish practice as deliberately disingenuous. [4]

Other works

His other works include

Afterlife

Isidore (right) and Braulio (left) in an Ottonian illuminated manuscript from the 2nd half of 10th century.
Isidore (right) and Braulio (left) in an Ottonian illuminated manuscript from the 2nd half of 10th century. Saint Braulio or Braulius, Bishop of Zaragoza (590–651 was a learned cleric of seventh-century Hispania. The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024 named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and

Isidore was the last of the ancient Christian philosophers, as he was the last of the great Latin Church Fathers. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church Some consider him to be the most learned man of his age, and he exercised a far-reaching and immeasurable influence on the educational life of the Middle Ages. His contemporary and friend, Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa, regarded him as a man raised up by God to save the Iberian peoples from the tidal wave of barbarism that threatened to inundate the ancient civilization of Hispania, The Eighth Council of Toledo (653) recorded its admiration of his character in these glowing terms: "The extraordinary doctor, the latest ornament of the Catholic Church, the most learned man of the latter ages, always to be named with reverence, Isidore". Saint Braulio or Braulius, Bishop of Zaragoza (590–651 was a learned cleric of seventh-century Hispania. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Events Sigeberht II the Good succeeds Sigeberht I the Little as king of Essex. This tribute was endorsed by the Fifteenth Council of Toledo, held in 688. For the submarine see Los Angeles class submarine. ---- Events By Place Europe Emperor Justinian II

References

  1. ^ Isidore, Etymologiae, XIV. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ii. 1[1]; Wesley M. Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum", Isis, 71(1980): 268-277.
  2. ^ Isidore, Etymologiae, XIV. v. 17[2].
  3. ^ Isidore, Etymologiae, IX. ii. 133[3].
  4. ^ Cohen, Jeremey. Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jews in Medieval Christianity, 97.

External links

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Other material

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