This article is about Isaac in the Hebrew Bible. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic For other uses, see Isaac (disambiguation).

Sacrifice of Isaac, a detail from the sarcophagus of the Roman consul Junius Bassus, ca. 359 AD.

According to the Hebrew Bible, Isaac (Hebrew: Yitzchak יִצְחָק, Standard Yiẓḥaq Tiberian Yiṣḥāq ; Arabic: إسحٰق, ʾIsḥāq ; "he will laugh") is the son of Abraham and Sarah, and the father of Jacob and Esau. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Esau (ˈisɔ ( Hebrew, Standard Hebrew Esav, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĒśāw) is the brother of Jacob (whom God renamed His story is told in the Book of Genesis. Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: (Genesis 21:1-5) Isaac was the longest-lived of the patriarchs, and the only biblical patriarch whose name was not changed. The Patriarchs (also known as the Avot in Hebrew) according to the Judeo-Christian Old Testament are Abraham, his Son Isaac was the only patriarch who did not leave Canaan, although he once tried to leave and God told him not to do so. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Compared to other patriarchs in the Bible, his story is less colorful, relating few incidents of his life.

The New Testament contains few references to Isaac. The early Christian church viewed Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac as an example of faith and obedience. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Binding of Isaac, in Genesis, is a story from the Hebrew Bible in which God asks Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moriah

Isaac is a prophet in Islam. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A few narratives of Isaac appear in the Qur'an. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur'an views Isaac as a righteous man, servant of God and the father of Israelites. Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person The Qur'an states that Isaac and his progeny are blessed as long as they uphold their covenant with God. Some early Muslims believed that Isaac was the son who was supposed to be sacrificed by Abraham. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: This view however ceased to find support among Muslim scholars in later centuries. ^[1]

Some academic scholars have described Isaac as "a legendary figure" while others view him "as a figure representing tribal history, though as a historical individual" or "as a seminomadic leader, or as the founder of a cult. "^[2]

Etymology and meaning

The English name Isaac is a translation of the Hebrew term Yiṣḥāq which literally means "may God smile. " The term conforms to a well-known Northwest Semitic linguist type, but is not known from elsewhere. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ ^[3] The Ugaritic texts from thirteenth century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite god El;^[3] the Bible (i. The Ugaritic language, discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 is known only in the form of writings found in the lost city of Ugarit, near the modern Eli (Hebrew אל is the Northwest Semitic word and name either translated into English as "god" or "God" or left untranslated as Eli, depending Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin e. the canonical collections of sacred writings of Judaism), however, ascribes the laugher to be Isaac's mother (Sarah) rather than the Canaanite god El. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible Eli (Hebrew אל is the Northwest Semitic word and name either translated into English as "god" or "God" or left untranslated as Eli, depending ^[3] The reason for Sarah's laughing, according to the Bible, was that God gave the news of the birth of Isaac to his parents. Since they were beyond the age of having children, they privately laughed at the prediction. ^[4][5]

Hebrew Bible

Isaac is mentioned by name more than 70 times in the book of Genesis but only mentioned 33 times elsewhere. The phrase "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" occurs 23 times in the Hebrew Bible. ^[6] Chapters 17-28 of the book of Genesis contain the stories of Isaac. Historians and academics in the fields of linguistics and source criticism believe that the stories of Isaac largely belong to the J, or Yahwist source (See Documentary hypothesis). See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it This entry is about Source evaluation (or information evaluation) in an interdisciplinary context and thus not limited to some discipline-specific understanding of The beginnings of Genesis 17:15-27 and the end from Genesis 27:46 to Genesis 28:9 is however believed to belong to the P, or Priestly source while Genesis 21:1-7 and Genesis 22:1-19 is considered to be the E, or Elohist source. The Priestly Source (P is posited as the most recent of the four chief sources of the Torah, as postulated by the long-established "standard" Wellhausen (or Graf-Wellhausen ^[7]

The account of the life of Isaac according to the Hebrew Bible

God gave the news of the birth of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah. Sarah was beyond the age of having children and privately laughed at the prediction. ^[4][3] When the child was born, she said "God had made me to laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me". ^[8] Isaac was the only child that Abraham and Sarah had together. ^[3] Sarah saw Ishmael mocking Isaac and urged her husband to banish Hagar and her child so that Isaac would be the only heir of Abraham. Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل ^[9] Abraham was hesitant but at God's order he listened to his wife's request. ^[5]

Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when the boy was eight days old. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions ^[3] According to the book of Genesis, a great feast was held for his being weaned. ^[10]

The angel hinders the offering up of Isaac, by Rembrandt

Several years later, God tested Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice his son. The Binding of Isaac, in Genesis, is a story from the Hebrew Bible in which God asks Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moriah ^[11] Abraham obeyed and took Isaac to the mount Moriah. Moriah ( Hebrew: מוריה Mōriyyā = "ordained/considered by YHWH " is the name given to a mountain range by the book of Genesis ^[12] Without murmuring, Isaac let Abraham bind him and lay him upon the altar as a sacrifice. Abraham took the knife and raised his hand to kill his son. At the last minute, an angel of the Lord prevented him from doing so. Instead of Isaac, Abraham sacrificed a ram that was trapped in a thicket nearby. ^[5]

When Isaac was forty years of age, Abraham sent Eliezer, his steward, into Mesopotamia to find a wife for him, from Bethuel, his brother-in-law's family. For the mathematician and Tamil activist see CJ Eliezer; also look at Eleazar Eliezer ( Hebrew: אֱלִיעֶזֶר Bethuel (בתואל &ndash Hebrew for “house of God ” in the Hebrew Bible, was an Aramean man the youngest son of Nahor and Rebekah was sent and became the wife of Isaac. This article is about the biblical matriarch For other uses of the word Rebecca see Rebecca (disambiguation Rebecca (also Rebekah also She was barren, so Isaac prayed for her and God granted her the favour of conception. She gave birth to twin boys, Esau and Jacob. Esau (ˈisɔ ( Hebrew, Standard Hebrew Esav, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĒśāw) is the brother of Jacob (whom God renamed Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; ^[9] Isaac favoured Esau, and Rebekah Jacob. ^[5]

Some years afterward, a famine obligated Isaac to move to Gerar, where Abimelech was king; and, as his father had done under similar circumstances, he referred to Rebekah as his sister. Gerar - meaning lodging-place - was a Philistine town and district in what is today south-central Israel. Abimelech or Avimelech ( was a common name of the Philistine kings. Abimelech, having discovered that she was his wife, reproved him for the deception. ^[5]

As Isaac grew very rich and his flocks multiplied, the Philistines of Gerar became so envious that they filled up all the wells which Isaac's servants had dug. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, At the desire of Abimelech he departed and pitched his tent in the valley of Gerar where he dug new wells, but was again put to some difficulties. At length, he returned to Beersheba where he fixed his habitation. Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע Be'er Sheva, بئر السبع, Birüssebi is the largest City in the Negev desert of southern Here the Lord appeared to him, and renewed the promise of blessing him. Also Abimelech visited him to form an alliance. ^[5]

Isaac Blessing Jacob, painting by Govert Flinck (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam). Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Govert (or Govaert) Teuniszoon Flinck ( January 25, 1615, Cleves - February 2, 1660, Amsterdam The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam or Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is a Dutch National museum in Amsterdam, located on the Museumplein

Isaac grew very old (137 years) and became completely blind. He called Esau, his eldest son, and directed him to procure some venison for him. But while Esau was hunting, Jacob deceptively misrepresented himself as Esau to his blind father and obtained his father's blessing, making Jacob Isaac's primary heir, and leaving Esau in an inferior position. Isaac lived some time after this, and sent Jacob into Mesopotamia to take a wife of his own family. ^[5]

Jewish traditions

In rabbinical tradition the age of Isaac at the time of binding is taken to be 37 which contrasts with common portrayals of Isaac as a child. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Hagar (הָגָר "Stranger" Standard Hebrew Hagar, Tiberian Hebrew Hāḡār; هاجر Hajar) according to the Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible According to the Hebrew Bible, Keturah or Ketura ( was the woman whom Abraham, the Patriarch of the Israelites, married after the According to the Hebrew Bible, Zimran ( also known as Zambran. Jokshan ("an offense" "hardness" or "a knocking" most probably Josephus' Jazar. Medan (Hebrew "contention to twist conflict" also spelt Madan was the third son of Abraham, the Patriarch of the Israelites, and Ishbak (Hebrew ish'băk "he will leave leaving" also spelt Jisbak and Josabak. Shuah ( Hebrew: "ditch swimming humiliation" also known as Sous, was the sixth son of Abraham, the Patriarch of the Israelites ^[9] The Rabbis also thought that the reason for the death of Sarah was the news of intended sacrifice of Isaac. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" ^[9] The sacrifice of Isaac was cited in appeals for the mercy of God in the later Jewish traditions. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut ^[13] The post-biblical Jewish interpretations often elaborate the role of Isaac beyond the biblical description and largely focus on Abraham's intended sacrifice of Isaac, called the aqedah("binding"). The Binding of Isaac, in Genesis, is a story from the Hebrew Bible in which God asks Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moriah ^[3] According to a version of these interpretations, Isaac died in the sacrifice and was revived. ^[3] According to many accounts of Aggadah, unlike the Bible, it is Satan who is testing Isaac and not God. Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה tales lore pl Aggadot or (Ashkenazi Aggados) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical ^[14] Isaac's willingness to follow God's command at the cost of his death has been a model for many Jews who preferred martyrdom to violation of the Jewish law. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law ^[9]

According to the Jewish tradition Isaac instituted the afternoon prayer. This tradition is based on Genesis 24:63 ("Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide")^[9]

Isaac was the only patriarch who stayed in Canaan during his whole life and though once he tried to leave, God told him not to do so(Genesis 26:2). Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Rabinnic tradition gave the explanation that Isaac was almost sacrificed and anything dedicated as a sacrifice may not leave the Land of Israel. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is ^[9] Isaac is the longest-lived of the patriarchs, and the only biblical patriarch whose name was not changed. ^[3][10]

Rabbinic literature also linked Isaac's blindness in old age as stated in the Bible to the sacrificial binding: Isaac's eyes went blind because the tears of angels present at the time of his sacrifice fell on Isaac's eyes. Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history ^[14]

New Testament

The New Testament contains few references to Isaac. ^[15] There are references to Isaac having been "offered up" by his father, and to his blessing his sons. ^[10] Paul contrasted Isaac (symbolizing Christianity) with the rejected older son Ishmael (symbolizing Judaism); (see Galatians 4:21-30^[16]). ^[3]In Galatians 4:28-31,^[17] Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace (into which her son Isaac enters). The Epistle to the Galatians is a book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul of Tarsus to a number of early Christian communities in the Roman province of The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible James 2:21-24^[18] argues that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification requires both faith and works. ^[7]

In the early Christian church, Abraham's willingness to follow God's command to sacrifice Isaac was used as an example of faith (Hebrews 11:17^[19]) and of obedience (James 2:21^[20]). A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: ^[13] While the epistle to the Hebrews^[21] views the release of Isaac from sacrifice as analogous to the resurrection of Jesus, the idea of the sacrifice of Isaac being a prefigure of sacrifice of Jesus on the cross dates back to the end of first Christian century. Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half The Christian Century is a Christian Magazine based in Chicago, Illinois. It first appeared in the apocryphal epistle of Barnabas and later became an important theme for many renowned artists. The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity The Epistle of Barnabas is a Greek treatise with some features of an Epistle containing twenty-one chapters preserved complete in the 4th century Codex ^[22]

Islam

Isaac is a prophet in Islam, mentioned in 15 Qur'anic passages. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ^[23][1] Like many other Hebrew prophets, the Qur'anic references to Isaac assume the audience is already familiar with him and his stories. There is little narrative of Isaac in the Qur'an. ^[24]

The Qur'an recalls that Isaac was given to Sarah, when she and her husband Abraham were both old. Sarah (; Arabic: سارة, Sārah; "a woman of high rank" is the wife of Abraham as described in the Hebrew Bible Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: ^[25][1] God gave Abraham the good news of the birth of Isaac "a prophet, one of the Righteous,"^[26] via messengers sent against the people of Lut. Lut redirects here for other uses see Lut (disambiguation See here if you were looking for Computer Science's Lookup tables Lut Sarah, however, is said to have laughed at the glad tidings of Isaac, and after him, of Jacob. Glad Tidings (full title Glad Tidings of the Kingdom of God) is a free Bible Magazine published monthly by the Christadelphians (Brethren ^[1]

Several other verses of the Qur'an talking about Isaac and Jacob being given to Abraham,^[27] and that God “made prophethood and the Book to be among his offspring”. ^[28][1] The formula "We gave Abraham Isaac and Jacob" has been "thought by some scholars to demonstrate that in the early revelations Jacob was considered to be a son of Abraham and not his grandson. Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; "^[29] In some instances, the Qur'an joins together Isaac and Ishmael and "Abraham praises God for giving him the two although he was old. Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل "^[30] In other instances Isaac's names occurs in the lists ^[31][1] Isaac is also mentioned alongside the twelve asbat (meaning tribes), who were the descendants of Isaac from Jacob. ^[32]

The Qur'an states that Abraham was commanded to sacrifice his son. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Binding of Isaac, in Genesis, is a story from the Hebrew Bible in which God asks Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moriah The son is not however named in the Qur'an ^[33] and in early Islam, there was a dispute over the identity of the son. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. However, Muslim scholars came to endorse that it was Ishmael. Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل ^[1] The argument of those early scholars who believed in Isaac rather than Ishmael (notably Ibn Ḳutayba, and al-Ṭabarī) was that "God's perfecting his mercy on Abraham and Isaac (in Qur'an 12:6) referred to his making Abraham his friend and saving him from the burning bush and to his rescuing Isaac. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The other party held that the promise to Sarah of son Isaac and grandson Jacob ^[34] excluded the possibility of a premature death of Isaac. Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; ^[1] The early dispute was more concerned with Persian rather than Jewish rivalry with Arabs, since the Persians claimed to be of descendants of Isaac. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Al-Masudi for example reports a Persian poet (902 CE) who claimed superiority over Arabs through descent from Isaac. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn íbn Ali al-Mas'udi (transl) (born c ^[1]

Academic view

Some scholars have described Isaac as "a legendary figure" while others view him "as a figure representing tribal history, though as a historical individual" or "as a seminomadic leader, or as the founder of a cult. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice "^[2]

The stories of Isaac, like other patriarchal stories of Genesis, are generally believed in liberal western scholarship (in contrast with conservative western scholarship, which believes the stories of Isaac, and other patriarchal stories in Genesis, to be factual) to have "their origin in folk memories and oral traditions of the early Hebrew pastoralist experience. "^[35] The Cambridge Companion to the Bible makes the following comment on the Biblical stories of the patriarchs:

Yet for all that these stories maintain a distance between their world and that of their time of literary growth and composition, they reflect the political realities of the later periods. Many of the narratives deal with the relationship between the ancestors and peoples who were part of Israel’s political world at the time the stories began to be written down (eight century B. C. E. ). Lot is the ancestor of the Transjordanian peoples of Ammon and Moab, and Ishmael personifies the nomadic peoples known to have inhibited north Arabia, although located in the Old Testament in the Negev. Esau personifies Edom (36:1), and Laban represents the Aramean states to Israel’s north. A persistent theme is that of difference between the ancestors and the indigenous Canaanites… In fact, the theme of the differences between Judah and Israel, as personified by the ancestors, and the neighboring peoples of the time of the monarchy is pressed effectively into theological service to articulate the choosing by God of Judah and Israel to bring blessing to all peoples. ” ^[36]

According to Martin Noth, a renowned scholar of the Hebrew Bible, the narratives of Isaac date back to an older cultural stage than that of the West-Jordanian Jacob. Martin Noth ( August 3, 1902 – May 30, 1968) was a German scholar of the Hebrew Bible who specialized in the pre-Exilic Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; ^[2] At that era, the Israelite tribes were not yet sedentary. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. In the course of looking for grazing areas, they had come in contact in southern Palestine with the inhabitants of the settled countryside. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. ^[2] The biblical historian A. Jopsen believes in the connection between the Isaac traditions and the North and in support of this theory adduces Amos 7:9 ("the high places of Isaac"). The Book of Amos is one of the books of the Nevi'im (Hebrew "prophets" and of the Christian Old Testament. ^[2]

Albrecht Alt and Martin Noth hold that "The figure of Isaac was enhanced when the theme of promise, previously bound to the cults of the 'God the Fathers' was incorporated into the Israelite creed during the southern-Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition. Martin Noth ( August 3, 1902 – May 30, 1968) was a German scholar of the Hebrew Bible who specialized in the pre-Exilic term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to "^[2] According to Martin Noth, at the southern-Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition, Isaac became established as one of the biblical patriarchs, however his traditions were receded in the favor of Abraham. Martin Noth ( August 3, 1902 – May 30, 1968) was a German scholar of the Hebrew Bible who specialized in the pre-Exilic term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to ^[2]

Testament

Main article: Testament of Isaac

The Testament of Isaac is a pseudonymous text which was most likely composed in Greek in Egypt after 100 C. The Testament of Isaac is a work now regarded as part of the Old Testament Apocrypha. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. E. It is also dependent on the Testament of Abraham. The Testament of Abraham is a 1st century CE Jewish work originating in Egypt In this testament, God sends the angel Michael to Isaac in order to inform him of his impending death. Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Isaac accepts God's decree but Jacob resists. Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Isaac in his bed-chamber tells Jacob of the inevitability of death. Isaac has a tour to heaven and hell shortly before his death in which God's compassion to repentant sinners is emphasized. Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering In this testament, Isaac also talks with the crowds on the subjects of priesthood, asceticism, and the moral life. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event ^[6]

Isaac in art

The earliest Christian portrayal of Isaac is found in the Roman catacomb frescoes. ^[37] Excluding the fragments, Alison Moore Smith classifies these artistic works in three categories:

"paintings showing the approach to the Sacrifice in which Abraham leads Isaac, bearing faggots, towards the altar; or Isaac approaches with the bundle of sticks, Abraham having preceded him to the place of offering. . . [paintings in which] Abraham is upon a pedestal and Isaac stands near at hand, both figures in orant attitude. . . [paintings in which] Abraham is shown about to sacrifice Isaac while the latter stands or kneels on the ground beside the altar. The Binding of Isaac, in Genesis, is a story from the Hebrew Bible in which God asks Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moriah Sometimes Abraham grasps Isaac by the hair. Occasionally the ram is added to the scene and in the later paintings the Hand of God emerges from above"^[37]

See also

• Ishmael
• Abraham
• Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
• Prophets of Islam

Notes

References

• Browning, W. R. F (1996). A dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211691-6.  
• The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th). (2000). Ed. Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton. Gale Group. ISBN 978-1593392369.  
• Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.  
• Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st). (2001). Ed. Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley. Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2414-5.  
• Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st). (2005). Ed. John Bowden. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-522393-4.  
• The New Encyclopedia Britannica. (2005). Encyclopedia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition. ISBN 978-1593392369.  
• Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts (2005). Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004123564.  
• The New Encyclopedia of Judaism (2nd). (2002). Ed. Geoffrey Wigoder. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814793886.  
• Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd). (2005). Ed. Lindsay Jones. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0028657332.  
• Eerdmans, Wm. B. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0802824004.  

External links

• Isaac in Catholic Encyclopedia
• Isaac in Jewish Encyclopedia
• Abraham's son as the intended sacrifice (Al-Dhabih, Qur'an 37:99, Qur'an 37:99-113): Issues in qur'anic exegesis, journal of Semitic Studies XXX1V/ Spring 1989