Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil or architectural feature made of iron especially used for decoration. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 There are two main types of ironwork wrought iron and cast iron. QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. While the use of iron dates as far back as 4000BC, it was the Hittites who first knew how to extract it (see iron ore) and develop weapons. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Use of iron was mainly utilitarian until the Middle Ages, it became widely used for decoration in the period between the 16th and 19th century.
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Wrought ironwork
Wrought ironwork is forged by a blacksmith using an anvil. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i An anvil is a manufacturing tool made of a hard and massive block of stone or metal used as a support for Chiseling and Hammering other objects such as in The earliest known ironwork are beads from Jirzah in Egypt dating from 3500 BC and made from meteoric iron with the earliest use of smelted iron dates back to Mesopotamia. Gerzeh, also Girza or Jirzah, was a predynastic Egyptian cemetery (29°27'N 31°12'E located along the west bank of the Nile and today named This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. However, the first use of iron dates back to the Hittites from 2000BC.
Knowledge about the use of iron spread from the Middle East to Greece and the Aegean region by 1000BC and had reached western and central Europe by 600BC. However, its use was primarily utilitarian for weapons and tools before the Middle Ages. Due to rusting, very little remains of early ironwork.
From the medieval period, use of ironwork for decorative purposes became more common. Iron was used to protect doors and windows of valuable places from attack from raiders and was also used for decoration as can be seen at Canterbury Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral and Notre Dame de Paris. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a Winchester Cathedral at Winchester in Hampshire is one of the largest Cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and overall length of NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the Armour also was decorated, often simply but occasionally elaborately.
From the 16th century onwards, ironwork became highly ornate especially in the Baroque and Rococo periods. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design. In Spain, elaborate screens of iron or rejería were built in all of the Spanish cathedrals rising up to nine metres high.
In France, highly decorative iron balconies, stair railings and gateways were highly fashionable from 1650. Jean Tijou brought the style to England and examples of his work can be seen at Hampton Court and St Pauls Cathedral. Jean Tijou was a French Huguenot ironworker He is known solely through his work in England, where he worked on several of the key English Baroque Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. Wrought ironwork was widely used in the UK during the 18th in gates and railings in London and towns such as Oxford and Cambridge. In the US, ironwork features more prominently in New Orleans than elsewhere due to its French influence. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana
As iron became more common, it became widely used for cooking utensils, stoves, grates, locks, hardware and other household uses. From the beginning of the 19th century, wrought iron was being replaced by cast iron due to the latter's lower cost. However, the English Arts and Craft movement produced some excellent work in the middle of the 19th century. In modern times, much modern wrought work is done using the pneumatic hammer and the acetylene torch. A pneumatic drill or jackhammer is a portable percussive Drill powered by Compressed air. Concerning a. " for the verdict on this matter --> Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding A number of modern sculptors have worked in iron including Pablo Picasso, Julio González and David Smith. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Julio González ( 21 September, 1876 - 27 March, 1942) was a Spanish abstract, Cubist painter and David Roland Smith ( March 9, 1906 - May 23, 1965) was an American Abstract Expressionist sculptor best
Cast Ironwork
Cast iron is produced in a furnace stoked with alternate layers of coking iron then poured into molds. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. After the iron cools off, the sand is cleaned off. The Chinese were the first to use cast iron from the 6th century AD using it as support for pagodas and other buildings. A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea
It was introduced into Europe by the 15th century with its main decorative uses being as firebacks and plates for woodburning stoves in Germany, the Netherlands and Scanindavia. Fireback 1978 film on IMDb, more likely to be from the early 1980s --> is a Filipino low-budget Action movie directed By the end of the 18th century, cast iron was increasing used for railings, balconies, banisters and garden furniture due to its lower cost.
References
See also
External references
- Atelier Orgiazzi: Precious iron work and international design
- Encyclopedia.com article on Ornamental ironwork
- Wrought ironwork
- Cemetery fence ironwork
- Columbia Encyclopedia article on ornamental ironwork
- Encyclopædia Britannica article on metalwork
Further reading
- John Starkie Gardner Ironwork Victoria & Albert Museum London 1978 Volume 1 ISBN 0-905209-00-1 Volume 2 ISBN 0-905209-01-X Volume 3 ISBN 0-905209-02-8 first published 1893
- Dona Z. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i Scrollwork is an element of ornamentation and graphic design The various forms are named by their supposed resemblance to the edge-on view of a parchment scroll. Meilach, Decorative & Sculptural Ironwork: Tools, Techniques, Inspiration 2nd edition Schiffer Atglen PA 1999 ISBN 0-7643-0790-8
- Otto Höver A Handbook of Wrought Iron from the Middle Ages to the end of the Eighteenth Century translated by Ann Weaver Thames and Hudson London 1962
- Edward Graeme Robinson and Joan Robinson Cast Iron Decoration: A World Survey 2nd Edition Thames and Hudson 1994 ISBN 0-500-27756-7
- Gerald K. Geerlings, Wrought Iron in Architecture :; Wrought Iron Craftsmanship; Historical Notes and Illustrations of Wrought Iron in Italy, Spain, France, Holland, Belgium, England, Germany, America Bonanza Books 1957
- Theodore Menten, Art Nouveau Decorative Ironwork Dover Publications New York 1981 ISBN 0-486-23986-1
Dictionary
ironwork
-noun
- Anything made of iron, or consists largely of it, especially when used for decoration.
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