Poblacht na hÉireann (Saorstát Éireann) Irish Republic ← 1919 – 1922 →   → Flag Flag (Proclamation) The Island of Ireland Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Republic President of Dáil Éireann  - 1919 Cathal Brugha  - 1919–1922 Éamon de Valera  - 1922 Arthur Griffith  - 1922 W. T. Cosgrave Legislature Dáil Éireann History  - Proclamation 24 April 1916  - Dáil Constitution January 21, 1919  - Free state constitution December 6, 1922 Area  - 1921 84,116 km² (32,477 sq mi) Population  - 1921 est. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The President of Dáil Éireann was the leader of the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919&ndash1921 Cathal Brugha ( pronounced bˠɾˠuː born Charles William St Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Arthur Griffith (Art Ó Gríobhtha 31 March 1872 &ndash 12 August 1922 was the founder and third leader of Sinn Féin. William Thomas Cosgrave (Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair 6 June 1880 &ndash 16 November 1965 known generally as W A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Dáil Éireann (English Assembly of Ireland) was the revolutionary unicameral parliament of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Constitution of Dáil Éireann (Bunreacht Dála Éireann was the constitution of the 1919–22 Irish Republic. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the founding legal document of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. 4,400,000       Density 52. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3 /km²  (135. 5 /sq mi)

The Irish Republic (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. This article is about declarations of independence in general The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 The First Dáil (An Chéad Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919&ndash1921 Its existence coincided with the Irish War of Independence of 1919–1922 between the Irish Republican Army and the forces of the United Kingdom. The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla The Irish Republican Army ( IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann was a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

It formally ceased to exist in 1922 with the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the war, when 26 of the country's 32 counties became the Irish Free State and the other six remained within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

Contents 1 Name 2 Establishment 3 Institutions of government 3.1 Dáil Éireann 3.2 Aireacht 3.3 Head of State/Head of Government 3.4 Military 3.5 Judiciary and police 4 Functionality 5 Recognition 6 The Treaty 7 Dissolution 8 Legacy 9 The Irish Republic in the post-Treaty Republican tradition 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 See also 13 External links

Name

In English, the revolutionary state was to be known as the 'Irish Republic' or, occasionally, the 'Republic of Ireland'. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Two different Irish language titles were used: Poblacht na hÉireann and Saorstát Éireann, based on two alternative Irish translations of the word republic. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The word 'poblacht' was a new word, coined by the writers of the Easter Proclamation in 1916. The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish ^[2] Saorstát was a compound word based on the Irish words saor ("free") and stát ("state"). Its literal translation was "free state". The term Poblacht na hÉireann is the one used in the Proclamation of 1916, but the Declaration of Independence and other documents adopted in 1919 used Saorstát Éireann. The Declaration of Independence (Forógra na Saoirse Déclaration d'Indépendance was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the self-proclaimed

Saorstát Éireann was adopted as the official Irish title of the Irish Free State when it was established at the end of the Anglo-Irish War (however this Free State was not a republic but a form of constitutional monarchy within the British Empire). The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Since then, the word saorstát has fallen out of use as a translation of republic. When the Irish state became the Republic of Ireland in 1949, for example, its official Irish description became Poblacht na hÉireann. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

In "The Aftermath"^[3], Winston Churchill gives an account of the first meeting of Éamon de Valera with David Lloyd George on 14 July 1921, at which he was present. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Lloyd George was a noted Welsh linguist and as such was interested in the literal meaning of 'Saorstát'. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic De Valera replied that it meant 'Free State'. Lloyd George asked '. . . what is your Irish word for Republic?' After some delay and no reply, Lloyd George commented: 'Must we not admit that the Celts never were Republicans and have no native word for such an idea?'

However, Lord Longford (though not actually present) gives a different account in ‘’Peace by Ordeal’’^[4]: “The only doubt in de Valera’s mind, as he explained to Lloyd George, arose from the current dispute among Gaelic purists whether the idea Republic was better conveyed by the broader ‘Saorstát’ or the more abstract ‘Poblacht’. "

Establishment

In 1916 nationalist rebels participating in the Easter Rising issued the Proclamation of the Republic. The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and Irish By this declaration they claimed to establish an independent state called the "Irish Republic" and proclaimed that the leaders of the rebellion would serve as the "Provisional Government of the Irish Republic" until it became possible to elect a national parliament. In the Easter Rising in Dublin on 24 April 1916, the Proclamation of the Irish Republic read by Pádraig Pearse was headed and signed as being The Easter Rising was short-lived, largely limited to Dublin and, at the time it occurred, enjoyed little support from the Irish general public. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland.

The leaders of the Easter Rising had proclaimed a republic. Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin organisation, which had favoured the establishment of a form of dual monarchy between Ireland and Britain, had not taken part in the Rising. Arthur Griffith (Art Ó Gríobhtha 31 March 1872 &ndash 12 August 1922 was the founder and third leader of Sinn Féin. In 1917, Griffith's Sinn Féin and republicans under Éamon de Valera, came together to form the new Sinn Féin Party. Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century A compromise was reached at the 1917 Ard Fheis (party conference), where it was agreed that the party would pursue the establishment of an independent republic in the short-term, until the Irish people could be given the opportunity to decide on the form of government they preferred. An Ardfheis or Ard Fheis ( pronounced ˈɛɕ plural Ardfheiseanna) (Ardfheis is an annual convention or special convention usually of a political party This agreement was subject to the condition that if the people chose monarchy, no member of the British royal family would be invited to serve as monarch.

In the UK general election of 1918 candidates of the radical Sinn Féin party, including many who had participated in the 1916 rebellion, issued a Manifesto which included: Sinn Féin aims at securing the establishment of that Republic. The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 Sinn Féin Manifesto for the December 1918 election Following its reform in 1917 the Sinn Féin party campaigned against conscription in Ireland. It also said it would boycott the British Parliament and instead unilaterally establish a new Irish assembly in Dublin. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Sinn Féin candidates won a large majority of seats, 73 out of 105, many uncontested. On 21 January 1919, 27 of them gathered in the Mansion House in Dublin to establish Dáil Éireann. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Dáil Éireann (English Assembly of Ireland) was the revolutionary unicameral parliament of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic Thirty-five other members were recorded as being fé ghlas ag Gallaibh (imprisoned by the foreign enemy) and another four as ar díbirt ag Gallaibh (deported by the foreign enemy). Thirty-seven other MPs were recorded as not being present (as láthair), these were mainly from the northern six counties that would later form Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of ^[5] At this meeting the Dáil adopted the Irish Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence (Forógra na Saoirse Déclaration d'Indépendance was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the self-proclaimed Because of the Easter Proclamation of 1916, the Dáil retrospectively established the Irish Republic from Easter 1916.

On the same day as the Declaration of Independence was issued two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) escorting a cartload of gelignite were killed at Soloheadbeg, in Tipperary, by Dan Breen and Seán Treacy, members of the Irish Volunteers. The Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC) ( Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) was one of Ireland's two police forces in the early twentieth century Gelignite, also known as blasting gelatin, is an Explosive material consisting of Collodion - Cotton (a type of Nitrocellulose Soloheadbeg ('sɔləhɛdbɛg Solchaid Beag is a small Townland, some two miles outside Tipperary Town, near Limerick Junction railway station Tipperary ( Irish: Tiobraid Árann, lit "The well of Arra" is the name of a town (pop 4546 in the south-west of County Tipperary, Ireland Daniel Breen (Mícheál Dónall Ó Briaoin11 August 1894 &ndash 27 December 1969 was a volunteer in the Irish Republican Army and a Fianna Fáil politician Sean Treacy (died 14 October 1920) was one of the leaders of the Third Tipperary Brigade of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War The Irish Volunteers ( Óglaigh na hÉireann) was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. This incident had not been ordered by the Dáil but the course of events soon drove the Dáil to recognise the Volunteers as the army of the Irish Republic, and so the Soloheadbeg incident became the opening incident of the undeclared Anglo-Irish War between the Volunteers and Great Britain. The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla Breen later recalled: "Treacy had stated to me that the only way of starting a war was to kill someone, so we intended to kill some of the police. . "^[6]

The decision to establish a republic in 1919, rather than any other form of government, was significant because it amounted to a complete repudiation of all constitutional ties with Great Britain, and set the party against any compromise that might involve initial self-government under the Home Rule Act 1914 or continued membership of the British Empire. The Home Rule Act of 1914, also known as the ( Irish) Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) and formally known as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The volatile question of the Unionists of the north-east having long indicated that they would never participate in any form of a republic was left unresolved, the six north-eastern counties remaining part of the United Kingdom under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and later the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, (and sometimes called the Fourth Home Rule Act) was an Act The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty

Institutions of government

Príomh Aire
Cathal Brugha (January–April 1919)
Éamon de Valera (1919–August 1921)
President of The Republic
Éamon de Valera (August 1921–1922)
President of Dáil Éireann
Arthur Griffith (January–August 1922)
W. T. Cosgrave (August–December 1922)
Office abolished December 1922

Dáil Éireann

The central institution of the republic was Dáil Éireann, a unicameral assembly formed by the majority of Irish Members of Parliament elected in the 1918 general election. Cathal Brugha ( pronounced bˠɾˠuː born Charles William St Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Arthur Griffith (Art Ó Gríobhtha 31 March 1872 &ndash 12 August 1922 was the founder and third leader of Sinn Féin. William Thomas Cosgrave (Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair 6 June 1880 &ndash 16 November 1965 known generally as W Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. Two further general elections called by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,^[7] the head of the British administration in Dublin Castle, were treated by nationalists as elections to the Dáil. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Ard-Leifteanant na hÉireann ( Plural: Lords Lieutenant) also known as the Judiciar in the early Mediaeval period The Second Dáil comprised members returned in the 1921 elections for the Parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; the Third Dáil was elected in 1922 general election as the "provisional parliament" of "Southern Ireland", as provided for by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Second Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 16 August 1921 until 8 June 1922. Two elections in Ireland took place in 1921 as a result of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 to establish the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule Legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, The Parliament of Southern Ireland was set up during the Anglo-Irish War under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, evolving out of the Home Rule Act 1914 The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish The Irish general election of 1922 took place in Southern Ireland on 16 June 1922 under the provisions of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty to elect a constituent assembly The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish Southern Ireland (Deisceart Éireann was the short lived autonomous region (or Constituent country) of the United Kingdom established on 3 May

At its first meeting the Dáil adopted a brief, provisional constitution known as the Dáil Constitution, as well as a series of basic laws, notably the Democratic Programme. The Constitution of Dáil Éireann (Bunreacht Dála Éireann was the constitution of the 1919–22 Irish Republic. The Democratic Programme was a declaration of economic and social principles adopted by the First Dáil at its first meeting on 21 January 1919 It also passed a Declaration of Independence.

Aireacht

The Dáil Constitution vested executive authority in a cabinet called the "Aireacht" or "Ministry". In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. The Aireacht or Ministry was the cabinet of the 1919–1922 Irish Republic. The Aireacht was answerable to the Dáil which elected its head, known initially as the "Príomh Aire". He in turn appointed the ministers. According to the original version of the constitution enacted in January 1919, there were to be four ministers:

1. Minister of Finance (Aire Airgid),
2. Minister of Home Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Duthchais),
3. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Coigcríoch)
4. Minister of Defence (Aire Cosanta).

In April 1919, the ministry was increased in size to not more than nine ministers. In August 1921 it underwent a final overhaul linked to the creation of a head of state. A ministry of six was created. These were a

1. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
2. Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
3. Secretary of State for National Defence,
4. Secretary of State for Finance,
5. Secretary of State for Local Government,
6. Secretary of State for Economic Affairs

A number of previous cabinet ministers, notably Constance Markiewicz, were demoted to under-secretary level. Constance Georgine Markiewicz Countess Markiewicz (née Gore-Booth; 4 February 1868 &ndash 15 July 1927 was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil

The Aireacht met as often as secrecy and safety allowed.

Head of State/Head of Government

Initially, partly because of the division between republicans and monarchists, the Irish Republic had no head of state. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Republic's leader was known initially as the "Príomh Aire", literally "prime minister" but referred to in the English version of the constitution as "President of the Ministry". Later the English title President of Dáil Éireann also came to be used for the same post, especially during President de Valera's tour of the United States. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The President of Dáil Éireann was the leader of the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919&ndash1921 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In August 1921, de Valera, standing for re-election as President of Dáil Éireann, had the Dáil replace by a new post of "President of the Republic", so that he would be regarded as the head of state in the forthcoming Treaty negotiations, so asserting the claim that the negotiations were between two sovereign states (Ireland's view) and not that it was between the British government and local politicians (Britain's view). President of the Republic was the title given to the head of the Irish ministry or Aireacht in August 1921 by an amendment to the Dáil Constitution, which replaced After de Valera's resignation in January 1922, his successors Griffith and Cosgrave called themselves "President of Dáil Éireann".

Military

The military branch of the Irish Republic were the Irish Volunteers who, in the course of the War of Independence, who were formally renamed the "Irish Republican Army" to reflect their status as the national army of the declared republic. The Irish Volunteers ( Óglaigh na hÉireann) was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. The Irish Republican Army ( IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann was a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who Despite being theoretically under the command of the Dáil's Ministry, in practice individual IRA columns enjoyed a high level of autonomy, subject to H. Q. in Dublin. Arrangements were made in August 1920 for the volunteers to swear an oath of allegiance to the Dáil.

Judiciary and police

The judicial arm of the Irish Republic consisted of a network of Dáil Courts administered by IRA officers, which at first operated in parallel with the British judicial system, and gradually came to supersede it as public opinion swung against the British in some parts of the island. The Dáil Courts were widely established by September 1920 under the authority of Dáil Éireann as the judicial branch of government of the Irish Republic In other cases the Dáil Courts proved more popular because of the speed and efficiency of their functioning, compared to the local Assize courts. The Court of Assize, or Assizes, is a medieval term for Legal codes (such as Assizes of Jerusalem) that continues to be used in modern times These were first established in June 1919 and filled a vacuum at the local level. Following the Treaty of July 1921 to the formal end of the Republic they proved unable to deal with most violent crimes.

The enforcement of law and the decrees of the Dáil Courts was vested in the Irish Republican Police. The Irish Republican Police (IRP was the police force of the 1919-1922 Irish Republic and was administered by the Department for Home Affairs of that government

Functionality

The Irish Republic had some of the attributes of a functioning state; a ministry (with a head of state in the latter stages), a parliament, a courts system, a police force and a constitution. The extent to which these functioned fluctuated in different parts of the island, with the success or otherwise of republican institutions depending on the brutality of the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, active from June 1920 to July 1921. The term Black and Tans (Dúchrónaigh refers to the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force ( Fórsa Chúltaca Chonstáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) which was one of The more brutal the 'Tans' the more they alienated the local populace from the Dublin Castle administration and Assize courts and the greater success the republican alternatives had. Some measures such as the 1920 ban on emigration were unenforceable. ^[8]

At the height of the Irish War of Independence, as Tan atrocities reached such as scale as to result in the burning of the city of Cork (leading to widespread criticism in the United States and from King George V), the Republican Police and Dáil courts reached their zenith, and senior barristers who had qualified within the British courts system also represented defendants in the Dáil Courts. Cork (Corcaigh is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland 's third most populous city after Dublin and Belfast The United States of America —commonly referred to as the But even after the Truce of July 1921, when the Tans had stopped their activities, the continuing effectiveness of the Dáil courts and police was seen to be patchy. This was in part due to standing down the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in early 1922 before a new police force was ready to operate; in the interim the Irish Republican Army (IRA), dividing within itself over the Treaty, was the only police force. The Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC) ( Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) was one of Ireland's two police forces in the early twentieth century The Irish Republican Army ( IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann was a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who

The main function of the Dáil courts was in resolving land disputes and no case was ever heard concerning a murder, not even after the Truce. The cabinet met frequently, though necessarily in secret, and dealt with everyday matters as well as the conduct of the war. The Dáil sat for 21 days before the Truce of July 1921, and more frequently after that. ^[9]

Support for the Republic, though it ebbed and flowed constantly during the war, was strongest in the south of the country. The claim to authority of the Irish Republic was rejected in Unionist-dominated Northern Ireland, whose parliament first sat on 22 June 1921, south County Dublin and in other pockets in the country. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Historians debate the extent to which the Republic was accepted by the ordinary citizens, and whether that acceptance where it existed was positive (the endorsement of its principles) or negative (revulsion at the behaviour of the Black and Tans, or from fear of the Irish Republican Army).

Recognition

Efforts by President de Valera in the United States, and the republic's "ambassador" at the Versailles Peace Conference, Seán T. O'Kelly, to win international recognition failed. Seán Thomas O'Kelly (Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh 25 August 1882–23 November 1966 was the second President of Ireland (1945–1959 O'Kelly had already established the Republic's "embassy" in Paris in April of 1919, and Dr. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Patrick McCartan set one up in Washington, D.C. at the same time. Dr Patrick McCartan (13 March 1878 – 28 March 1966 was an Irish republican and politician Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Despite heavy lobbying from prominent Irish-Americans, President Woodrow Wilson refused to raise the Irish case at the conference. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The only foreign recognition won for the Irish Republic occurred when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), under Vladimir Lenin, borrowed money from Michael Collins' Ministry of Finance and paid it back in the Russian Crown Jewels through Harry Boland. Michael John ("Mick" Collins (Mícheál Seán Ó Coileáin 16 October 1890 &ndash 22 August 1922 was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for The Imperial Crown of Russia, or the Great Imperial Crown, is the crown that was used by the Emperors of Russia until the abolition of the Harry Boland (1887&ndash1922 was an Irish nationalist of the early Twentieth century Finally in June "Ireland's demand for recognition" was conveyed to the Conference members, without effect. ^[10]

The issue of recognition raises the question of how much the new Dáil understood about diplomacy, statesmanship and the wider world outside Ireland; however, Wilson had promised self-determination for nations and international norms were changing. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Article V. of Wilsons 'Fourteen Points' outlined in January 1918 did not, however, promise that all colonies would be decolonised on demand at the end of the war, but that a colonial population's claim for arbitration would have 'equal weight' with any claim by its government. The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United In declaring independence unilaterally for the whole island, the new republic had denied 'equal weight' to the wishes of Britain or the Irish loyalists. Having misunderstood or misread this part of Wilson's formula, the Dáil still required his support against his main ally.

The main problem was that the Irish Republic's Declaration of Independence of January 1919 was hostile to Britain, which was one of the four main powers arranging terms at Versailles. The RSFSR was also not invited to Versailles. Although armistices were holding, World War I was technically unfinished until the treaties ending it were signed, starting with Germany on 28 June 1919. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The British view was that the 69 new Sinn Féin members of parliament had chosen not to take their seats at Westminster, to the relief of the Conservative Party, and that an Irish settlement would be arranged after the treaties with the former Central Powers had been signed off, involving Sinn Féin as the representatives of the majority, whether or not it had proclaimed a republic. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak

The Irish Republic was never recognised by the British government. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at Because its original contents were not seen as workable, the government under David Lloyd George abandoned plans to amend the Third Home Rule Act enacted in 1914. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only The Home Rule Act of 1914, also known as the ( Irish) Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) and formally known as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 The British cabinet started in September 1919 to work from Walter Long's 1918 proposals, and in 1920 they enacted the Government of Ireland Act, 1920. Walter Hume Long 1st Viscount Long ( 13 July 1854 - 26 September 1924) the son of Richard Penruddocke Long, was a British This allowed for two home rule Irelands, partitioning Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Home rule refers to a demand that constituent parts of a state be given greater self-government within the greater administrative purview of the central government Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Southern Ireland (Deisceart Éireann was the short lived autonomous region (or Constituent country) of the United Kingdom established on 3 May Each Ireland was to have a two bicameral parliaments, with a shared chief executive, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and a Council of Ireland which was intended to be an embryonic all-Ireland single parliament. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The Council of Ireland (Comhairle na hÉireann may refer to one of two councils one established in the 1920s the other in the 1970s The proposal was greeted with mild enthusiasm among Irish Unionists in the new Northern Ireland, who had never sought their own home rule, but was rejected by a combination of Irish Republicans, Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists who were not in Northern Ireland. While rejecting the right of the British parliament to legislate for Ireland, Sinn Féin took the opportunity of the two general elections in May 1921, one in the north and one in the south, to seek a renewed mandate for the Republic. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 No contests resulted in the south, with all seats returning the nominated Sinn Féin candidate. The new parliament in Belfast first sat on 7 June 1921, and while it did not formally recognise the Republic its premier, Sir James Craig, had secretly met with Éamon de Valera in Dublin in May 1921. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar James Craig 1st Viscount Craigavon, Bart, PC ( 8 January 1871 – 24 November 1940) was a prominent Irish unionist This was the a de facto recognition of de Valera's position, but also recognition by de Valera that Craig could not be ignored.

The Truce signed between representatives of the Dáil and Britain was agreed on 9 July 1921, to become effective from noon on 11 July. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar This marked the end of the Irish War of Independence. On 14 July 1921 Éamon de Valera as president, met David Lloyd George for the first time to find some common ground for a settlement. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar In August, in preparation for the formalities, de Valera had the Dáil upgrade his status from prime minister to full President of the Republic. As a head of state he then accredited envoys plenipotentiary, an accreditation approved by the Dáil. This accreditation gave them the legal ability to sign a treaty without waiting for approval from the Republic's cabinet, some of whose members were among the envoys.

By September the British called for a conference with the envoys 'to ascertain how the association of Ireland with the community of nations known as the British Empire can best be reconciled with Irish national aspirations'. De Valera replied on 12 September 'Our nation has formally declared its independence and recognises itself as a sovereign State. ' The same invitation was repeated and negotiations started on 11 October.

The Treaty

Each side in the 1921 negotiations used sufficiently elastic language to enable the Republic's delegates to suggest that was taking place was inter-state negotiations, while allowing the British Government to suggest that it was an internal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland matter. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Anglo-Irish Treaty, when signed on 6 December, was similarly put through three processes to satisfy both sides. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty It was:

• passed by Dáil Éireann, to satisfy the belief in the Republic's supporters that it was a state and its parliament was sovereign;
• passed by the United Kingdom, to satisfy British constitutional theory that a treaty had been negotiated between His Majesty's Government and His Majesty's subjects in Ireland;
• passed by the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, to reflect the belief in British constitutional law that Ireland already possessed a home rule parliament. House of Commons of Southern Ireland was the lower house of the Irish parliament created by the Government of Ireland Act, passed in 1920 during the Irish War (In reality the House of Commons had the same membership (bar four) as the Dáil, though anti-Treaty members of the House stayed away.

Finally, the two structures of government (the British government's administration in Dublin Castle) and the Republic's began a process of convergence, to cover the year until the coming into force of the new Irish Free State. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by

Dissolution

By approving the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 7 January 1922 and the Constitution of the Irish Free State in October 1922 the Dáil agreed to the replacement of the Republic with the system of constitutional monarchy of the Irish Free State. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the founding legal document of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by

In 1922, the Provisional Government came into being but the Irish Republic was not dismantled, rather its institutions continued to operate in parallel with those of the provisional authority. Michael Collins was designated as Chairman of the Provisional Government, in theory answerable to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and appointed by the Lord Lieutenant^[11] In contrast the Republic's Aireacht continued with Arthur Griffith as President of the Republic following de Valera's resignation. The Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland was a transitional post established in January 1922 lasting until the creation of the Irish Free State House of Commons of Southern Ireland was the lower house of the Irish parliament created by the Government of Ireland Act, passed in 1920 during the Irish War The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British Monarch 's personal representatives in the United Kingdom, usually in a county or similar circumscription with varying ^[12] However the two administrations were progressively merged until in August, following the deaths of both Griffith and Collins, W. T. Cosgrave assumed both leadership positions simultaneously and so the two most important offices effectively became one, producing a unique constitutional hybrid; a crown-appointed prime minister and a president of a republic. William Thomas Cosgrave (Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair 6 June 1880 &ndash 16 November 1965 known generally as W Both parliaments, the Second Dáil and the House of Commons, were replaced by a joint parliament known variously as the Third Dáil or the Provisional Parliament, elected on 16 June 1922. The Third Dáil, also known as the Provisional Parliament or the Constituent Assembly, was the parliament of the post-partition twenty-six county Irish Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. As a constituent assembly this enacted a new constitution with the passage of the Irish Free State Constitution Act. A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting and in some cases adopting a Constitution. The Constitution of the Irish Free State was the founding legal document of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State.

On 6 December 1922, the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into effect and the institutions of both the Irish Republic and the Provisional Government ceased to be. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Legacy

The goal of those who established the Irish Republic was to create a de facto independent republic comprising the whole island of Ireland. They failed in this goal, but the Irish Republic paved the way for the creation of the Irish Free State, a Commonwealth dominion with self-government, and a territory that extended to the 26 counties originally foreseen in the 1914 Home Rule Act. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and The Home Rule Act of 1914, also known as the ( Irish) Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) and formally known as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 By 1949 the Free State became a fully independent republic, the 'Republic of Ireland'. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

The Irish Republic in the post-Treaty Republican tradition

Main article: Irish republican legitimatism

Since the Civil War of 1922–1923 the Irish Republic has been an important symbol for radical republicans. A principle within Irish republicanism, the concept of Irish republican legitimatism denies the legitimacy of the political entities of Republic of Ireland and The Irish Civil War ( June 28 1922 &ndash May 24 1923) pitted supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty against its opponents The Civil War began in June 1922 when both Sinn Féin and the IRA split between those pragmatists, who supported the Treaty, and those hardline republicans who opposed the compromises it contained. In particular the anti-Treaty faction objected to the continued role in the Irish constitution that would be granted to the British monarch under the Irish Free State. When the Dáil ratified the Treaty its opponents of the agreement walked out, arguing that the Dáil was attempting to 'destroy' the Irish Republic, and that its members had no right to do so. After the Irish electorate voted in a majority of pro-Treaty candidates to the Dáil, Éamon de Valera declared that "the people have no right to do wrong. "

Opponents of the Treaty refused to recognise either the Provisional Government or, when it was established, the Irish Free State, insisting that the Irish Republic continued to exist as a de jure entity. Their line of authority included some TDs but also the Army Executive of the IRA which decided in early 1922 that it, and no longer the Dáil, was the only body loyal to the republic. In August 1920 it had sworn allegiance to both the Dáil and the republic, and felt that the Dáil had broken its oath when it voted to approve the Treaty. Arguments about abandoning the republic had, however, been very fully discussed during the Treaty Debates.

The anti-treaty faction also refused to recognise the Third Dáil, as the Second Dáil had not met to dissolve itself formally (though the "declaration of election" on 19 May, which gave dates for nominations and the election, was not opposed at the time^[13]). Anti-Treaty Republicans considered the Third Dáil, and all future institutions arising from it, as illegal. (See Second Dáil). The Second Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 16 August 1921 until 8 June 1922.

The anti-Treaty side was then defeated in the Civil War. Most militant opposition to the Free State came to an end on 24 May 1923 when Frank Aiken, chief-of-staff of the IRA issued the order to "dump arms" and Éamon de Valera issued his address to the "Legion of the Rearguard". Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Frank Aiken (Proinsias Mac Aodhagáin new spelling Proinsias Mac Aogáin; 13 February 1898 – 18 May 1983 was a senior Irish Politician. Éamon de Valera continued as president of the Sinn Féin political party. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 In March 1926, Éamon de Valera, along with most anti-Treaty politicians, founded a new party called 'Fianna Fáil' and ended their boycott of the institutions of the Free State. Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach shortened to Fianna Fáil ( is currently the largest Political party in the

Nonetheless a small hard-line minority continued to reject the legitimacy of the Free State and its successor, the Republic of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Most importantly, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), which conducted a campaign of bombings and shootings in Northern Ireland from the late 1960s until 1998, and its political wing, the modern Sinn Féin party, used to insist that the Irish Republic was still legally in existence, with the IRA as its national army, and the IRA Army Council Ireland's sole legitimate government. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The IRA Army Council is the decision-making body of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, more commonly known as the IRA a Paramilitary group dedicated to bringing This view are is still upheld by Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA. Republican Sinn Féin ( RSF; Irish: Sinn Féin Poblachtach) is a Political party operating in Ireland. The Continuity Irish Republican Army ( CIRA) is an Irish republican Paramilitary organisation that emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA As of 2006, the Provisional IRA continue to use the title Oglaigh na hÉireann (lit. Volunteers of Ireland), the official Irish title for the Republic of Ireland's armed forces. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Óglaigh na hÉireann the Irish Defence Forces encompass the Army, Navy, air corps and reserve forces of Ireland.

Latterly Gerry Adams, president of Sinn Féin, has recast the doctrine to state that there is no legitimate government in Ireland, but his party has both recognised the legal fact of partition by signing the Good Friday Agreement and accepted the legitimacy of the government of the Republic of Ireland by openly speculating on taking up posts in a coalition government. The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an However Sinn Féin still avoids giving linguistic legitimacy to either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland by refusing to use the name of either, referring still to the "twenty-six counties" and the "six counties", or "the state" and "the North".

Footnotes

References

• Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins (Hutchinson, 1990) ISBN 0-09-174106-8
• Tim Pat Coogan, Éamon de Valera (Hutchinson, 1993) ISBN 0-09-175030-X
• R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972
• Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society
• F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
• Lord Longford, Peace by Ordeal
• Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic
• Earl of Middleton, Ireland: Dupe or Heroine?
• Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916–1949
• John A. Timothy Patrick Coogan (born 1935 is an Irish Historian, broadcaster and newspaper columnist Robert Fitzroy Foster (born January 16, 1949) - generally known as Roy Foster - is the Carroll Professor of Irish History at Hertford Francis Stewart Leland Lyons (1923&ndash1983 was one of Ireland 's premier Historians He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland and was educated Francis Aungier Pakenham 7th Earl of Longford, KG, PC ( 5 December 1905 &ndash 3 August 2001) was a Dorothy Macardle ( 1889 - 23 December 1958) was an Irish author and historian The Irish Republic is a history book written by Dorothy Macardle, first published in 1937 which covers the formation and existence Murphy, Ireland in the Twentieth Century

See also

• History of Ireland (1801-1922)
• History of the Republic of Ireland
• Names of the Irish state

External links

• Anglo-Irish Treaty Debates on-line

From 1801 to 1922 the whole island of Ireland formed a constituent part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK The Republic of Ireland first became an independent state on 6 December 1922 The state whose official name is Ireland (Éire and whose description is the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann is and has been known by a number of

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