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| Name, Symbol, Number | iridium, Ir, 77 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 9, 6, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 192.217(3) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 22. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Meitnerium (maɪtˈnɜriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Mt and Atomic number 109 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Applications Alloys with other metals primarially to add corrosion and wear resistance Industrial Catalysts Superalloys Electrical A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 42 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 19 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 2739 K (2466 °C, 4471 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 4701 K (4428 °C, 8002 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 41. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 12 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 563 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 10 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic face centered | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 2, 3, 4, 6 (mildly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 20 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | 1st: 880 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1600 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 135 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 180 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 137 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 47. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 1 n Ω·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 147 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 6. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 4 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 4825 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 528 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 210 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 320 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 6. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 1760 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 1670 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7439-88-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Iridium (pronounced /ɪˈrɪdiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A dense, very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is used in high-strength alloys that can withstand high temperatures and occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Iridium is notable for being the most corrosion-resistant element known and for its significance in the determination of the probable cause of the extinction, by an asteroid impact, of the dinosaurs. The K-T boundary is a geological signature usually a thin band dated to 65 It is used in high-temperature apparatuses, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
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Characteristics
A platinum group metal, iridium is white, resembling platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Due to its extreme hardness and brittleness, iridium is difficult to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known: iridium cannot be attacked by any acids or by aqua regia, but it can be attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Sodium cyanide is the Inorganic compound with the formula NaCN
The measured density of iridium is only slightly lower than that of osmium, which is often listed as the densest element known. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 However, calculations of density from the space lattice may produce more reliable data for these elements than actual measurements and give a density of 22,650 kg/m³ for iridium versus 22,610 kg/m³ for osmium. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre Definitive selection between the two is therefore not possible at this time.
Applications
The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other uses:
- Crucibles and devices that require high temperatures. A crucible is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory object Laboratory equipment used to contain Chemical compounds when heating them to very high Temperatures
- As a radiography source for non-destructive testing
- Electrical contacts (notable example: Pt-Ir spark plugs). A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder
- Osmium-iridium alloys are used for compass bearings. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists
- Iridium is commonly used in complexes like Ir(mppy)3 and other complexes in polymer LED technology to increase the efficiency from 25% to almost 100% due to triplet harvesting. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. An Organic Light Emitting Diode ( OLED) also Light Emitting Polymer ( LEP) and Organic Electro Luminescence ( OEL) is any
- Used as a source of radioactivity (Ir-192) for the treatment of cancer (in particular High Dose Rate prostate brachytherapy and intracavitary cervix brachytherapy)
- Iridium is used as a catalyst for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid
- Iridium is used in supercolliders in the production of antimatter, specifically antiprotons
At one time iridium, as an alloy with platinum, was used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance, and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black. Brachytherapy (from the Greek brachy, meaning "short" also known as sealed source radiotherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of Brachytherapy (from the Greek brachy, meaning "short" also known as sealed source radiotherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Carbonylation refers to reactions that introduce Carbon monoxide into organic and inorganic substrates Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste SuperCollider is an environment and Programming language originally released in 1996 by James McCartney for Real time Audio synthesis and Algorithmic In Particle physics and Quantum chemistry, antimatter is the extension of the concept of the Antiparticle to Matter, where antimatter is composed The antiproton ( pronounced p-bar) is the Antiparticle of the Proton. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures
Iridium was used to tip some early-twentieth-century fountain pen nibs. The tip material in modern fountain pens is still conventionally called "iridium," although there is seldom any iridium in it. An exception to this are the JML Fountain pens, sold in the UK.
History
Iridium was discovered in 1803 by British scientist Smithson Tennant in London, England along with osmium in the dark-coloured residue of dissolving crude platinum in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid). 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Smithson Tennant ( November 30, 1761 - February 22, 1815) was an English Chemist. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The element was named after the Greek word for rainbow (ίρις, iris; iridium means "of rainbows") because many of its salts are strongly coloured. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of Light to appear in the Sky when the Sun A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases.
An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium was used in 1889 to construct the standard metre bar and kilogramme mass, kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures, in French) is an international Standards organization, one Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The metre bar was replaced as the definition of the fundamental unit of length in 1960 (see krypton), but the kilogram prototype is still the international standard of mass. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36
K-T boundary
The K–T boundary of 65 million years ago, marking the temporal border between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods of geological time, was identified by a thin stratum of iridium-rich clay. The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically The K-T boundary is a geological signature usually a thin band dated to 65 The K-T boundary is a geological signature usually a thin band dated to 65 The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes A team led by Luis Alvarez (1980) proposed an extraterrestrial origin for this iridium, attributing it to an asteroid or comet impact. Luis W Alvarez (June 13 1911 San Francisco California &ndash September 1 1988 was an American physicist and Inventor, who spent nearly Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — Their theory is now widely accepted to explain the demise of the dinosaurs. A large buried impact crater structure with an estimated age of about 65 million years was later identified near what is now Yucatán Peninsula. The Yucatán Peninsula, in Southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. Dewey M. McLean and others argue that the iridium may have been of volcanic origin instead. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Earth's core is rich in iridium, and Piton de la Fournaise on Réunion, for example, is still releasing iridium today. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Piton de la Fournaise ( French) "Peak of the Furnace" is a Shield volcano on the eastern side of Réunion island (a French territory Réunion ( French: Réunion or formally La Réunion; previously Île Bourbon) is an island located in the Indian Ocean, east of
Occurrence
Iridium is found uncombined in nature with platinum and other platinum group metals in alluvial deposits. Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running Naturally occurring iridium alloys include osmiridium and iridiosmium, both of which are mixtures of iridium and osmium. Osmiridium, also called iridosmium, is a natural Alloy of Osmium and Iridium, with traces of other Platinum group metals found naturally Osmiridium, also called iridosmium, is a natural Alloy of Osmium and Iridium, with traces of other Platinum group metals found naturally It is recovered commercially as a by-product from nickel mining and processing. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28
Iridium is one of the rarest non-radioactive, non-noble gas elements in the Earth's crust, but it is relatively common in meteorites. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface Iridium and osmium are the densest elements, and both are believed to have dropped below the Earth's crust toward the core when the Earth was young and molten. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 The concentration of iridium in meteorites matches the concentration of iridium in the Earth as a whole.
Isotopes
There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and many radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73. There are two natural Isotopes of Iridium ( Ir) and many Radioisotopes the most stable radioisotope being Ir-192 with a Half-life Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Iridium-192 (symbol Ir192 m) is an Isotope of Iridium. The "m" denotes that it is a Metastable isomer. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 83 days. Ir-192 beta decays into platinum-192, while most of the other radioisotopes decay into osmium. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted
Compounds
Production
A new method for the quantitative extraction and determination of trace amounts of iridium from hydrochloric acid media has been established based on the formation of an ion-association complex of iridium hexachloro anion IrCl6(2-) with dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) oxonium cation in chloroform, then determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The effect of various factors (solvent, acid concentration, crown ether, reagent concentration, shaking time, composition of the extracted species, foreign ions, etc. ) on the extraction and back-extraction of iridium has been investigated. The procedure was used to determine traces of iridium in palladium chloride and rhodium chloride.
Precautions
Iridium metal is mostly non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity.
References
External links
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