|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.gif/22px-Kurdistan_Workers_Party_flag_(current).gif){kind=small}
An ongoing conflict, which has been termed as the Iraq War, "Gulf War II", or the "Second Persian Gulf War"[36], began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Denmark, Poland, and other nations. Casualties of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq and continuing with the ensuing 2003 occupation of Iraq coalition presence This is a list of ongoing conflicts that are happening around the world which continue to result in violent deaths Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [37].
In some circles[38], the conflict is referred to as "Operation Iraqi Liberation"[39] or "Operation Iraqi Freedom"[40] (U. S).
At the start of the war, U. S. officials argued that Iraq and its alleged possession and further pursuit of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed an imminent threat to the security and interests of the United States, Europe and the other nations of the Middle East. [41][42] The intelligence was supported by British intelligence [43]. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel Furthermore Russian intelligence linked Iraq with terrorism and Germany gave intelligence assistance in the preparation of the war. Neither, however, confirmed the claims of WMD in Iraq. [44][45]. The intelligence, especially concerning WMD, received criticism, [46] and weapons inspectors found no evidence of WMD. The United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution [47] After the invasion, the Iraq Survey Group concluded that Iraq had ended its WMD programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they intended to resume production if and when the Iraq sanctions were lifted. The Iraq Survey Group (ISG was a fact-finding mission sent by the Multinational force in Iraq after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq to find the alleged Iraqi weapons The Iraq sanctions were a near-total financial and trade embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council against the nation of Iraq. [48] Although some earlier degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned WMD were found, they were not the weapons for which the coalition invaded. [49] Some U. S. officials accused Saddam Hussein of harboring and supporting Al-Qaeda ,[50] but no evidence of any collaborative relationship has been found. [51][52] Other reasons for the invasion stated by officials included Iraq's financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers,[53] Iraqi government human rights abuses,[54] spreading democracy,[55] and Iraq's oil reserves,[56][57][58][59] although the latter has been denied by other officials. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions [60][61][62]
The invasion led to the quick defeat of the Iraqi military, the flight of President Saddam Hussein, his capture in December, 2003 and his execution in December, 2006. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. The U. S. -led coalition occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new democratic government. Iraq War|2007 in Iraq|2008 in IraqThe post-invasion period in Iraq Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system But shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency, strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. [63][64] Estimates of the number of people killed range from over 150,000[32] to more than one million. [2] Member nations of the Coalition began to withdraw their forces as public opinion favoring troop withdrawals increased and as Iraqi forces began to take responsibility for security. [65][66]
In June 2008 the Senate Intelligence Committee released a report confirming that Bush and other top officials engaged in deliberate distortion of facts to mislead the American public about reasons for invading Iraq. The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (sometimes referred to as SSCI) is [67]
1991–2003: U. N. inspectors, No-fly zones, and Iraqi opposition groups
- See also: Oil-for-Food Programme and Operation Northern Watch
Following the 1991 Gulf War, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 mandated that Iraqi chemical, biological, nuclear, and long range missile programs be halted and all such weapons destroyed under United Nations Special Commission control. The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended Operation Northern Watch, the successor to Operation Provide Comfort, was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF charged with enforcing its own no-fly zone above United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 which was on 3 April 1991 set the terms with which Iraq was to comply after losing the Gulf This article concerns the Iraqi government's use possession and alleged intention of acquiring more types of Weapons of mass destruction (WMD during the presidency of United Nations Special Commission ( UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq 's compliance with policies concerning U.N. weapons inspectors inside Iraq were able to verify the destruction of a large amount of WMD-material, but substantial issues remained unresolved in 1998 when the inspectors left Iraq due to then current UNSCOM head Richard Butler's belief that U. The United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution Richard William Butler AC (born 13 May 1942) served as an Australian diplomat United Nations weapons inspector and Governor S. and UK military action was imminent. Shortly after the inspectors withdrew, the U. S. and UK launched a four-day bombing campaign. The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16 - December 19
In addition to the inspection regimen, the U. S. and UK (along with France until 1998) engaged in a low-level conflict with Iraq by enforcing northern and southern Iraqi no-fly zones. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Iraqi no-fly zones are two separate No-fly zones (NFZs and were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom and France after the These zones were created following the Persian Gulf War to protect Iraqi Kurdistan in the north and the southern Shia areas, and were seen by the Iraqi government as an infringement of Iraq's sovereignty. United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 was adopted on April 5, 1991. Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were a military operations by the United States and some of its Gulf War allies starting in April 1991 Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn Operation Southern Watch was an operation conducted by Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA with the mission of monitoring and controlling airspace Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Iraqi air-defense installations and American and British air patrols regularly exchanged fire during this 6 year period.
Approximately one year before Operation Iraqi Freedom, the U. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign S. initiated Operation Southern Focus as a change to its response strategy, by increasing the overall number of missions and selecting targets throughout the no-fly zones in order to disrupt the military command structure in Iraq. Operation Southern Focus was a period in the months leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq (called "Operation Iraqi Freedom" in the United States) The weight of bombs dropped on Iraq increased from none in March 2002 and 0. 3 in April to between eight and 14 tons per month in May-August. The total reached a pre-war peak of 54. 6 tons in September 2002.
Iraqi opposition groups
Following the Persian Gulf War, President George Bush signed a presidential finding directing the Central Intelligence Agency to create conditions for Hussein's removal in May 1991. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Coordinating anti-Saddam groups was an important element of this strategy and the Iraqi National Congress(INC), led by Ahmed Chalabi, was the main group tasked with this purpose. The Iraqi National Congress ( INC) is an umbrella Iraqi opposition group led by Ahmed Chalabi. The name INC was reportedly coined by public relations expert John Rendon (of the Rendon Group agency) and the group received millions in covert funding in the 1990s, and then about $8 million a year in overt funding after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act in 1998. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred The Rendon Group is a public relations firm headed by John Rendon which specializes in providing communications services both nationally and internationally The Rendon Group is a public relations firm headed by John Rendon which specializes in providing communications services both nationally and internationally The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338 (codified in a note to 22 USCS § 2151 is a United States Congressional statement of policy calling for
2001–2003: Iraq disarmament crisis and pre-war intelligence
- See also: Rationale for the Iraq War, Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq, Governments' pre-war positions on invasion of Iraq, Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, 10 Days to War, and Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
U. some section heading moves the Contents box to the top of the article This article is about the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. For more information on this particular part of the topic see Support and opposition for the 2003 invasion of Iraq This article is about the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. For more information on this particular part of the topic see Support and opposition for the 2003 invasion of Iraq Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U This article concerns the Iraqi government's use possession and alleged intention of acquiring more types of Weapons of mass destruction (WMD during the presidency of See also: Iraq, Iraq disarmament crisis Events January February March April May N. weapons inspections resume
The issue of Iraq's disarmament reached a crisis in 2002-2003, when President Bush demanded a complete end to alleged Iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction and full compliance with UN Resolutions requiring UN weapons inspectors unfettered access to suspected weapons production facilities. The issue of Iraq's disarmament reached a crisis in 2002-2003 when U Previously, the UN had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. Iraq related resolutions
During 2002, Bush repeatedly backed demands for unfettered inspection and disarmament with threats of military force. In accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1441 Iraq reluctantly agreed to new inspections in late 2002. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 is a resolution by the UN Security Council, passed unanimously on November 8, 2002 The United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution The results of these inspections were mixed, with the inspectors discovering no WMD programs but concluding that Iraqi WMD program declarations failed to prove that all such weapons had been destroyed.
Alleged weapons of mass destruction
In the initial stages of the war on terror, the Central Intelligence Agency, under George Tenet, was rising to prominence as the lead agency in the Afghanistan war. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, But when Tenet insisted in his personal meetings with President Bush that there was no connection between Al Qaeda and Iraq, Vice-President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld initiated a secret program to re-examine the evidence and marginalize the CIA and Tenet. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President The questionable intelligence acquired by this secret program was "stovepiped" to Cheney and presented to the public. Stovepiping is a metaphorical term which recalls a Stovepipe 's function as an isolated vertical conduit and has been used in the context of intelligence to describe several In some cases, Cheney’s office would leak the intelligence to news correspondents, who would in turn cover it in such outlets such as The New York Times. Cheney would subsequently appear on the Sunday political television talk shows to discuss the intelligence, referencing The New York Times as the source to give it credence. [68]
In late February 2002, the CIA sent former Ambassador Joseph Wilson to investigate dubious claims about Iraq's attempted purchase of yellowcake uranium from Niger. For information about the American political scandal pertaining to Joseph C The Niger uranium forgeries refers to falsified classified documents initially revealed by Italian intelligence. For the falsified documents see Yellowcake forgery. Yellowcakes (also called urania) are Uranium concentrates obtained Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Wilson returned and informed the CIA that reports of yellowcake sales to Iraq were "unequivocally wrong. " The Bush administration, however, continued to allege Iraq's attempts to obtain yellowcake were a justification for military action - most prominently in the January, 2003 State of the Union address when President Bush said that Iraq had sought uranium, citing British intelligence sources. [69] In response, Wilson wrote a critical New York Times op-ed piece in June 2003 stating that he had personally investigated claims of yellowcake purchases and believed them to be fraudulent. Wilson's report did not clarify the matter for analysts, but they found it interesting that the former Nigerien Prime Minister said an Iraqi delegation had visited Niger for what he believed was to discuss uranium sales. [70] Shortly after Wilson's op-ed, the identity of Wilson's wife, undercover CIA analyst Valerie Plame, was revealed in a column by Robert Novak. Valerie Elise Plame Wilson (born 19 April 1963) known as Valerie Plame, Valerie E Robert David Sanders "Bob" Novak (born February 26, 1931) is a Conservative American political commentator syndicated columnist and journalist Since it is a felony to reveal the identity of a CIA agent Novak's column launched an investigation by the Justice Department into the source of the leak. The Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982 () is a United States federal law that makes it a federal crime to intentionally reveal the identity of an agent whom one In March, 2007, Dick Cheney’s Chief of Staff I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby was convicted of perjury in the Plame leak investigation. Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby (born August 22 1950) is a former Assistant to the President of the United States, George W The phrase Plame Affair (also known as the CIA leak scandal, the CIA leak case, the CIA leak grand jury investigation, and Plamegate) refers The source of the leak was found to be former deputy secretary of state Richard Armitage, who was never charged with the crime. Richard Armitage may refer to Richard Armitage (actor, English actor Richard Armitage (politician, American politician [71]
On May 1, 2005 the "Downing Street memo" was published in The Sunday Times. The " Downing Street memo " (occasionally DSM, or the " Downing Street Minutes " sometimes described by critics of the Iraq War as the The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It contained an overview of a secret July 23, 2002 meeting among UK Labour government, defense, and intelligence figures who discussed the build-up to the Iraq war — including direct references to classified U. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. S. policy of the time. The memo stated, "Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy. "[72]
On September 18, 2002, George Tenet briefed Bush that Saddam Hussein did not have weapons of mass destruction. Bush dismissed this top-secret intelligence from Saddam's inner circle which was approved by two senior CIA officers, but it turned out to be completely accurate. The information was never shared with Congress or even CIA agents examining whether Saddam had such weapons. [73] The CIA had contacted Saddam Hussein's foreign minister, Naji Sabri, who was being paid by the French as an agent. Naji Sabri Ahmad Al-Hadithi (ناجي صبري أحمد الحديثي served as the Iraqi Foreign Minister under Saddam Hussein Sabri informed them that Saddam had ambitions for a nuclear program but that it was not active, and that no biological weapons were being produced or stockpiled, although research was underway. [74] The U. S. obtained three subsequent human intelligence reports indicating that Saddam had authorized the use of chemical weapons in the event of war. [75]
In September 2002, the Bush administration said attempts by Iraq to acquire thousands of high-strength aluminum tubes pointed to a clandestine program to make enriched uranium for nuclear bombs. Aluminum tubes purchased by the nation of Iraq were intercepted in Jordan in 2001 Iraq was not permitted to import such tubes under the U. N. monitoring plan. [76]This view was supported by the CIA and DIA but opposed by the Department of Energy (DOE) and INR which was significant because the DOE was the only department in the United States government that had expertise in gas centrifuges and nuclear weapons programs. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy All agencies believed the tubes could be used in a centrifuge program but the latter two argued that they were poorly suited to do so. [77] An effort by the DOE to change Powell's comments before his UN appearance was rebuffed by the administration. [78][79] Indeed, Colin Powell, in his address to the U. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. N. Security Council just prior to the war, made reference to the aluminum tubes. But a report released by the Institute for Science and International Security in 2002 reported that it was highly unlikely that the tubes could be used to enrich uranium. The Institute for Science and International Security ( ISIS) non-profit institution founded in 1993 to inform the public about science and policy issues affecting international Powell later admitted he had presented an inaccurate case to the United Nations on Iraqi weapons, and the intelligence he was relying on was, in some cases, "deliberately misleading. "[80][81][82]
Between September, 2002 and June, 2003, Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz created a Pentagon unit known as the Office of Special Plans (OSP), headed by Douglas Feith. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U The Office of Special Plans (OSP which existed from September 2002 to June 2003 was a Pentagon unit created by Paul Wolfowitz and Douglas Feith, and Douglas J Feith (born July 16 1953 is a Neoconservative who served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy for United States President It was created to supply senior Bush administration officials with raw intelligence pertaining to Iraq, unvetted by intelligence analysts, and circumventing traditional intelligence gathering operations by the CIA. One former CIA officer described the OSP as dangerous for U. S. national security and a threat to world peace, and that it lied and manipulated intelligence to further its agenda of removing Saddam Hussein. He described it as a group of ideologues with pre-determined notions of truth and reality, taking bits of intelligence to support their agenda and ignoring anything contrary. [83] Subsequently, in 2008, the nonpartisan Center for Public Integrity has enumerated a total of 935 false statements made by George Bush and six other top members of his administration in a carefully launched campaign of misinformation during the two year period following 9-11, in order to rally support for the invasion of Iraq. [84][85]
Authorization for the use of force
In October, 2002, a few days before the U.S. Senate voted on the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, about 75 senators were told in closed session that Saddam Hussein had the means of attacking the eastern seaboard of the U. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives " Iraq Resolution " and " Iraq War Resolution " are popular names for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 In the Congress of the United States, a closed session (formally a session with closed doors) is a Parliamentary procedure for the Senate or S. with biological or chemical weapons delivered by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic [42] On February 5, 2003, Colin Powell presented further evidence in his Iraqi WMD program presentation to the UN Security Council that UAVs were ready to be launched against the U. S. At the time, there was a vigorous dispute within the US military and intelligence community as to whether CIA conclusions about Iraqi UAVs were accurate. [86] In fact, Iraq's UAV fleet was never deployed and consisted of a handful of outdated 24. 5-foot (7. 5 m) wingspan drones with no room for more than a camera and video recorder, and no offensive capability. [87][88] Despite this controversy, the Senate voted to approve the Joint Resolution on 11 October 2002 providing the Bush Administration with the legal basis for the U.S. invasion. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. A dispute exists over the legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Chief U. N. weapons inspector Hans Blix remarked in January 2003 that "Iraq appears not to have come to a genuine acceptance – not even today – of the disarmament, which was demanded of it and which it needs to carry out to win the confidence of the world and to live in peace. (born 28 June, 1928 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish Diplomat and Politician. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "[89] Among other things he noted that 1,000 tons of chemical agent were unaccounted for, information on Iraq's VX nerve agent program was missing, and that "no convincing evidence" was presented for the destruction of 8,500 liters of anthrax that had been declared. [89] Secretary of State Collin Powell's presentation to the U. N. on February 3, 2003 was designed to influence U. N. members that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction. France even believed that Saddam had stockpiles of anthrax and botulism toxin, and the ability to produce VX. [90] But in March, Blix said no evidence of WMDs had been found, and progress had been made in inspections. [47]
In early 2003, the U. S. , UK, and Spain proposed the so-called "eighteenth resolution" to give Iraq a deadline for compliance with previous resolutions enforced by the threat of military action. This proposed resolution was subsequently withdrawn due to lack of support on the U. N. Security Council. In particular, NATO members France, Germany and Canada together with Russia, were opposed to military intervention in Iraq due to the high level of risk to the international community's security and defended disarmament through diplomacy. The North Atlantic Treaty Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [91][92]
Opposition to invasion
- Further information: criticism of the Iraq War, legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and legality of the Iraq War
On January 20, 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared "we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution. Note This article describes rationales against the Iraq War; for parties opposing it see Opposition to the Iraq War The U A dispute exists over the legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The legality of the Iraq War has been widely debated since the United States, United Kingdom, Italy and several other countries launched the The Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of France, is the cabinet minister responsible for the Foreign relations of France. Dominique de Villepin (born Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (dɔminik də vilpɛ̃ &mdash) on 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco "[93] Meanwhile anti-war groups across the world organised public protests. In order to facilitate organized opposition to war Anti-war activists have often founded anti-war organizations According to French academic Dominique Reynié between the 3rd of January and 12th of April 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against war in Iraq, the demonstrations on February 15, 2003 being the largest and most prolific. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [94]
In February, 2003, the U. S. Army's top general, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take "several hundred thousand soldiers" to secure Iraq. General Eric Ken Shinseki (born November 28, 1942) was the 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999 - 2003 [95] Two days later, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war and, "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President S. forces is far from the mark. " Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said Shineski's estimate was "way off the mark," because other countries would take part in an occupying force. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U [96]
In March 2003, Hans Blix reported that, "No evidence of proscribed activities have so far been found," in Iraq, saying that progress was made in inspections which would continue. [47] But the U. S. government announced that "diplomacy has failed" and that it would proceed with a coalition of allied countries, named the "coalition of the willing", to rid Iraq of its alleged weapons of mass destruction. The U. S. government abruptly advised U. N. weapons inspectors to immediately pull out of Baghdad. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous
There were also serious legal questions surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war. A dispute exists over the legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related Foreign policy principles of United States president George W Preemptive war (or a preemptive strike) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or Invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in On September 16, 2004 Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the U. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations N. charter. From our point of view, from the charter point of view, it was illegal. "[97]
2003: Invasion
At 5:34 AM Baghdad time on 20 March 2003 (9:34 PM, 19 March EST) the Iraq Invasion began. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia See also: Iraq, Iraq disarmament crisis, Invasion of Iraq, Occupation of Iraq. This is the timeline of the 2003 Iraq war, principally the military actions and consequences of the US-led invasion. List of people associated with the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Australia John Howard, Prime Minister Andrew Wilkie This is a list of known Coalition military operations of the Iraq War. In military terms the description of units involved in an operation is known as the Order of battle (ORBAT Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. [98] The 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by General Tommy Franks, began under the U. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia General Tommy Ray Franks, United States Army (Ret KBE (Honorary (born June 17, 1945 in Wynnewood Oklahoma) is a retired S. codename "Operation Iraqi Freedom", the UK codename Operation Telic, and the Australian codename Operation Falconer. Operation (or Op TELIC is the codename under which all British operations of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and after are being conducted The Australian Government under John Howard supported the disarmament of Iraq during the Iraq disarmament crisis. Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish peshmerga forces in the north. Peshmerga, Peshmerga or Peshmerge ( Kurdish: pêşmerge) is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters Approximately forty other nations, the "coalition of the willing," participated by providing equipment, services, security, and special forces. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants
The invasion had eight military objectives. Each one followed from key points laid out in President Bush’s National Security Strategy. The objectives were to end Saddam Hussein’s regime, identify, isolate and eliminate Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, search, capture and drive out terrorists, obtain intelligence related to terrorist networks, accumulate intelligence related to the illicit network of weapons of mass destruction, end sanctions and distribute humanitarian aid to those in need, secure Iraq’s oil fields and other resources, and to assist the Iraqi people in transitioning to a representative government. [98]
The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering little resistance. In the north, Operation Iraqi Freedom used the largest special operations force since Vietnam. The operation, codenamed "Ugly Baby", was also the largest ground fighting the Special Operations Forces have encountered since Vietnam. The Iraqi Army was quickly overwhelmed with only the elite Fedayeen Saddam putting up strong resistance before melting away into the civilian population. Fedayeen Saddam (فدائيي صدام was a Paramilitary Organization loyal to the former Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein.
On April 9 Baghdad fell, ending Saddam's 24-year rule. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) U. S. forces seized the deserted Baath Party ministries and helped tear down a huge iron statue of Saddam, photos and video of which became symbolic of the event. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by massive civil disorder, including the looting of government buildings and drastically increased crime. [99][100]The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit, Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the Marines of Task Force Tripoli and on April 15 the coalition declared the invasion effectively over. Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located Task Force Tripoli (TFT was a United States Marine Corps air ground task force formed after the fall of Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
In the invasion phase of the war (March 20-April 30), 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by U. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule The Iraq Body Count project (IBC is one of several efforts to record civilian deaths attributable to coalition and insurgent military action sectarian violence and criminal violence S. air and ground forces. [101] Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U. S. military personnel[102] and 33 UK military personnel. [103]
Coalition Provisional Authority and Iraq Survey Group
- See also: Iraqi Governing Council, International Advisory and Monitoring Board, CPA Program Review Board, Development Fund for Iraq, and Reconstruction of Iraq
Shortly after the invasion, the multinational coalition created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة, based in the Green Zone, as a transitional government of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003 to June 1, The International Advisory and Monitoring Board was appointed to oversee the Coalition Provisional Authority 's disbursements from the Humanitarian Development The Coalition Provisional Authority Program Review Board was composed of the senior personnel of the Coalition Provisional Authority, charged with the responsibility to review In May 2003 following the invasion of Iraq in March of that year the Central Bank of Iraq-Development Fund for Iraq (DFI account was created at the U Reconstruction of Iraq describes attempts by the international community to improve and repair the infrastructure of Iraq in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion when much The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the The Green Zone (the common name for the International Zone of Iraq is a 10 km² (4 mile² area in central Baghdad that was the center of the Coalition Provisional A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a previous administration or regime Citing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 (22 May 2003) and the laws of war, the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on April 21, 2003, until its dissolution on June 28, 2004. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 was adopted by a vote of 14 to zero (with Syria absent on 22 May 2003. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
The CPA was originally headed by Jay Garner, a former U. Lieutenant General Jay Montgomery Garner USA Ret (born April 15 1938 is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who was appointed in 2003 as Director of S. military officer, but his appointment lasted only until May 11, 2003. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. After Garner resigned, President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer as the head the CPA and he served until the CPA's dissolution in July 2004. Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30 1941 known as Paul Bremer and also nicknamed Jerry Bremer, is an American Diplomat. Another group created in the spring of 2003 was the Iraq Survey Group (ISG; its final report is commonly called the Duelfer Report. The Iraq Survey Group (ISG was a fact-finding mission sent by the Multinational force in Iraq after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq to find the alleged Iraqi weapons ). This was a fact-finding mission sent by the multinational force in Iraq after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq to find weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programmes developed by Iraq. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia This article concerns the Iraqi government's use possession and alleged intention of acquiring more types of Weapons of mass destruction (WMD during the presidency of It consisted of a 1,400-member international team organised by the Pentagon and CIA to hunt for suspected stockpiles of WMD, such as chemical and biological agents, and any supporting research programmes and infrastructure that could be used to develop WMD. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all In 2004 the ISG's Duelfer report stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program. The Iraq Survey Group (ISG was a fact-finding mission sent by the Multinational force in Iraq after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq to find the alleged Iraqi weapons
Post-invasion phase
- Further information: U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis and Terrorist attacks of the Iraq War
_Mission_Accomplished.jpg/180px-USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)_Mission_Accomplished.jpg)
On May 1, 2003, President Bush staged a dramatic visit to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. Iraq War|2007 in Iraq|2008 in IraqThe post-invasion period in Iraq ----In April 2003 the United States drew up a list of most-wanted Iraqis, consisting of the 55 members of the deposed Iraqi regime whom they most wanted to capture After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, terrorists began launching attacks on civilian targets Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at The visit climaxed at sunset with Bush's now well-known "Mission Accomplished" speech. " Mission Accomplished " a Phrase associated with completing a mission, is in recent years particularly associated with a sign displayed on USS In this nationally-televised speech, delivered before the sailors and airmen on the flight deck, Bush effectively declared victory due to the defeat of Iraq's conventional forces. Airman is a term used to refer to any enlisted personnel in the United States Air Force or Other Ranks in the Royal Air Force (in which airwoman The flight deck of an Aircraft carrier is the surface from which its Aircraft take off and land essentially a miniature airfield at sea However, Saddam Hussein remained at large and significant pockets of resistance remained. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30
After President Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a gradually increasing flurry of attacks on its troops in various regions, especially in the "Sunni Triangle". The Sunni Triangle is a densely-populated region of Iraq to the northwest of Baghdad that is inhabited mostly by Sunni Muslim Arabs [104] In the initial chaos after the fall of the Iraqi government, there was massive looting of infrastructure, including government buildings, official residences, museums, banks, and military depots. According to The Pentagon, 250,000 tons (of 650,000 tons total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the Iraqi insurgency. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq The insurgents were further helped by hundreds of weapons caches created prior to the invasion by the conventional Iraqi army and Republican Guard. The Iraqi Special Republican Guard ( SRG) ( Al-Haris al-Jamhuri al-Khas) also known as the Special Forces Brigade of the Presidential Palace, Republican
Initially, Iraqi resistance (known to the coalition as "Anti-Iraqi Forces") largely stemmed from fedayeen and Saddam/Baath Party loyalists, but soon religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation contributed to the insurgency. Fedayeen (فدائيون fidā'ī, plural fidā'iyūn: meaning " Freedom fighter (s" or "self-sacrificer(s"Ֆէտայի is a term The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus The three provinces with the highest number of attacks were Baghdad, Al Anbar, and Salah Ad Din. Baghdad Governorate (محافظة بغداد Muḥāfaẓät Baġdād in the nation of Iraq and contains the Al Anbar (الأنبار al-’Anbār or Anbar) is the largest province in Iraq geographically Salah ad Din, Salâh-ad-Dîn, or Salahuddin ( Arabic: صلاح الدين is a Governorate in Iraq, north of Baghdad Those three provinces account for 35% of the population, but are responsible for 73% of U. S. military deaths (as of December 5, 2006), and an even higher percentage of recent U. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. military deaths (about 80%). [105] Insurgents use guerrilla tactics including; mortars, missiles, suicide attacks, snipers, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), car bombs, small arms fire (usually with assault rifles), and RPGs (rocket propelled grenades), as well as sabotage against the oil, water, and electrical infrastructure. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Juba (جوبا (aka "Joba" is the nom de guerre of an alleged Sniper involved in the Iraqi Resistance featured in several An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action An assault rifle is a Selective fire Rifle or Carbine (not to be confused with a semi-automatic only replica firing Ammunition with muzzle RPG or rocket-propelled grenade, is a loose term describing hand-held shoulder-launched Anti-tank weapons capable of firing an unguided
Post-invasion Iraq coalition efforts commenced after the fall of the Hussein regime. Iraq War|2007 in Iraq|2008 in IraqThe post-invasion period in Iraq The coalition nations, together with the United Nations, began to work to establish a stable democratic state capable of defending itself,[106] holding itself together[107] as well as overcoming insurgent attacks and internal divisions. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system
Meanwhile, coalition military forces launched several operations around the Tigris River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern The Sunni Triangle is a densely-populated region of Iraq to the northwest of Baghdad that is inhabited mostly by Sunni Muslim Arabs A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. Toward the end of 2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. A sharp surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "Ramadan Offensive", as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. This is a history of the Iraqi Insurgency. Ba'athists, the supporters of Saddam Hussein 's former regime including army or intelligence officers Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic To counter this offensive, coalition forces begin to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam’s birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma were wrapped in barbed wire and carefully monitored. A small Iraqi town Abu Hishma ( أبو هشمة) has a population of approximately 7000 villagers
However, the failure to restore basic services to pre-war levels, where over a decade of sanctions, bombing, corruption, and decaying infrastructure had left major cities barely functioning, contributed to local anger at the IPA government headed by an executive council. On July 2, 2003, President Bush declared that American troops would remain in Iraq in spite of the attacks, challenging the insurgents with "My answer is, bring 'em on," a widely criticized line which Bush later expressed misgivings about. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [108] In the summer of 2003, the multinational forces also focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the former regime. In the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States -led coalition the U On July 22, a raid by the U. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of S. 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Saddam Hussein's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. Task Force 20 is a designation that has been used by several United States Department of Defense units Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 Baghdad &ndash 22 July 2003 Mosul) (عُدي صدّام حُسين was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (قصي صدام حسين (or Qusai) ( May 17, 1966 &ndash July 22, 2003) was the second son In all, over 300 top leaders of the former regime were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel.
Saddam Hussein captured
- See also: Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal and Trial of Saddam Hussein
In the wave of intelligence information fueling the raids on remaining Baath Party members connected to insurgency, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on December 13, 2003 on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn. The Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (formerly Iraqi Special Tribunal) is a body established under Iraqi national law to try Iraqi nationals or residents accused The Trial of Saddam Hussein was the trial of the deposed President of Iraq Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi Interim Government for alleged Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Red Dawn is the US Military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq near Tikrit, that captured Iraq President [109] The operation was conducted by the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The 4th Infantry Division is a modular division of the United States Army based at Fort Carson, Colorado, with four Brigade combat Task Force 121 is a classic example of the United States ' 'Joint Task Force' concept of conducting Special operations.
Saddam was captured in a hole below a two-room mud shack. When he was captured only a Styrofoam square and a rug were between Saddam and U. S. forces. Major General Raymond Odierno commented, “he was caught like a rat. ” Intelligence on Saddam’s whereabouts came from information obtained from his family members and former bodyguards. [110]
With the capture of Saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded the multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the New Iraqi Security forces intended to defend the country, and the United States promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure.
Shortly after the capture of Saddam, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an Iraqi Interim Government. The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the The Iraqi Interim Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a Caretaker government to govern Iraq until the Iraqi Most prominent among these was the Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini al-Sistani Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time, preferring instead to eventually hand-over power to the Interim Iraqi Government. The Iraqi Interim Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a Caretaker government to govern Iraq until the Iraqi [111] Due to the internal fight for power in the new Iraqi government more insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad (Sadr City) to Basra in the south. Sadr City ( مدينة الصدر) is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.
2004: The insurgency expands
- See also: Military operations of the Iraq War for a list of all Coalition operations for this period, 2004 in Iraq, Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations, History of Iraqi insurgency, United States occupation of Fallujah, Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004
The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. See also Iraq, Occupation of Iraq, 2005 in Iraq, Civil war in Iraq Events January January This is a list of known Coalition military operations of the Iraq War. See also Iraq, Occupation of Iraq, 2005 in Iraq, Civil war in Iraq Events January January This is a list of known Coalition military operations of the Iraq War. This is a history of the Iraqi Insurgency. Ba'athists, the supporters of Saddam Hussein 's former regime including army or intelligence officers The United States occupation of Fallujah began in April 2003 one month following the beginning of the Invasion of Iraq. The Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 ( April 4, 2004 - June 24, 2004) was a series of operational offensives and various major Insurgent forces reorganised during this time, studying the multinational forces' tactics and planning a renewed offensive. However, violence did increase during the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as al-Qaeda in Iraq (an affiliated al-Qaeda group), led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi helping to drive the insurgency. The Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 ( April 4, 2004 - June 24, 2004) was a series of operational offensives and various major Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal
As the insurgency grew there was a distinct change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new Iraqi Security Forces, as hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of massive bombings. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming more powerful throughout Iraq. The Shia Mahdi Army also began launching attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from Iraqi security forces. This page describes the Shia Mahdi Army of contemporary Iraq for the Sunni Mahdi Army of Nineteenth Century Sudan see Muhammad Ahmad. The southern and central portions of Iraq were beginning to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive.
The most serious fighting of the war so far began on March 31, 2004, when Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a Blackwater USA convoy led by four American private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers Eurest Support Services. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq For other meanings see Fallujah (disambiguation. Fallujah (الفلوجة sometimes transliterated Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark A private military company ( PMC) provides specialized expertise or services of a military nature sometimes called or classified as Mercenary ("soldiers for hire" Eurest Support Services (ESS is a subsidiary of the Catering company the Compass Group. [112] The four armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Stephen "Scott" Helvenston ( June 21, 1965 – March 31 2004) was a former United States Navy SEAL, and worked Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת [113] Photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing a great deal of indignation and moral outrage in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful "pacification" of the city: the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004. News agency (alternative A news agency is an organization of Journalists established to supply News reports to organizations in the News trade A moral panic can be defined as "the intensity of feeling expressed by a large number of people about a specific group of people who appear to threaten the social order at a given As part of the occupation of Iraq, the First Battle of Fallujah, Codenamed Operation Vigilant Resolve was an unsuccessful attempt by the United
The offensive was resumed in November, 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war so far: the Second Battle of Fallujah, described by the U. The Second Battle of Fallujah ( Code-named Operation Al-Fajr - "The Dawn" S. military as "the heaviest urban combat (that they had been involved in) since the battle of Hue City in Vietnam. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially "[114] Intelligence briefings given prior to battle reported that Coalition forces would encounter Chechnyan, Filipino, Saudi, Iranian, Italian, and Syrian combatants, as well as native Iraqis. [115] During the assault, U. S. forces used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel, attracting controversy. There are several cases in which white phosphorus (WP has been used as an Anti-personnel weapon in Iraq by Saddam Hussein and the United States The 46-day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 Americans killed along with approximately 1,350 insurgents. Fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting, though civilian casualties were low, as they had mostly been evacuated before the fight. [116]
Another major event of this year was the revelation of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib which received international media attention in April 2004. The city of Abu Ghraib ( Arabic: أبو غريب Abū Ghurayb First reports of the abuse, as well as graphic pictures showing American military personnel taunting and abusing Iraqi prisoners, came to public attention from a 60 Minutes II news report (April 28) and a Seymour M. Hersh article in the The New Yorker (posted online on April 30). See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse This article describes in more detail the Nature of the Abu Ghraib abuse. 60 Minutes II, also known as 60 Minutes Wednesday and 60 Minutes (see Name changes) was a weekly primetime Newsmagazine Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Seymour (Sy Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative Journalist and Author The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule [117] Thomas Ricks, an author who has studied the war, claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of some Iraqis and was a turning point in the war. Thomas Ricks may refer to Thomas Edwin Ricks, Mormon pioneer Thomas E [118]
2005: Elections and transitional government
On January 31, Iraqis elected the Iraqi Transitional Government in order to draft a permanent constitution. See also Iraq War, Iraqi insurgency, Iraq, 2005 Events January January 4 - Governor Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes The Iraqi Transitional Government was the government of Iraq from May 3rd 2005, when it replaced the Iraqi Interim Government, until May Although some violence and widespread Sunni boycott marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On February 4, Paul Wolfowitz announced that 15,000 U. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U S. troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month. [119] February to April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70.
Hopes for a quick end to an insurgency and a withdrawal of U. S. troops were dashed in May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 U. S. soldiers.
The summer of 2005 saw fighting around Baghdad and at Tall Afar in northwestern Iraq as US forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. Tal Afar (pronounced /ta/ /la/ /fer/ (also Tal'Afar, Tal Afar, Tall Afar, Tell Afar, Tel This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the Euphrates valley between the capital and the that border. [120]
A referendum was held in October 15 in which the new Iraqi constitution was ratified. The current Constitution of Iraq was approved by a referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. The electorate of Iraq went to the polls on 15 October 2005 to vote in a Referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed Constitution An Iraqi national assembly was elected in December, with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia. The Council of Representatives of Iraq (مجلس النواب العراقي Majlis al-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy) is the main elected body of representatives in Iraq Following the ratification of the Constitution of Iraq on October 15 2005, a general election was held on 15 December to elect [120]
Insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34,131 recorded incidents, compared to a total 26,496 for the previous year [121].
2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government
The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on February 22, 2006. This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006 For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing The 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing occurred at The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on February 23, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack the US military calculated that the average homicide rate in Baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. The United Nations has since described the environment in Iraq as a "civil war-like situation. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security "[122] A 2006 study by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has estimated that more than 601,000 Iraqis have died in violence since the U. The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific Medical journals in the world published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore Maryland, U S. invasion and that fewer than one third of these deaths came at the hands of Coalition forces. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants [123] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Iraqi government estimate that more than 365,000 Iraqis have been displaced since the bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The politics of Iraq takes place in a framework of a more or less federal parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the This article is about the Iraqi mosque For the medieval Egyptian capital please see Al-Askar. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race 6 million. [124]
The current government of Iraq took office on May 20, 2006 following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The members of the first Iraqi Council of Representatives were elected in December 2005 under the newly-adopted constitution. The Council of Representatives of Iraq (مجلس النواب العراقي Majlis al-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy) is the main elected body of representatives in Iraq This followed the general election in December 2005. Following the ratification of the Constitution of Iraq on October 15 2005, a general election was held on 15 December to elect The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the formation of the permanent government. The Iraqi Transitional Government was the government of Iraq from May 3rd 2005, when it replaced the Iraqi Interim Government, until May In Politics, a caretaker government rules temporarily A caretaker government is often set up following a War until stable Democratic rule can be restored
Increased sectarian violence
In September 2006, The Washington Post reported that the commander of the Marine forces in Iraq filed "an unusual secret report" concluding that the prospects for securing the Anbar province are dim, and that there is almost nothing the U. S. military can do to improve the political and social situation there. [125]
As of October 20 the U. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony S military announced that Operation Together Forward had failed to stem the tide of violence in Baghdad, and Shiite militants under al-Sadr seized several southern Iraq cities. Operation Together Forward also known as Forward Together (in Arabic Amaliya Ma’an ila Al-Amam was an unsuccessful security plan in Iraq to significantly reduce [126]
On November 23, the deadliest attack since the beginning of the Iraq war occurred. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The 2006 Sadr City bombings were a series of car bombs and mortar attacks in Iraq that began on November 23 at 1510 Baghdad time (1210 Suspected Sunni-Arab militants used suicide car bombs and mortar rounds on the capital's Shiite Sadr City slum to kill at least 215 people and wound 257. This attack was retaliated by Shia militias who fired mortar rounds at various Sunni neighborhoods and organizations.
Iraq Study Group report and Saddam’s execution
The Iraq Study Group Report was released on December 6, 2006. The Iraq Study group (ISG also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commission, was a ten-person Bipartisan panel appointed on March 15, The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. Scope and task See also Iraq Study Group The US government formed the Research Group under the auspices of Bipartisanship due to growing concern from Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The bipartisan Iraq Study Group was led by former secretary of state James Baker and former Democratic congressman Lee Hamilton, and concludes that "the situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and "U. The Iraq Study group (ISG also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commission, was a ten-person Bipartisan panel appointed on March 15, See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political Lee Herbert Hamilton (born April 20 1931) the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission, currently serves on the President 's Homeland S. forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end. " The report's 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with Iran and Syria and intensifying efforts to train Iraqi troops. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية On December 18, a Pentagon report found that attacks on Americans and Iraqis were averaging about 960 a week, the highest since the reports had begun in 2005. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the [127]
Coalition forces formally transferred control of a province to the Iraqi government, the first since the war. Military prosecutors charged 8 Marines with the deaths of 24 Iraqi civilians in Haditha in November 2005, 10 of them women and children. Haditha (ar حديثة al-Haditha) is a city in the western Iraqi province of Al Anbar, about 240 km northwest of Baghdad. Four officers were also charged with dereliction of duty in relation to the event. Dereliction of duty is a specific offense in Military law. It includes various elements centered around the avoidance of any duty which may be properly expected [128]
Saddam Hussein was hanged on December 30, 2006 after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court, after a year-long trial. The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [129]
2007: U. S. troop surge
- Further information: 2007 in Iraq, Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and Strategic reset
In a January 10, 2007 televised address to the American public, Bush proposed 21,500 more troops for Iraq, a job programme for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1. 2007|Iraq|Iraqi insurgency|Iraq War|Coalition military operations of the Iraq War|Iraq War troop surge of 2007 Events January January 6 Battle The surge is a phrase commonly used to describe United States President George W Strategic reset is a policy framework designed to stop counterproductive U Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2 billion for these programmes. [130] Asked why he thought his plan would work this time, Bush said: "Because it has to. "[131] On January 23, 2007 in the 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush announced "deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The 2007 State of the Union Address was a speech given by United States President George W " On February 10, 2007 David Petraeus was made commander of Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all U. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. General David Howell Petraeus, USA (born November 7 1952) is scheduled to become the next Commander U This page is about the military command, for more general discussion of the coalition forces see Multinational force in Iraq or Iraq War. S. forces in the country, replacing General George Casey. General George William Casey Jr, USA (born July 21, 1948) is the 36th and current Chief of Staff of the United States Army In his new position, Petraeus has overseen all coalition forces in Iraq and employed them in the new "Surge" strategy outlined by the Bush administration. The surge is a phrase commonly used to describe United States President George W [132] [133]. 2007 also saw a sharp increase in insurgent chlorine bombings. See also Iraq War Chlorine bombings in Iraq began as early as October 2006 when insurgents in Al Anbar province started using Chlorine gas in conjunction
However, maintaining higher troop levels in the face of higher casualties required two changes in the army. Tours of duty were increased and the exclusions of volunteers with a history of criminal acts were relaxed. A moral waiver is an instance when an individual is by exception recruited into the United States Military despite not ordinarily meeting the standard requirements in A defense department sponsored report described increased length of tours leading to higher stress which increase manifestations of anger and disrespect for civilians. [134] Statistics released in April indicated that more and more soldiers have been deserting their duty, a sharp rise from the years before. [135]
Pressures on U. The Land Rover Wolf is a military utility vehicle in service with UK Armed Forces and the Dutch Marine Corps Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra S. troops were compounded by the continuing withdrawal of British forces from the Basra Governorate. Basra province, or Al Basrah province, is a province of Iraq, with an area of. In early 2007, British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that following Operation Sinbad UK troops would begin to withdraw from Basra, handing security over to the Iraqis. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to Operation Sinbad was an operation led by the Iraqi Security Forces and supported by British Danish and other Multi-National Forces in southern Iraq. [136] This announcement was confirmed in the Autumn by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Blair's successor, who again outlined a withdrawal plan for the remaining UK forces with a complete withdrawal date sometime in late 2008. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is [137] In July Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen also announced the withdrawal of 441 Danish troops from Iraq, leaving only a unit of nine soldiers manning four observational helicopters. Anders Fogh Rasmussen (⁽ˈ⁾ɑnɐs foˀ ˈʀɑsmusn̩, informally known as Anders Fogh ( ˈfoːˀ ⁽ˈ⁾ɑnɐs ˈfɔʊ̯ˀ or simply Fogh, (born January [138]
Planned troop reduction
In a speech made to Congress on September 10, 2007, General David Petraeus "envisioned the withdrawal of roughly 30,000 U. S. troops by next summer, beginning with a Marine contingent [in September]. " [139] On September 14, President Bush backed a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq. [140] Bush said 5,700 personnel would be home by Christmas 2007, and expected thousands more to return by July 2008. The plan would take troop numbers back to their level before the surge at the beginning of 2007. Some controversy has arisen due to the fact that former secretary of state Colin Powell announced before the surge took place that there would have to be a draw down of troops by mid-2007. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. [141]
Effects of the surge on security
By mid-March 2007, violence in Baghdad was reported by US sources close to the military as having been curtailed by 80%; however, independent reports[142][143] have raised questions about such assessments. Muhammad Jamal al-Durrah (1988-2000 محمد جمال الدرة was a Palestinian boy reported to have been killed by gunfire from the Israel Defense Forces (IDF Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. An Iraqi military spokesman claims that civilian deaths since the start of the troop surge plan were 265 in Baghdad, down from 1,440 in the four previous weeks. The New York Times has found more than 450 Iraqi civilians were killed during the same 28-day period, based on initial daily reports from Interior Ministry and hospital officials. Historically, the daily counts tallied by the NYT have underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the United Nations, which rely upon figures from the Iraqi Health Ministry and morgue figures. [144]
Also, the rate of American combat deaths in Baghdad over the first seven weeks of the "surge" security escalation has nearly doubled from the previous period to a rate of 3. 14/day. [145][146]
On August 14, 2007 the deadliest single attack of the whole war occurred. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. __NOEDITSECTION__The 2007 Yazidi communities bombings occurred at around 8pm local time on August 14, 2007, when four Nearly 800 civilians were killed by a series of co-ordinated suicide bomb attacks on the northern Iraqi settlement of Qahtaniya. Kahataniya ( Arabic, القحطانية) or Gıruzer (Kurdish also spelled Giruzer Kar Izir is a northern Iraqi town about 100 km More than 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blasts. US officials blamed al-Qaeda in Iraq. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. The targeted villagers belong to the non-Muslim Yazidi ethnic minority. The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئزیدی or Êzidî, Arabic: يزيدي or ايزدي Assyrian/Syriac: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ is a The attack may represent the latest spasm in a blood feud that erupted earlier this year when members of the Yazidi community stoned to death a teenage girl called Du’a Khalil Aswad accused of dating a Sunni Arab man and converting to Islam. Du’a Khalil Aswad (دعاء خليل أسود(c 1989 or 1990 – c The killing of the girl was recorded on camera-mobiles and the video was uploaded onto the internet[147] [148] [149] [150]
On September 13, Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was killed in a bomb attack in the city of Ramadi. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Abdul Sattar Abu Risha ( عبد الستار أبو ريشة) - Sheikh Abdul Sattar Eftikhan al-Rishawi ad-Dulaimi الشيخ عبد الستار افتيخان Ramadi ( BGN: Ar Ramādī) is a City in central Iraq, about West of Baghdad [151] He was an important US ally because he led the "Anbar Awakening", an alliance of Sunni Arab tribes that rose up against al-Qaeda in Iraq. Awakening movements in Iraq are coalitions between tribal Sheikhs in a particular province in Iraq that unite to maintain security Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. The latter organisation claimed responsibility for the attack[152]. A statement posted on the Internet by the shadowy Islamic State of Iraq called Abu Risha "one of the dogs of Bush" and described Thursday's killing as a "heroic operation that took over a month to prepare"[153]. The Islamic State of Iraq or Dawlat al-'Iraq al-Islamiyya ( Arabic دولة العراق الإسلامية) is an Umbrella organization
There has been a reported trend of decreasing US troop deaths since May of 2007[154], and violence against coalition troops has fallen to the "lowest levels since the first year of the American invasion"[155]. These, and several other positive developments, have been attributed to the surge by many analysts. [156] Data from The Pentagon and other US agencies such as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that daily attacks against civilians in Iraq have remained “about the same” since February. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The Government Accountability Office ( GAO) is the Audit, Evaluation, and investigative arm of the United States Congress. The GAO also stated that there was no discernible trend in sectarian violence. [157] However, this report runs counter to the most recent report to Congress, which shows a general downward trend in civilian deaths and ethno-sectarian violence since December 2006. [158] By late 2007, as the U. S. troop surge began to wind down, violence in Iraq had begun to decrease from its 2006 highs. However, political progress remained slow as the Shia-Kurd coalition government continued to stall on any significant progress on the host of issues facing Iraq. [159]
In the Shia region near Basra, British forces turned over security for the region to Iraqi Security Forces. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra Basra is the ninth province of Iraq's 18 provinces to be returned to local security forces' control since the beginning of the war. [160]
Political developments
More than half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. 144 of the 275 lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition that would require the Iraqi government to seek approval from Parliament before it requests an extension of the U. N. mandate for foreign forces to be in Iraq, which expires at the end of 2008. It also calls for a timetable for troop withdrawal and a freeze on the size of foreign forces. The U. N. Security Council mandate for U. S. -led forces in Iraq will terminate "if requested by the government of Iraq. "[161] Under Iraqi law, the speaker must present a resolution called for by a majority of lawmakers. [162] 59% of those polled in the U. S. support a timetable for withdrawal. [163]
In mid-2007, the Coalition began a controversial program to recruit Iraqi Sunnis for the formation of "Guardian" militias. These Guardian militias are intended to support and secure various Sunni neighborhoods unable to provide internal security themselves. [164]
Tensions with Iran
- Further information: United States-Iran relations and Karbala provincial headquarters raid
In 2007, tensions increased greatly between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant anti-Iranian group Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan(PEJAK). The raid of the Karbala provincial headquarters was an infiltration attack carried out on 20 January 2007 by insurgent commandos with possible Iranian For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn The Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan ( Kurdish: Partîya Jîyana Azad a Kurdistanê or پارتی ژیانی ئازادی کوردستان) or PJAK According to reports, Iran has been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since August 16th. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on August 23rd by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants. [165]
Coalition forces also began to target alleged Iranian Quds force operatives in Iraq, either arresting or killing suspected members. USA kill or capture strategy in Iraq refers to a strategy adopted in 2007 by the United States in Iraq to confront suspected Iranian operatives The Quds Force (نیروی قدس translit Niru e Qods) in English Jerusalem Force, is a special unit of Iran 's Army of the Guardians of the US raid on Iranian Liaison Office in Arbil refers to the events of 11 January 2007 when the United States Military raided the Iranian Liaison The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly EFP devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. An explosively formed penetrator (EFP is a type of Petard also known as an explosively formed projectile, a self-forging warhead, or a self-forging Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the Autumn of 2007. On November 21 2007 Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives and training of extremists in Iraq. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. [166]
In April, 2008, the United States accused Iranian backed insurgency of launching attacks on Iraqi civilians and US-led multinational forces and claimed that approximately 90 percent of foreign terrorists enter Iraq through Syria. April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
"Iran and Syria must stop the flow of weapons and foreign fighters into Iraq, and their malign interference in Iraq," U. S. Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad said Monday in a report to the U. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad ( Pashto: زلمی خلیلزاد - Zalmay Khalīlzād) (born 22 March 1951 is the permanent United States Ambassador to the United N. Security Council on behalf of the multinational force in Iraq. The Iranian and Syrian governments, however, have repeatedly denied trying to destabilize Iraq and insist there is no proof. [167]
On May 2, 2008, An Iraqi delegation in Iran confronted the Iranian security officials with evidence that Tehran was providing support for Shi'ite militias battling Iraqi government forces. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common According to Haidar al-Ibadi, a member of Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki's Dawah party, list of names, training camps and cells linked to Iran were presented to the Iranian officials. Nouri Kamel Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki ( Arabic: نوري كامل محمّد حسن المالكي transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born June The Islamic Dawa Party or Islamic Call Party ( Arabic حزب الدعوة الإسلامية Ḥizb al Daʿwa al-Islāmiyya) is historically a militant Shiite [168] The Iranian officials denied the accusations and the Iraqi government has since announced that there is no hard evidence against Iran. [169]
Tensions with Turkey
- Further information: 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Border incursions by PKK militants based in Iraqi Kurdistan have continued to harass Turkish forces, with casualties on both sides increasing tensions between Turkey, a NATO ally, and Iraqi Kurdistan. TalkKurdistan TalkKurdistan The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or PKK, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK It is listed as a terrorist The North Atlantic Treaty
In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish villages in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the Mount Cudi region with aircraft. [170][171] The Turkish parliament approved a resolution permitting the military to pursue the PKK in Iraqi Kurdistan. [172] In November, Turkish gunships attacked parts of northern Iraq in the first such attack by Turkish aircraft since the border tensions escalated. [173] Another series of attacks in mid-December hit PKK targets in the Qandil, Zap, Avashin and Hakurk regions. The latest series of attacks involved at least 50 aircraft and artillery and Kurdish officials reported one civilian killed and two wounded. [174]
Additionally, weapons that were originally given to Iraqi security forces by the American military are being recovered by authorities in Turkey after being used in violent crimes in that country. [175]
Private security firm controversy
On September 17, 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the American security firm Blackwater USA over the firm's involvement in the deaths of eight civilians, including a woman and an infant,[176] in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade. On September 16, 2007, Blackwater guards shot and killed 17 Iraqi civilians in Nisour Square Baghdad Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark Additional investigations of alleged arms smuggling involving the firm was also under way. Blackwater Worldwide is a Private military company and security firm founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark Blackwater is currently one of the most high-profile firms operating in Iraq, with around 1,000 employees as well as a fleet of helicopters in the country. Whether the group may be legally prosecuted is still a matter of debate. An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law [177].
2008
- Further information: 2008 in Iraq
In early January, the Maliki government began consideration of a new law to politically rehabilitate former Baath Party members. 2008|Iraq|Iraqi insurgency|Iraq War|Coalition military operations of the Iraq War Events January January 1 A suicide bomber kills more than 30 people The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus [178]
On January 8 Operation Phantom Phoenix began, with the goal of hunting down the remaining 200 al-Qaeda extremists in the province of Diyala following the end of the previous offensive. Operation Phantom Phoenix is a major nation-wide offensive launched by the Multinational Force Iraq (MNF-I on January 8 2008 in an attempt to build on the success Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Diyala (ديالى is one of the constituent Governorates of the nation of Iraq. The Diyala province campaign was a series of operations conducted by coalition forces against Iraqi insurgents and a number of bombing and guerrilla attacks against the security forces The operation also included targeting insurgent elements in Salah ad-Din province. Salah ad Din, Salâh-ad-Dîn, or Salahuddin ( Arabic: صلاح الدين is a Governorate in Iraq, north of Baghdad [179][180]
.gif/200px-Turkey_South_(3d).gif)
The ongoing conflict between Turkey and PKK [181][182][183] intensified on February 21, when Turkey launched a ground attack into the Quandeel Mountains of Northern Iraq. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or PKK, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK It is listed as a terrorist TalkKurdistan In the nine day long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25 km into Northern Iraq. This was the first substantial ground incursion by Turkish forces since 1995. [184][185] Shortly after the incursion began, both the Iraqi cabinet and the Kurdistan regional government condemned Turkey's actions and called for the immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from the region. [186] Turkish troops withdrew on February 29. [187]
The fifth anniversary of the beginning of the war on 20 March was marked by a speech by George Bush declaring that the surge strategy had been a success and that America was headed for victory. Critics of the war were less optimistic. [188]
Meanwhile the war went on, with American forces targeting al-Qaeda strongholds in Mosul. [189]In late March, the Green Zone in Baghdad came under repeated rocket attack, killing two U. The Green Zone (the common name for the International Zone of Iraq is a 10 km² (4 mile² area in central Baghdad that was the center of the Coalition Provisional S. government officials and injuring several others. [190] According to General David Petraeus, Iranian-trained insurgents were responsible for the attack. [191]On a day of increased violence and suicide bombings across Iraq, the death of four soldiers brought the total death toll of American forces, since the beginning of the war, to 4000. [192]
Spring offensives on Shia militias
- Further information: Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008 and Battle of Basra (2008)
At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with Coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "The Knights Assault", in Basra to secure the area from militias. The Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008 (March 23 2008 &ndash May 11 2008 was a series of clashes between the Mahdi Army and the Iraqi Army supported by coalition forces For other battles of Basra see Battle of Basra. The Battle of Basra began on March 25, 2008, when the Iraqi Army This was the first major operation where the Iraqi Army did not have direct combat support from conventional coalition ground troops. The offensive was opposed by the Mahdi Army, one of the militias, which controlled much of the region. This page describes the Shia Mahdi Army of contemporary Iraq for the Sunni Mahdi Army of Nineteenth Century Sudan see Muhammad Ahmad. [193][194] Fighting quickly spread to other parts of Iraq: including Sadr City, Al Kut, Al Hillah and others. Sadr City ( مدينة الصدر) is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. For the town in Armenia see Kut Armenia. Al-Kūt ( BGN: Al Kūt; also spelled Kut-Al-Imara or Kut El Amara Al-Hillah ( BGN: Al Ḩillah; also spelled Hillah or Hilla) is a city in central Iraq During the fighting Iraqi forces met stiff resistance from militiamen in Basra to the point that the Iraqi military offensive ground to a halt.
Following talks with Brig. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, commander of the Qods brigades of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the intercession of the Iranian government, on March 31, 2008, al-Sadr ordered his followers to lay down their weapons. Brigadier General Qassem Suleimani (born March 11, 1957) is the commander of Quds Force, a division of the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard The Quds Force (نیروی قدس translit Niru e Qods) in English Jerusalem Force, is a special unit of Iran 's Army of the Guardians of the Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor [195] The militiamen did keep their weapons and blended back into the population.
By May 12, 2008, Basra "residents overwhelmingly reported a substantial improvement in their everyday lives" according to The New York Times. "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants’ headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers’ who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report. However, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day". [194]
In late April roadside bombings continued to rise from a low in January of 114 to over 250, surpassing the May 2007 high.
In early May, the Iraqi government called on the residents of Sadr City to flee after more than 40 days of fighting, which has left between 500-1,000 people dead. Due to the nearly constant violence, there are ongoing shortages of food, water, and other supplies. [196]
Congressional testimony
Speaking before the U. S. Congress on April 8, 2008, General David Petraeus urged delaying troop withdrawals, saying, "I’ve repeatedly noted that we haven’t turned any corners, we haven’t seen any lights at the end of the tunnel," referencing the comments of President Bush and former Vietnam-era General William Westmoreland. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common General David Howell Petraeus, USA (born November 7 1952) is scheduled to become the next Commander U William C Westmoreland ( March 26, 1914 &ndash July 18, 2005) was an American General who commanded American military [197] When asked by Senator Evan Bayh if reasonable people could disagree on the way forward, Petraeus responded, "I don’t know if I would go that far. "[198] When asked twice again about that point, Petraeus said, "We fight for the right of people to have other opinions. "[199]
When asked by Republican Senator John Warner whether the Iraq War is making the U. John William Warner (born February 18 1927 is an American Politician, who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and has served as the S. safer, Petraeus stated that it would ultimately be up to history. [200] Republican Senator Chuck Hagel asked about Ambassador Ryan Crocker's "diplomatic surge," and its apparent lack of results in the region. Charles Timothy " Chuck " Hagel (born October 4, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Nebraska. Ryan Clark Crocker (born on June 19, 1949 in Spokane Washington) is the current United States Ambassador to Iraq. [201]
Upon questioning by Senate committee chair Joe Biden, Ambassador Crocker admitted that Al-Qaeda in Iraq was less important than the separate Al-Qaeda organization led by Osama bin Laden along the Afghan-Pakistani border. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [202] Lawmakers from both parties complained that U. S. taxpayers are carrying Iraq's burden as it earns billions of dollars in oil revenues. Democrats plan to push legislation this spring that would force the Iraqi government to spend its own surplus to rebuild. [203]
Iraq asks the U. S. to leave as the situation allows
Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki told President Bush on April 9, 2008 that Iraqi security forces are capable of their duties and U. Nouri Kamel Mohammed Hassan al-Maliki ( Arabic: نوري كامل محمّد حسن المالكي transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born June Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common S. troops should be pulled out as the situation allows. [204] In May 2007, Bush said, "We are there at the invitation of the Iraqi government. This is a sovereign nation. Twelve million people went to the polls to approve a constitution. It's their government's choice. If they were to say, leave, we would leave. "[205]
Bush said on April 11, 2008, that he is not ready to order further troop withdrawals from Iraq. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The last of the surge troops are expected to return home in July. Any further withdrawals will be suspended for at least 45 days while General David Petraeus decides if they are possible. [206]
Coalition troop deployment
- See also: Dancon/Irak, Deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq, Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Operation Telic order of battle, and Plus Ultra Brigade
The Multinational Force in Iraq is a military command led by the United States fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants History Dancon's units were subordinate to Multi-National Division (South East ("MND(SE" which is responsible for the southern provinces of Al Basrah Background The Koizumi administration originally ordered the controversial formation and deployment of the JIRSG at the request of the United States. On March 17, 2003, then Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski announced that Poland would send about 200 troops to the Persian Gulf The Australian Government under John Howard supported the disarmament of Iraq during the Iraq disarmament crisis. This is the Operation Telic order of battle, which lists the British forces that took part in Operation Telic, including the 2003 Invasion of Iraq The Plus Ultra Brigade, or Brigada Hispanoamericana, was a military contingent of mixed personnel from Spain This page is about the military command, for more general discussion of the coalition forces see Multinational force in Iraq or Iraq War. A command in military use has several meanings In referring to Military organization it is a collection of units or a group of personnel under the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "Multi-National Force - Iraq" replaced the previous force, Combined Joint Task Force 7, on May 15, 2004. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The media in the U. S. has been known to use the term U. S. -led coalition to describe this force, as around 93% of the troops are from the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [207]
United Nations
The United Nations has also deployed a small contingent to Iraq to protect UN staff and guard their compounds. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI)
Georgia: 550 blue-helmets
Fiji: 168 blue-helmets
Romania: 130 blue-helmets
Denmark: 35 blue-helmets
Canada: 0 blue-helmets[208]
Armed Iraqi groups
- Further information: History of Iraqi insurgency, Sectarian violence in Iraq, and Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations
The Iraqi insurgency is the armed resistance, by diverse groups, including private militias, within Iraq opposed to the US occupation and the U. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI was formally established on 14 August 2003. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This is a history of the Iraqi Insurgency. Ba'athists, the supporters of Saddam Hussein 's former regime including army or intelligence officers Following the US -launched 2003 invasion of Iraq, the situation deteriorated and by 2007 the conflict between Iraqi Sunni and Shi'a factions was This is a list of known Coalition military operations of the Iraq War. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq Private militias in Iraq include those known from modern history such as the Mahdi Army and Badr Organization as well as some that have emerged in the post-Saddam S. -supported Iraqi government. The current Government of Iraq took office on May 20, 2006 following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. The fighting has clear sectarian overtones and significant international implications (see Civil war in Iraq). Following the US -launched 2003 invasion of Iraq, the situation deteriorated and by 2007 the conflict between Iraqi Sunni and Shi'a factions was This campaign has been called the Iraqi resistance by its supporters and the anti-Iraqi forces(AIF)[209] by Coalition forces. Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants
Insurgents
By fall 2003 these insurgent groups began using typical guerrilla tactics: ambushes, bombings, kidnappings, and the use of IEDs. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action Other actions include mortars and suicide attacks, explosively formed penetrators, small arms fire, anti-aircraft missiles (SA-7, SA-14, SA-16) and RPGs. An explosively formed penetrator (EFP is a type of Petard also known as an explosively formed projectile, a self-forging warhead, or a self-forging For the STRELA computer see Strela computer. For the Apollo test mission see A-102 The 9K32 "Strela-2" The 9K34 Strela-3 (9К34 «Стрела-3» Arrow) man-portable air defence missile system ( MANPADS) was developed in the Soviet Union as a response The 9K38 Igla (9К38 «Игла́» needle) is a Russian Soviet man-portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile (SAM RPG or rocket-propelled grenade, is a loose term describing hand-held shoulder-launched Anti-tank weapons capable of firing an unguided The insurgents also conduct sabotage against the oil, water, and electrical infrastructure of Iraq. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Multi-national Force-Iraq statistics (see detailed BBC graphic) show that the insurgents primarily targeted coalition forces, Iraqi security forces and infrastructure, and lastly civilians and government officials. These irregular forces favored attacking unarmored or lightly armored Humvee vehicles, the U. Irregular military refers to any non-standard military Being defined by exclusion there is a lot of variance in what comes under the term This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled S. military's primary transport vehicle, primarily through the use of roadside IED. [210][211] Insurgent groups such as the al-Abud Network have also attempted to constitute their own chemical weapons programs, trying to weaponise traditional mortar rounds with ricin and mustard toxin. The al-Abud Network is a former insurgent group who was operating within Iraq during the Iraq War. Ricin (ˈraɪ sɨn is a Protein Toxin that is extracted from the castor bean ( Ricinus communis) The sulfur mustards, of which mustard gas ( Bis (2-chloroethyl sulfide is a member are a class of related Cytotoxic, Vesicant Chemical [212]
There is evidence that some guerrilla groups are organised, perhaps by the fedayeen and other Saddam Hussein or Baath loyalists, religious radicals, Iraqis angered by the occupation, and foreign fighters. [213] On February 23, 2005
Militias
Two of the most powerful current militias are the Mahdi Army and the Badr Organization, with both militias having substantial political support in the current Iraqi government. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This page describes the Shia Mahdi Army of contemporary Iraq for the Sunni Mahdi Army of Nineteenth Century Sudan see Muhammad Ahmad. Badr Organization (منظمة بدر (previously known as Badr Brigade or Bader Corps -- not to be confused with the Badr Brigade in the Jordanian Army Initially, both organisations were involved in the Iraqi insurgency, most clearly seen with the Mahdi Army at the Battle of Najaf. The Battle of Najaf was fought between US and Iraqi forces on one side and the Islamist Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr on the other in However in recent months, there has been a split between the two groups.
This violent break between Muqtada al-Sadr's Mahdi Army and the rival Badr Organization of Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, was seen in the fighting in the town of Amarah on October 20, 2006, would severely complicate the efforts of Iraqi and American officials to quell the soaring violence. The United Iraqi Alliance ( الائتلاف العراقي الموحد; transliterated: al-I'tilāf al-`Irāqī al-Muwaḥḥad) led by Abdul Aziz Hojatoleslam Sayyid Muqtada al-Sadr or Moktada al Sadr ( ar سيد مقتدى الصدر Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr) (born August 12, Sayyed Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (سید عبدالعزيز الحكيم (born 1950 is an Iraqi theologian and politician and the leader of SIIC, the largest political Amarah ( BGN: Al ‘Amārah; also spelled Amara) is a city in southeastern Iraq, located on a low ridge next to the Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [214]
More recently in late 2005 and 2006, due to increasing sectarian violence based on either tribal/ethnic distinctions or simply due to increased criminal violence, various militias have formed, with whole neighborhoods and cities sometimes being protected or attacked by ethnic or neighborhood militias. One such group, known as the Anbar Awakening, was formed in September 2006 to fight against Al Qaeda and other radical islamist groups in particularly violent Anbar province. Led by Sheik and Abdul Sattar Buzaigh al-Rishawi, who heads the Sunni Anbar Salvation Council, the Anbar Awakening has more than 60,000 troops and is seen by key U. Awakening movements in Iraq are coalitions between tribal Sheikhs in a particular province in Iraq that unite to maintain security S. officials such as Condoleezza Rice as a potential ally to U. S. occupation forces. [215]
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) is a term to describe a group which is playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq The group was led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi until his death in 2006; it is now believed to be led by Abu Hamza al-Muhajir[216] (aka Abu Ayyub al-Masri[217]). Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal Abu Hamza al-Muhajir ( أبو حمزة المهاجر) is a Sunni Militia leader and according to a Reuters article was announced Abu Ayyub al-Masri ( أبو حمزة المهاجر أبو حمزة المهاجر) are two pseudonyms of the same person according to an FBI wanted poster and
Casualty estimates
- See also: Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003, Foreign hostages in Iraq, List of Coalition forces killed in Iraq in 2006, and List of insurgents killed in Iraq
For coalition death totals see the infobox at the top right. Casualties of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq and continuing with the ensuing 2003 occupation of Iraq coalition presence Beginning in April 2004 members of the Iraqi insurgency began taking Hostage Foreign civilians in Iraq. 2006 January February March April May June July August This is a partial list of insurgents and militia members killed in the Iraq War according to a few published news sources See also Casualties of the Iraq War, which has casualty numbers for coalition nations, contractors, non-Iraqi civilians, journalists, media helpers, aid workers, wounded, etc. Casualties of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq and continuing with the ensuing 2003 occupation of Iraq coalition presence . The main article also gives explanations for the wide variation in estimates and counts, and shows many ways in which undercounting occurs. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed. This section gives a brief overview.
U. S. General Tommy Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9, 2003. General Tommy Ray Franks, United States Army (Ret KBE (Honorary (born June 17, 1945 in Wynnewood Oklahoma) is a retired Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [218] After this initial estimate he made no further public estimates.
In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead. White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was "not an official government estimate", and was based on media reports. [219]
There have been several attempts by the media, coalition governments and others to estimate the Iraqi casualties:
- Iraqi Health Ministry casualty survey. In January 2008 the Iraqi health minister, Dr Salih al-Hasnawi, reported the results of the "Iraq Family Health Survey" of 9345 households across Iraq which was carried In January 2008 the Iraqi health minister, Dr Salih Mahdi Motlab Al-Hasanawi, reported the results of the "Iraq Family Health Survey" of 9,345 households across Iraq which was carried out in 2006 and 2007. The Council of Ministers of Iraq is the executive branch of the government of Iraq It estimated 151,000 violence-related Iraqi deaths (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. Employees of the Iraqi Health Ministry carried out the survey for the World Health Organization. [33] The results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine ( N Engl J Med or NEJM) is an English-language Peer-reviewed Medical journal published [32][34][35]
- Iraq's Health Minister Ali al-Shemari said in November 2006 that since the March 2003 invasion between 100,000-150,000 Iraqis have been killed. The Council of Ministers of Iraq is the executive branch of the government of Iraq Ali al-Shemari is an Iraqi politician from the Sadrist Movement who was the Health Minister of Iraq from May 20 2006 until April 16 2007 An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory [220] Al-Shemari said on Thursday, Nov. 9, that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals. [221]
- The United Nations found that 34,452 violent civilian deaths were reported by morgues, hospitals, and municipal authorities across Iraq in 2006. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [222][223]
- The Iraqi ministries of Health, Defence and Interior said that 14,298 civilians, 1,348 police, and 627 soldiers were killed in 2006. The Council of Ministers of Iraq is the executive branch of the government of Iraq [224] The Iraqi government does not count deaths classed as "criminal", nor those from kidnappings, nor wounded persons who die later as the result of attacks. However "a figure of 3,700 civilian deaths in October 2006, the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue, was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government. "[225]
- The Iraq Body Count project (IBC) has documented 73,264 - 79,869 violent, non-combatant civilian deaths since the beginning of the war as of September 20, 2007. The Iraq Body Count project (IBC is one of several efforts to record civilian deaths attributable to coalition and insurgent military action sectarian violence and criminal violence [226] However, the IBC has been criticized for counting only a small percentage of the number of actual deaths because they only include deaths reported by specific media agencies. [227][228] IBC Director John Sloboda admits, "We've always said our work is an undercount, you can't possibly expect that a media-based analysis will get all the deaths. "[229]
- The 2006 Lancet survey of casualties of the Iraq War estimated 654,965 Iraqi deaths (range of 392,979-942,636) from March 2003 to the end of June 2006. The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific Medical journals in the world published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion [30][31] That total number of deaths (all Iraqis) includes all excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc, and includes civilians, military deaths and insurgent deaths. 601,027 were violent deaths (31% attributed to Coalition, 24% to others, 46% unknown). A copy of a death certificate was available for a high proportion of the reported deaths (92 per cent of surveyed households produced one). [30][230] The causes of violent deaths were gunshot (56%), car bomb (13%), other explosion/ordnance (14%), air strike (13%), accident (2%), unknown (2%). The survey results have been criticized as "ridiculous" and "extreme and improbable" by various critics such as the Iraqi government and Iraq Body Count project. The Iraq Body Count project (IBC is one of several efforts to record civilian deaths attributable to coalition and insurgent military action sectarian violence and criminal violence [231][59][232]. However, in a letter to The Age, published Oct. 21, 2006, 27 epidemiologists and health professionals defended the methods of the study, writing that the study's "methodology is sound and its conclusions should be taken seriously. "
- An Opinion Research Business (ORB) survey conducted August 12-19, 2007 estimated 1,220,580 violent deaths due to the Iraq War (range of 733,158 to 1,446,063). On Friday September 14 2007 ORB (Opinion Research Business an independent polling agency located in London published estimates of the total war casualties in Iraq since Out of a national sample of 1,499 Iraqi adults, 22% had one or more members of their household killed due to the Iraq War (poll accuracy +/-2. 4%). [233] ORB reported that 48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from car bombs, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance. It is the highest estimate given so far of civilian deaths in Iraq and is consistent with the Lancet study. The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific Medical journals in the world published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion [234][59] On 28 January 2008, ORB published an update based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000. [2]
Criticisms and costs
The U. S. rationale for the Iraq War has faced heavy criticism from an array of popular and official sources both inside and outside the United States, with many American citizens finding many parallels with the Vietnam War. some section heading moves the Contents box to the top of the article The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia According to the Center for Public Integrity, President Bush's administration made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's alleged threat to the United States. The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing original responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern [235] Both proponents and opponents of the invasion have also criticised the prosecution of the war effort along a number of other lines. This article is about the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. For more information on this particular part of the topic see Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq. There has been significant opposition to the Iraq War across the world Most significantly, critics have assailed the U. S. and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for permitting and perpetrating widespread human rights abuses. Iraq War|2007 in Iraq|2008 in IraqThe post-invasion period in Iraq As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs.
The financial cost of the war has been more than £4. The following is a partial accounting of financial costs of the 2003 Iraq War by the United States and the United Kingdom, the two largest participants of the 5 billion ($9 billion) to the UK,[236] and over $845 billion to the U. S. , with the total cost to the U. S. economy estimated at $3 trillion a year. [237]
The military armored vehicle manufacturing and tank manufacturing industry is expected to come down from the intense investment in the early years of the Iraqi occupation amidst growing public pressure to commence withdrawal of troops. In 2008, revenue in the sector is expected to decline by 22. 9 percent[238].
Criticisms include:
- Legality of the invasion
- Inadequate troop levels (a RAND study stated that 500,000 troops would be required for success)[239]
- Insufficient post-invasion plans
- Human casualties
- Financial costs with approximately $474 billion spent as of 12/07 the CBO has estimated the total cost of the war in Iraq to U. The following is a partial accounting of financial costs of the 2003 Iraq War by the United States and the United Kingdom, the two largest participants of the The Congressional Budget Office is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government. S. taxpayers will be around $1. 9 trillion. [240]
- Adverse effect on global war on terror
- Negative impact on Israel
- Endangerment of religious minorities
- Damage to America's traditional alliances and influence
- Disruption of Iraqi oil production and related energy security concerns (the price of oil has quadrupled since 2002)[241]
- Further information: Opposition to the Iraq War, Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2003 invasion of Iraq, Protests against the Iraq War, American popular opinion on invasion of Iraq, Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq, 2003 invasion of Iraq media coverage, and Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Humanitarian crises
Iraqi health care deterioration
In a report entitled "Civilians without Protection: The Ever-Worsening Humanitarian Crisis in Iraq", produced well after the stepped-up American-led military operations in Baghdad began February 14, 2007, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement said that millions of Iraqis are in a disastrous situation that is getting worse, with medical professionals fleeing the country after their colleagues were killed or abducted. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Mothers are appealing for someone to pick up the bodies on the street so their children will be spared the horror of looking at them on their way to school. Red Cross Director of Operations Pierre Kraehenbuehl said that hospitals and other key services are desperately short of staff, with more than half the doctors said to have already left the country. [242]
According to an anonymous Iraqi government official, 1,944 civilians and at least 174 soldiers and policemen were killed in May, 2007, a 29% increase in civilian deaths over April. In military terms the description of units involved in an operation is known as the Order of battle (ORBAT Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Iraqi government's estimate of the number of civilian deaths has always been much lower than reports from independent researchers, such as the Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties. The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific Medical journals in the world published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion Mortar attacks in the capital are becoming deadlier. [243]
Between June 18 and July 18, 2007, up to 592 unidentified bodies were found dumped in Baghdad. Most of the approximately 20 per day found by the police have been bound, blindfolded and shot execution style. The police attribute these deaths to Sunni and Shi’ite death squads. According to Baghdad medical sources, many have also shown signs of torture and mutilation. Despite official Iraqi and U. S. statements to the contrary, the reports indicated that the number of unidentified bodies in the capital rose to pre-surge levels in July. Media reports have indicated that the U. S. military has usually focused on areas where they have been attacked rather than districts witnessing such sectarian reprisal killings. [244]
- See also: Health in Iraq
Iraq's health has deteriorated to a level not seen since the 1950s, said Joseph Chamie, former director of the U. The state of Health in Iraq has fluctuated during its turbulent recent history N. Population Division and an Iraq specialist. "They were at the forefront", he said, referring to health care just before the 1991 Persian Gulf War. "Now they're looking more and more like a country in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries "[245] Malnutrition rates have risen from 19% before the US-led invasion to a national average of 28% four years later. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. [246] Some 60-70% of Iraqi children are suffering from psychological problems. [247] 68% of Iraqis have no access to safe drinking water. A cholera outbreak in northern Iraq is thought to be the result of poor water quality. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium [248] As many as half of Iraqi doctors have left the country since 2003. [249]
In December 2007 the Iraqi government announced plans to cut food rations and subsidies by almost 50 per cent as part of its overall 2008 budget because of insufficient funds and rising inflation. Apart from the cut in subsidies, Baghdad also wants to reduce the number of people dependent on the rationing system by five million. Rationing was first introduced in 1991 after the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on Iraq but the country has seen an alarming rise in poverty since the 2003 invasion. Nearly 10 million Iraqi's living in poverty now depend heavily on the rationing system.
Orphans
On December 15, 2007 a conference dedicated to orphans in Iraq was held in Baghdad. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Iraq's anti-corruption board reported that official government statistics revealed that five million (or 35%) of Iraqi children are orphans. Wijdan Salem Mikhail, the Iraqi minister of human rights, stated the phenomenon "is one of the most passive things that grew immensely during the past few years due to destructive wars and unbridled violence in the country. " The Iraqi parliament's women and family committee have proposed a draft law to set up a fund for the orphans. [250] Abeer Chalabi head of the state orphanages section of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs estimates more than 4 million orphans and says the number may be exaggerated "but to have so many is a catastrophe. " Iraqi orphanages have the capacity to look after no more than 26,000 children but the government says it has only 700 children in its institutions. This is due mainly to the Iraqi tradition that obligates relatives to take in orphaned or abandoned children but many of these families cannot afford to care for them and send them out during the day to beg or gather scrap metal. [251]
Iraqi refugees
There are more than 3. 9 million refugees of Iraq, almost 16% of the population. Two million fled Iraq while approximately 1. The Iraqi diaspora refers to native Iraqis who have left for other countries as Emigrants or Refugees and is now one of the largest in modern times being 9 million are internally displaced people. Internally displaced persons (IDPs are people forced to flee their homes but who unlike refugees remain within their country's borders [252] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated on June 21, 2007 that 2. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a 2 million Iraqis had fled to neighboring countries and 2 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month. [253][254]
Roughly 40% of Iraq's middle class is believed to have fled, the U. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. N. said. Most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return. All kinds of people, from university professors to bakers, have been targeted by militias, insurgents and criminals. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution An estimated 331 school teachers were slain in the first four months of 2006, according to Human Rights Watch, and at least 2,000 Iraqi doctors have been murdered and 250 kidnapped since the 2003 U. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries S. invasion. [255] Iraqi refugees in Syria and Jordan live in impoverished communities with little international attention to their plight and little legal protection. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [256][257] Many of the Iraqi women fleeing the war in Iraq are turning to prostitution. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money.
Although Christians represent less than 5% of the total Iraqi population, they make up 40% of the refugees now living in nearby countries, according to U. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth N. High Commissioner for Refugees. [258][259] UNHCR estimates that Christians comprise 24% of Iraqis currently seeking asylum in Syria. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية [260][261] The census in 1987 counted 1. 4 million Christians, however since the 2003 invasion radicalized Iraqi culture, the total number of Christians dropped to about 500,000, half of which live in Baghdad. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia [262][263][264][265] Between October 2003 and March 2005 alone, 36% of 700,000 Iraqis who fled to Syria were Assyrians and other Christians, judging from a sample of those registering for asylum on political or religious grounds. [266] Furthermore, the small Mandaean and Yazidi communities are at the risk of elimination due to ethnic cleansing by Islamic militants. Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( Mandaic: Mandaiuta, مندائية Mandā'iyya) is a Monotheistic Religion with a strongly The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئزیدی or Êzidî, Arabic: يزيدي or ايزدي Assyrian/Syriac: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ is a Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [267][268]
Human rights abuses
Throughout the entire Iraq war there have been human rights abuses on all sides of the conflict. Human rights in post-invasion Iraq have been the subject of concerns and controversies since the 2003 invasion. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled
Iraqi government
- The use of torture by Iraqi security forces. [269]
- Shiite-run death squads run out of the Interior Ministry that are accused of committing numerous massacres of Sunni Arabs[270] and the police collusion with militias in Iraq have compounded the problems. Police collusion with militias in Iraq has been a key element that had led to the proliferation of Death squads Incidents On 4 October 2006
Coalition forces and private contractors
- Haditha killings of 24 civilians
- The torture and killing of prisoner of war, Iraqi General. Beginning in 2004 accounts of Abuse, Torture, Sodomy and Homicide of Prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq The Haditha killings (also called the Haditha incident or the Haditha massacre) refers to the incident where 24 Iraqi men women and children were killed on November There are several cases in which white phosphorus (WP has been used as an Anti-personnel weapon in Iraq by Saddam Hussein and the United States The Al-Mahmudiyah killings occurred on 12 March 2006 in a house to the southwest of Yusufiyah a village to the west of the town of Al-Mahmudiyah, which is south of Baghdad Mahmoudiyah (also transliterated Mahmudiyah Mahmoudi, or Mahmoodiyah, prefixed usually with Al-) is a Sunni Arab Iraqi rural city Abed Hamed Mowhoush
- Bombing and shooting of 42 civilians in Mukaradeeb[272] (under investigation)
- Controversy over whether disproportionate force was used, during the assaults by Coalition and (mostly Shia and Kurdish) Iraqi government forces on the Sunni insurgent stronghold of Fallujah in 2004. Abed Hamed Mowhoush (Arabic "عبد حامد موحوش" was a major general / Air vice-marshal[http //www The Second Battle of Fallujah ( Code-named Operation Al-Fajr - "The Dawn" The United States occupation of Fallujah began in April 2003 one month following the beginning of the Invasion of Iraq.
- Planting weapons on noncombatant, unarmed Iraqis by three US Marines after killing them. [273][274] According to a report by The Nation, other similar acts have been witnessed by US soldiers. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. [275] Members of Iraq Veterans Against the War tell similar stories. Iraq Veterans Against the War ( IVAW) is an advocacy group of active duty military personnel Iraq War veterans Afghanistan War veterans and other [276]
Insurgent and terrorist groups
- Further information: Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency
- Killing over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 - June 2006, according to Iraqi Interior Minister Bayan Jabr, giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, terrorists began launching attacks on civilian targets The tactics of the Iraqi insurgency vary widely Minority Jihadist elements use car bombs kidnappings hostage-taking shootings and other types of attacks to target Iraqi collaborators Baqir Jabr Al-Zubeidi (باقر جبر الزبيدي also known as Bayan Jabr Solagh, is currently serving as the Finance Minister of Iraq in the government [277] The insurgents have also conducted numerous suicide attacks on the Iraqi civilian population, mostly targeting the majority Shia community. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons [278][279] An October 2005 report from Human Rights Watch examines the range of civilian attacks and their purported justification. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. [280]
- Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the U. N. headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top U. N. representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members;[281]beheading several diplomats: two Algerian diplomatic envoys Ali Belaroussi and Azzedine Belkadi,[282] Egyptian diplomatic envoy al-Sherif,[283] and four Russian diplomats. [284]
- The February 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, destroying one of the holiest Shiite shrines, killing over 165 worshipers and igniting sectarian strife and reprisal killings. Sectarian violence or sectarian strife is Violence inspired by Sectarianism, that is between different Sects of one particular mode of thought [285]
- The publicised murders of several contractors; Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kenneth Bigley, Ivaylo Kepov and Georgi Lazov (Bulgarian truck drivers). Olin Eugene Armstrong Jr ( 5 June 1953 - 20 September 2004) was a foreign hostage in Iraq beheaded by his captors in 2004 Jack Hensley ( September 22, 1955 – September 21, 2004) was an American Engineer from Marietta, Cobb County Kenneth John Bigley ( April 22, 1942 - October 7, 2004) Liverpool, England, who was kidnapped in the al-Mansour district [286] Other non-military personnel murdered include: translator Kim Sun-il, Shosei Koda, Fabrizio Quattrocchi (Italian), charity worker Margaret Hassan, reconstruction engineer Nick Berg, photographer Salvatore Santoro (Italian)[287] and supply worker Seif Adnan Kanaan (Iraqi). Kim Sun-il ( September 13, 1970 &ndash c June 22, 2004) was a South Korean Translator who was kidnapped Shosei Koda ( Japanese: 香田証生 Kōda Shōsei; November 29, 1979 &ndash November 3, 2004) was a Japanese Fabrizio Quattrocchi ( May 9 1968 &ndash April 14, 2004) was an Italian security guard taken hostage by Islamist Margaret Hassan (also known as Madam Margaret) ( April 18, 1945 &ndashNovember 2004 was an Irish aid worker who had worked in Iraq for many Nicholas Berg ( April 2, 1978 &ndash May 7, 2004) was an American Businessman seeking Telecommunications work Seif Adnan Kanaan (died October 22, 2004) was an Iraqi citizen who was abducted in Iraq and beheaded on October 22, 2004 Four private armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire, their bodies dragged from their vehicles, beaten and set ablaze. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates. [288]
- Torture or murder of members of the New Iraqi Army,[289] and assassination of civilians associated with the Coalition Provisional Authority, such as Fern Holland, or the Iraqi Governing Council, such as Aqila al-Hashimi and Ezzedine Salim, or other foreign civilians, such as those from Kenya. Pre-2003 History The first Iraqi military forces established by the British were the Iraq Levies several battalions of troops tasked to guard the Royal Air Force bases The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the Fern Holland was an American Lawyer who was killed in the Iraq conflict that began in 2003 The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003 to June 1, Aqila al-Hashimi ( Arabic عقيلة الهاشمي cAqīla al-Hāshimī; 1953 - September 25, 2003) was an Ezzedine Salim, (عزالدين سليم also known as Abdelzahra Othman Mohammed ( 1943 - 17 May 2004, عبدالزهرة عثمان محمد [290]
Public opinion on the war
International opinion
According to a January 2007 BBC World Service poll of more than 26,000 people in 25 countries, 73% of the global population disapproves of the U. S. handling of the Iraq War. [291] A September 2007 poll conducted by the BBC found that 2/3rds of the world's population believed the U. S. should withdraw its forces from Iraq. [292] According to an April 2004 USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll, only a third of the Iraqi people believed that "the American-led occupation of their country is doing more good than harm, and a solid majority support an immediate military pullout even though they fear that could put them in greater danger. "[293] Majorities in the UK and Canada believe the war in Iraq is "unjustified" and - in the UK - are critical of their government's support of U. S. policies in Iraq (Canada opposed the U. S. -led invasion force and has one observer blue helmet in Iraq). [294] According to polls conducted by The Arab American Institute, four years after the invasion of Iraq, 83% of Egyptians had a negative view of the U. S. 's role in Iraq; 68% of Saudi Arabians had a negative view; 96% of the Jordanian population had a negative view; 70% of the UAE and 76% of the Lebanese population also described their view as negative. [295] The Pew Global Attitudes Project reports that in 2006 majorities in the Netherlands, Germany, Jordan, France, Lebanon, China, Spain, Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Morocco believed the world was safer before the Iraq War and the toppling of Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 However, pluralities in the U. S. and India believe the world is safer without Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 [296]
Iraqi opinion
The U. S. has long maintained its involvement there is with the support of the Iraqi people, but in 2005 when asked directly, 82–87% of the Iraqi populace was opposed to U. S. occupation and wanted U. S. troops to leave. 47% of Iraqis supported attacking U. S. troops. [297]
A March 7, 2007 survey of more than 2,000 Iraqis commissioned by the BBC and three other news organisations found that 78% of the population opposes "the presence of Coalition forces in Iraq," that 69% believe the presence of U. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. S. forces is making things worse, and that 51% of the population consider attacks on coalition forces "acceptable", up from 17% in 2004 and 35% in 2006. However, only 35% want them to leave "now". 64% described their family's economic situation as being somewhat or very bad, up from 30% in 2005. 58% described reconstruction efforts in the area in which they live as either somewhat or very ineffective, and 9% described them as being totally nonexistent. [298]
An NGO-sponsored survey for the first time asked ordinary Iraqis their view on the highly contentious draft oil law. According to the poll, 76 percent of Iraqis feel "inadequately" informed about the contents of the proposed law. Nonetheless, 63 percent responded that they would prefer Iraqi state-owned companies – and not foreign corporations – to develop Iraq’s extensive oil fields. [299]
Relation to the Global War on Terror
President Bush has consistently referred to the Iraq war as "the central front in the War on Terror", and has argued that if the U. See also Iraq War President Bush has consistently referred to the Iraq war as "the central front in the War on Terror " and has argued that if the U The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U S. pulls out of Iraq, "terrorists will follow us here. "[300][301][302] While other proponents of the war have regularly echoed this assertion, as the conflict has dragged on, members of the U. S. Congress, the American public, and even U. S. troops have begun to question the connection between Iraq and the fight against terrorism. In particular, a consensus has developed among intelligence experts that the Iraq war has increased terrorism. Counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna frequently refers to the invasion of Iraq as a "fatal mistake. Rohan Gunaratna is an international Terrorism Expert. He is the head of the International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR at Nanyang "[303] London's conservative International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become "a potent global recruitment pretext" for jihadists and that the invasion "galvanised" al-Qaeda and "perversely inspired insurgent violence" there. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS is a British research institute (or Think tank) in the area of international affairs. [304] The U. S. National Intelligence Council concluded in a January 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists; David B. The National Intelligence Council (NIC is the center for midterm and long-term strategic thinking within the United States Intelligence Community (IC Low, the national intelligence officer for transnational threats, indicated that the report concluded that the war in Iraq provided terrorists with "a training ground, a recruitment ground, the opportunity for enhancing technical skills. . . There is even, under the best scenario, over time, the likelihood that some of the jihadists who are not killed there will, in a sense, go home, wherever home is, and will therefore disperse to various other countries. " The Council's Chairman Robert L. Hutchings said, "At the moment, Iraq is a magnet for international terrorist activity. "[305] And the 2006 National Intelligence Estimate, which outlined the considered judgment of all 16 U. National Intelligence Estimates ( NIEs) are United States federal government documents that are the authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence S. intelligence agencies, held that "The Iraq conflict has become the 'cause celebre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of US involvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement. "[306]
Regarding Saddam Hussein's ties to terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda, the Bush administration has produced inconsistent statements. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Asked to describe the connection between the Iraqi leader and the al-Qaeda terror network at an appearance on October 5, 2004 at the Council on Foreign Relations, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld first refused to answer, then said: "To my knowledge, I have not seen any strong, hard evidence that links the two. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President " Several hours after his appearance, Rumsfeld issued a statement from the Pentagon saying his comment "regrettably was misunderstood" by some. He said he has said since September 2002 that there were ties between Osama bin Laden's terror group and Iraq. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [307] Despite statements from the Bush administration, inspectors never found hidden stockpiles of WMD in Iraq, and the September 11 Commission reported no collaborative relationship between Al Qaeda and the Iraqi leadership. [308][309] However, several months prior to the commencement of military action, Saddam Hussein had began providing financial assistance to the families of Palestinian militants killed in fighting with, or civilians killed by, the Israeli military (including relatives of suicide bombers). Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit [310] He also sponsored a small number of regional groups, designated terrorist organisations by the U.S. Department of State, among them, the People's Mujahedin of Iran. " Foreign Terrorist Organization " is a designation of non- United States -based organizations declared terrorist by the United States Secretary of State The People's Mujahedin of Iran ( PMOI, also MEK, MKO) ( Persian: سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران sāzmān-e mojāhedin-e khalq-e [311] Former National Intelligence Officer Paul R. Pillar notes:
Iraq did provide other kinds of sponsorship to terrorist groups, some of the Palestinian groups that aren't so active anymore. Paul R Pillar is a 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA and a visiting professor at Georgetown University for security studies and as a member . . But in terms of it having provided support or sustenance or strength, or having anything close to an alliance with al Qaeda, it simply wasn't there. [312]
In October 2003, Osama bin Laden announced: "Be glad of the good news: America is mired in the swamps of the Tigris and Euphrates. Bush is, through Iraq and its oil, easy prey. Here is he now, thank God, in an embarrassing situation and here is America today being ruined before the eyes of the whole world. "[313] Al-Qaeda commander Seif al-Adl gloated about the war in Iraq, indicating, "The Americans took the bait and fell into our trap. Saif Al-Adel (or Seif Al Adel, or Seif al-Adl) ( سيف العدل, meaning sword of justice) is one of the aliases of a certain "[314] A letter thought to be from al-Qaeda leader Atiyah Abd al-Rahman found in Iraq among the rubble where al-Zarqawi was killed and released by the U. Atiyah Abd Al Rahman ( عطية عبد الرحمن) is purported by the US State Department to be a senior member of Al-Qaeda and a member of the Libyan Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أبومصعب الزرقاوي, Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 30 1966 – June 7 2006 born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal S. military in October 2006, indicated that al-Qaeda perceived the war as beneficial to its goals: "The most important thing is that the jihad continues with steadfastness . . . indeed, prolonging the war is in our interest. "[315]
- Further information: Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda timeline, and Criticism of the War on Terrorism
See also
- "Curveball"
- List of wars 2003-current
- Al-Anfal Campaign
- Iran-Iraq war
- Oil reserves in Iraq
- Energy crisis
- Petrodollar warfare
- Asylum in the United States
- United States Army
- Ayad Rahim, Iraqi-American journalist who reports on Middle East affairs
- Vietnam war
- List of British gallantry awards for the Iraq War
Topical images
 A satellite image of Iraq. Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U See also War on Terrorism Criticism of the War on Terrorism (also named the War on Terror) addresses the issues morals Ethics, efficiency economics Curveball was the Pseudonym given by the Central Intelligence Agency to Rafid Ahmed Alwan ( رافد أحمد علوان) an Iraqi citizen The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price Rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. The phrase Petrodollar warfare refers to a hypothesis that a hidden driving force of United States foreign policy over recent decades has been the status of the American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Ayad Rahim is an Iraqi American journalist He has written extensively on Middle Eastern affairs including a series of articles on the Operation Iraqi Freedom The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia A list of British awards for gallantry in the Iraq War from 2003 onwards |
 The ethno-religious makeup of Iraq. |
 Anti-war demonstration, Seattle, Washington, 19 March 2007. "Veterans for Peace" sign. |
 A Latvian army soldier with Multinational Division (Central South) at a checkpoint on Tampa Road in Diwaniyah, Iraq. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Al Diwaniyah ( BGN: Ad Dīwānīyah; also spelled Diwaniya) is the Capital city of Iraq 's Al Qadisiyah province |
 A group of US Marines in Haditha, Iraq. Haditha (ar حديثة al-Haditha) is a city in the western Iraqi province of Al Anbar, about 240 km northwest of Baghdad. |
 A destroyed Coalition M1A1 Abrams tank. |
 February 28, 2003. Iraqi troops on an APC before the Iraq War. Armoured personnel carriers (APCs are Armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport Infantry on the Battlefield They usually have only a Machine |
|
 Several destroyed Iraqi T55 tanks |
 The various occupation zones in Iraq. |
 George W. Bush on the deck of the USS Abraham Lincoln on May 1, 2003 to deliver the "Mission Accomplished" speech. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at " Mission Accomplished " a Phrase associated with completing a mission, is in recent years particularly associated with a sign displayed on USS |
Bibliography
- David Bellavia (2007) House to House: an Epic of Urban Warfare. Simon and Schuster. About the 2nd Battle of Fallujah - written by a participant.
- Michael R. Gordon (2006) Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq
- Thomas E. Ricks (2006) Fiasco, The American Military Adventure In Iraq. Michael R Gordon is the chief military correspondent for The New York Times. Cobra II The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq is a 2006 book written by Michael R Fiasco The American Military Adventure in Iraq (2006 is a book by Washington Post Pentagon correspondent Thomas E Penguin.
References
- ^ Public Health News Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2006-10-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed "Updated Iraq Survey Affirms Earlier Mortality Estimates". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News
- ^ a b c d Update on Iraqi Casualty Data by Opinion Research Business, January 2008
- ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad’s image", MSNBC, 2006-07-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Reid, Robert H. . "America confronts reality in Iraq", MSNBC, 2006-08-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
- ^ "Annan: Life for Iraqis worse than with Saddam", MSNBC, 2006-12-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song.
- ^ U. S. Department of Defense (2007-02-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates and Gen. Pace from Pentagon". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ The Brookings Institution Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq 1 October 2007
- ^ Nasrawi, Salah; Katherine Shrader. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Saudis reportedly funding insurgents", Seattle Times, 2006-12-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ Ricks, Thomas E. ; Ann Scott Tyson. "Intensified Combat on Streets Likely", Washington Post, 2007-01-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Pincus, Walter. "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". Washington Post, November 17, 2006. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D
- ^ "Toll rises in Turkey-PKK conflict", Al Jazeera, 2008-02-25. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ "Private contractors outnumber U.S. troops in Iraq". By T. Christian Miller. Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed July 4, 2007.
- ^ a b Roberts, Michelle. "Contractor deaths add up in Iraq", Associated Press, 2007-02-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ Collins, C. (August 19, 2007) "U.S. says Iranians train Iraqi insurgents," McClatchy Newspapers
- ^ "A Dark Side to Iraq 'Awakening' Groups", International Herald Tribune, 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
- ^ Bendern, Paul de. "Turkey launches major land offensive into N.Iraq", Reuters, 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict". Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph #8. Carl Conetta. October 20, 2003. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30% are Non-combatants". Project on Defense Alternatives. Press release October 20, 2003.
- ^ "19,000 insurgents killed in Iraq since '03". By Jim Michaels. 26 Sept. 2007. USA Today. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company.
- ^ Lannen, Steve. "Iraqi detainees languish uncharged in crowded jails", McClatchy Newspapers, 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ "Blast kills 4, raising U.S. toll in Iraq to 4,000", CNN, 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Iraq. Forces: U. S. & Coalition/Casualties. CNN (November 2007). November 2007 is the eleventh month of that year It began on a Thursday and 30 days later ended on a Friday
- ^ a b c iCasualties. org (was lunaville. org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al. , "Iraq Coalition Casualties".
- ^ a b c d e Many official U. S. tables at "Military Casualty Information". See latest totals for injury, disease/other medical. See also: Latest fatality and wounded-in-action totals.
- ^ "Casualties in Iraq".
- ^ a b c "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties". UK Ministry of Defense. Latest combined casualty and fatality tables.
- ^ a b "In outsourced U.S. wars, contractor deaths top 1,000". By Bernd Debusmann. Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson July 3, 2007. 10,569 wounded and 933 deaths in Iraq. 224 are U. S. citizens.
- ^ "Reconstruction report: 916 death claims for civilian contractors in Iraq". USA Today April 30, 2007. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Iraq Coalition Casualties: Contractor Deaths - A Partial List". icasualties. org
- ^ a b c "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"PDF (242 KiB). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, October 11, 2006
- ^ a b The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002-2006PDF (603 KiB). This article is about the journal For other uses of the term "lancet" see Lancet (disambiguation. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second Lancet study.
- ^ a b c Alkhuzai AH, Ahmad IJ, Hweel MJ, Ismail TW, et al. (2008). "Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006". N Engl J Med 358 (2): 484–93. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18184950.
- ^ a b WHO country office in Iraq. Iraq Family Health Survey. World Health Organization (WHO).
- ^ a b "New study says 151,000 Iraqi dead", BBC News Online, 10 January 2008.
- ^ a b "151,000 civilians killed since Iraq invasion". By Sarah Boseley. January 10, 2008. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101030331/
- ^ US Names Coalition of the Willing. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
- ^ http://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?q=%22war+on+iraq%22&hl=en&lr=&btnG=Search
- ^ Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer
- ^ Operation Iraqi Freedom. Lawrence Ari Fleischer (born October 13 1960) was the press secretary for U Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Center for American Progress (January 29, 2004) "In Their Own Words: Iraq's 'Imminent' Threat" americanprogress. org
- ^ a b Senator Bill Nelson (January 28, 2004) "New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Congressional Record
- ^ "Britain Releases Pre-Iraq War Dossier Used by Tony Blair", Associated Press via Foxnews. For other people named Bill Nelson see Bill Nelson (disambiguation. com, 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
- ^ Bernstein, Richard; Michael R. Gordon. "German help on Iraq lasted months", International Herald Tribune, 2006-03-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
- ^ Dougherty, Jill. "Russia 'warned U.S. about Saddam'", CNN, 2004-06-18. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
- ^ Close, R. (March 10, 2003) "A CIA Analyst on Forging Intelligence -- Whose Deliberate Disinformation?" CounterPunch
- ^ a b c Blix, H. (March 7, 2003) "Transcript of Blix's U.N. presentation" CNN. com
- ^ Iraq Survey Group Final Report: Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).
- ^ Shrader, K. (June 22, 2006) "New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight" Associated Press
- ^ The Weekly Standard, Saddam's al Qaeda Connection.
- ^ Woods, K. M. and Lacey, J. (2008) "Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents," vol. 1 Institute for Defense Analyses IDA Paper P-4287, pp. ES-1
- ^ Kerr, R. J. , et al. (29 July 2004) "Intelligence and Analysis on Iraq: Issues for the Intelligence Community," MORI Doc. ID 1245667 (Langley, VA: Central Intelligence Agency)
- ^ CNN (September 12, 2002) "White House spells out case against Iraq", "the White House released a report early Thursday, listing some of the principal accusations against Iraq and its leader. . . . Iraq is also accused of sheltering two Palestinian terrorist organizations, and it lists Saddam's decision in 2002 to increase from $10,000 to $25,000 the bounty paid to the families of Palestinian suicide bombers. "
- ^ Wolfowitz, P. (May 30, 2003) "Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Press Availability in Singapore," U. S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) news transcript
- ^ "President Discusses the Future of Iraq" The White House, February 26, 2003
- ^ Wright, G. (June 4, 2003) "Wolfowitz: Iraq war was about oil," Guardian Unlimited (London: Guardian Newspapers Limited); this article was retracted, stating "Paul Wolfowitz [actually] said, 'The. . . difference between North Korea and Iraq is that we had virtually no economic options with Iraq because the country floats on a sea of oil. In the case of North Korea, the country is teetering on the edge of economic collapse and that I believe is a major point of leverage whereas the military picture with North Korea is very different from that with Iraq. '"
- ^ Morgan, D. and Ottaway, D. B. (September 15, 2002) "In Iraqi War Scenario, Oil Is Key Issue" Washington Post
- ^ Shih, G. and Montes, S. (October 15, 2007) "Roundtable debates energy issues" Stanford Daily
- ^ a b c "Greenspan Admits Iraq was About Oil, As Deaths Put at 1.2 Million". By Peter Beaumont and Joanna Walters. Sept. 16, 2007. The Observer (UK). The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The
- ^ Gates denies Iraq war about oil
- ^ PM denies Iraq oil link
- ^ Blair: Iraq oil claim is 'conspiracy theory'
- ^ U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates, 2 Feb 2007, see "four wars" remark
- ^ "CBS on civil war", CBS News, September 26 2006.
- ^ Britain's Brown visits officials, troops in Iraq. International Herald Tribune, 2 October 2007.
- ^ Italy plans Iraq troop pull-out BBC March 15, 2005
- ^ [1], Official report released by the Select Committee on Intelligence, June, 2008. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events in June Madaraka Day June 1 to commemorate when Kenya gained internal self-rule 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Kirk, Michael. "The Dark Side", Frontline, PBS, 2006-06-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
- ^ Duffy, Michael; James Carney. "A Question of Trust", Time, 2003-07-13. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
- ^ Roberts, Pat & Rockefeller, John D. , IV (2004), “Niger: Former Ambassador”, REPORT ON THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY'S PREWAR INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS ON IRAQ, United States Senate: Select Committee on Intelligence, pp. 39-47, <http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/congress/2004_rpt/iraq-wmd-intell_chapter2-b.htm>
- ^ Isikoff, Michael. "The Man Who Said Too Much", Newsweek National News, MSNBC. com, September 4, 2006 issue. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-01-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
- ^ Rycroft, Matthew (2005-05-01). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The secret Downing Street memo. The Sunday Times.
- ^ Blumenthal, S. (September 6, 2007) "Bush knew Saddam had no weapons of mass destruction" Salon. com
- ^ Pincus, Walter. "Ex-Iraqi Official Unveiled as Spy", Washington Post, 2006-03-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Roberts, Pat & Rockefeller, John D. , IV (2004), “Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction Intelligence in Secretary Powell's United Nations Speech: Chemical Weapons”, REPORT ON THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY'S PREWAR INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS ON IRAQ, United States Senate: Select Committee on Intelligence, pp. 251-53, <http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/congress/2004_rpt/iraq-wmd-intell_chapter7-c.htm> and "Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction Intelligence in Secretary Powell's United Nations Speech: WMD Powell Conclusions", pp. 253-56
- ^ Silberman, Laurence H. & Robb, Charles S. (2005), “Iraq”, Report to the President of the United States, The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, pp. 198, <http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2005/wmd_report_25mar2005_chap01.htm> "Iraq was prohibited from possessing tubes composed of 7075 T6 aluminum alloy with outer diameters exceeding 75mm under Annex III to United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 because of their potential use in gas centrifuges. "
- ^ Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
- ^ The CIA's Aluminum Tubes' Assessment: Institute for Science and International Security March 10, 2003
- ^ Spinning The Tubes Four Corners Australian Broadcasting Corporation air date October 27, 2003
- ^ "Evidence on Iraq Challenged," Joby Warrick, The Washington Post, Sept. The Institute for Science and International Security ( ISIS) non-profit institution founded in 1993 to inform the public about science and policy issues affecting international Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Four Corners is Australia 's longest-running Investigative journalism / current affairs Television program The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 19, 2002
- ^ Colin Powell’s speech to the UN, Feb 5, 2003
- ^ Meet the Press, NBC, May 16, 2004
- ^ "Revealed: The Secret Cabal Which Spun for Blair," Sunday Herald, Neil Mackay, June 8, 2003
- ^ False Pretenses, Center for Public Integrity Jan 23, 2008
- ^ 935 Iraq Falsehoods, Dan Froomkin, Jan 23, 2008
- ^ Lowe, C. The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing original responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern (December 16, 2003) "Senator: White House Warned of UAV Attack," Defense Tech
- ^ Associated Press (August 24, 2003) "Iraqi Drones Not For WMD" CBS News
- ^ Commission of the Intelligence capabilities of the United States regarding weapons of mass destruction
- ^ a b Blix's remarks January 27, 2003
- ^ American Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy (Washington D. C. , 2003), 159-61.
- ^ Joint Declaration by Russia, Germany and France on Iraq France Diplomatie February 10, 2003
- ^ Russian rebuff for Blair over Iraq The Guardian October 11, 2002
- ^ Press conference of Foreign affairs Minister Dominique de Villepin (excerpts). Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Embassy of France in the U. S. (2003-01-20). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Anti-war protests do make a difference, Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 19 March 2005. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ USATODAY.com - Army chief: Force to occupy Iraq massive
- ^ CNN.com - Administration fends off demands for war estimates - Mar. 3, 2003
- ^ Iraq war illegal, says Annan. BBC News (2004-09-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
- ^ a b Operation Iraqi Freedom. Target Iraq. GlobalSecurity. org (2005-04-27). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ Collier, R. (April 9, 2003) "Baghdad closer to collapse" San Francisco Chronicle
- ^ Stuff Happens
- ^ Conetta, C. (20 October 2003) "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict," Research Monograph no. 8 Project on Defense Alternatives
- ^ Reuters. "Getting amputees back on their feet". Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Oct. 25, 2005.
- ^ "Iraq Coalition Casualty Count" March 20, 2003 through through May 1, 2003 (end of major combat) iCasualties. org
- ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom Maps", GlobalSecurity. Org, Unavailable.
- ^ icasualties.org/oif/Province.aspx.
- ^ "Poll: Iraqis out of patience", USA Today, 2004-04-30. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
- ^ Reuters. "Gloom descends on Iraqi leaders as civil war looms".
- ^ "President Regrets 'Bring 'Em On'", NewsMax. com Wires, 2005-01-14. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
- ^ "Pentagon: Saddam is POW", CNN, 2004-01-10. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ "Saddam 'caught like a rat' in a hole", CNN, 2003-12-15. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
- ^ "Why the US is Running Scared of Elections in Iraq", Guardian (London) via Common Dreams, 2004-01-19. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2006-11-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
- ^ PBS.org.
- ^ Residents hang slain Americans' bodies from bridge - CNN. com
- ^ ScanEagle Proves Worth in Fallujah Fight, DefenseLINK News
- ^ Bellavia, David & Bruning, John. House to House: An Epic Memoir of War Free Press. (2007) ISBN-10: 1-4165-7471-9.
- ^ Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 398-405
- ^ Hersh, S. (May 10, 2004) "Torture at Abu Ghraib" The New Yorker
- ^ Thomas E. Ricks (2006) Fiasco, The American Military Adventure In Iraq. Penguin
- ^ "U.S. to pull out 15,000 from Iraq", BBC News, 2005-02-04. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
- ^ a b Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 413
- ^ Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 414
- ^ "Decrying violence in Iraq, UN envoy urges national dialogue, international support", UN News Centre, 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
- ^ Updated Iraq Survey Affirms Earlier Mortality Estimates. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2006-10-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ UNHCR worried about effect of dire security situation on Iraq's displaced. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2006-10-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Retrieved on 2006-12-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
- ^ Ricks, Thomas E. . "Situation Called Dire in West Iraq", Washington Post, 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
- ^ "Shiite militia briefly seizes Iraqi city", MSNBC, 2006-10-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony
- ^ "Attacks in Iraq at All-Time High, Pentagon Report Says", PBS, 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ "8 Marines Charged With 24 Iraqi Slayings", FOX, 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq", BBC, 2006-12-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ President's Address to the Nation. The White House (01-10-2007).
- ^ David E. Sanger. "The Struggle for Iraq; Bush Adding 20,000 U.S. Troops; Sets Goal of Securing Baghdad", New York Times, January 11, 2007. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. “He put it far more bluntly when leaders of Congress visited the White House earlier on Wednesday. ‘I said to Maliki this has to work or you’re out,’ the president told the Congressional leaders, according to two officials who were in the room. Pressed on why he thought this strategy would succeed where previous efforts had failed, Mr. Bush shot back: ‘Because it has to. ’”
- ^ Holusha, John. "Petraeus Calls Iraq Situation Dire", The New York Times, January 23, 2007. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Gordon, Michael. "Bush to Name a New General to Oversee Iraq", The New York Times, January 5, 2007. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Harben, J. (May 4, 2007) "Mental Health Advisory Team IV Findings Released," press release US Army Medical Command
- ^ Associated Press (April 10, 2007) "Army Statistics Show More Soldiers Are Deserting Their Duty," FOXNews. com
- ^ BBC NEWS 21 February 2007, Blair announces Iraq troops cut
- ^ Mark Deen; Robert Hutton. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Major Says Brown Playing Politics With Iraq, UK. Election", Bloomberg.com, October 2, 2007. Bloomberg LP is a financial software services news and data company Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ Al-Jazeera ENGLISH, February 21, 2007, Blair announces Iraq troop pullout
- ^ Flaherty, A. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (September 10, 2007) "Petraeus Talks of Troop Withdrawal," Associated Press
- ^ "Bush pledges Iraq troop reduction", BBC News, 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ DeYoung, Karen. "Powell Says U.S. Losing in Iraq, Calls for Drawdown by Mid-2007", The Washington Post, [2006-12-18]. Retrieved on 2007-03-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
- ^ US surge has failed - Iraqi poll BBC September 10, 2007
- ^ Few See Security Gains ABC September 10, 2007
- ^ "Baghdad violence decrease debatable". Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. By Damien Cave - The New York Times. March 15, 2007. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Worcester Telegram & Gazette News. The Telegram & Gazette (and Sunday Telegram) is Worcester Massachusetts's only Daily newspaper.
- ^ nytimes.com.
- ^ icasualties.org.
- ^ "Search goes on as Iraq death toll tops 250" Guardian August 15
- ^ "Iraq toll could hit 500"
- ^ "They won't stop until we are all wiped out" Guardian August 18, 2007
- ^ "Toll in Iraq Bombings Is Raised to More Than 500"
- ^ "Iraqi insurgents kill key US ally", BBC News, 2007-09-13. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Retrieved on 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Compton, Ann; Terry McCarthy and Martha Raddatz. "Top Sunni Sheik Killed in IED Attack", ABC News, 2007-09-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ Mourners Vow Revenge at Sheik's Funeral - washingtonpost.com
- ^ U.S. Casualties in Iraq GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ US General Says Iraq Violence Down The Associated Press December 17, 2007
- ^ Iraq - the best story of the year The Times December 17, 2007
- ^ Surge hasn't curbed violence in Iraq The Australian September 05, 2007
- ^ "Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq" December 2007 Report to Congress, sec. GlobalSecurityorg, launched in 2000 is a Public policy organization whose mission is to be a reliable source of background information and developing News stories The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Australian, also referred to as The Oz, is a Broadsheet Newspaper published in Australia Monday through Saturday each Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 1. 3-Security Environment, p. 18-Overall trends in violence
- ^ McClatchy Washington Bureau | 12/18/2007 | Despite drop in violence, Pentagon finds little long-term progress in Iraq
- ^ AFP: Iraq takes control of Basra from British army
- ^ Abdul-Zahra, Q. (May 10, 2007) "Iraqi Bill on Troop Pullout Discussed" Washington Post accessed 10 May 2007
- ^ Jarrar, R. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. and Holland, J. (May 9, 2007) "Majority of Iraqi Lawmakers Now Reject Occupation" AlterNet. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. org retrieved 10 May 2007
- ^ Saad, L. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (May 9, 2007) "Americans Favor Iraq Timetable, Don't Foresee Increased Terrorism" USA Today/Gallup poll retrieved 10 May 2007
- ^ "US uses Sunnis to patrol streets", New York Times, 2007-08-20. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
- ^ Collins, Chris; Yaseen Taha. "Iranians attack Kurdish rebels in Iraq", McClatchy Washington Bureau, 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ "US general says Iran helping stop Iraq bloodshed", Agence France Presse, 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
- ^ "US accuses Iran and Syria of trying to destabilize Iraq", Associated Press, 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ al-Ansary, Khalid. "Iraq presents proof of Iranian meddling-official", Reuters, 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ IRAQ: The elusive Iranian weapons Los Angeles times May 8, 2008
- ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119203192366554757.html?mod=googlenews_wsj, link inactive
- ^ Robertson, Nic; Ingrid Formanek and Talia Kayali. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "Attacks cross Iraq-Turkey border", CNN, 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ Meixler, Louis. "Turkey May Attack Kurds Using Airstrikes, Troops", Bloomberg, 2007-10-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
- ^ Barazanji, Yahya. "Turkish Helicopters Strike Inside Iraq", Huffington Post, 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Tavernise, Sabrina. "Turkey Bombs Kurdish Militant Targets in Iraq", New York Times, 2007-12-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ Cloud, David S. ; Eric Schmitt. "U.S. Weapons, Given to Iraqis, Move to Turkey", New York Times, 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
- ^ Glanz, James; Sabrina Tavernise. "Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic", New York Times, 2007-09-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
- ^ Mroue, Bassem. "Blackwater License Being Revoked in Iraq", The Guardian (London), 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Murphy, Dan. "In Baghdad, Rice praises law reintegrating former Baathists", Christian Science Monitor, 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign
- ^ Farrell, Stephen. "U.S. Attack in Iraq Is No Surprise to Many Insurgents", New York Times, 2008-01-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Six US troops die in Iraq blast BBC News, 9 January 2008
- ^ http://www.statewatch.org/terrorlists/docs/EUterrorlist-May-06.pdf EU terror list
- ^ http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm US terror list
- ^ "NATO chief declares PKK terrorist group", Xinhua, 2005-12-20. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.
- ^ Bentley, Mark. "Turkish Army Begins Ground Assault on PKK in Iraq", Bloomberg, 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ "Gov't gives no timetable for return", Turkish Daily News, 2008-02-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed
- ^ Kamber, Michael. "Iraq Cabinet Demands Turks Leave Kurdish Area in North", New York Times, 2008-02-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
- ^ Torchia, Christopher. "Turkish Troops Withdraw from Iraq", Associated Press, 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ Spetalnick, Matt. "Bush again talks of Iraq victory five years on", Reuters, 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ "Dozens die in attacks across Iraq", BBC News, 2008-03-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Lee, Matthew. "Diplomats Told to Take Cover in Baghdad", Town Hall, 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ "Iran 'behind Green Zone attack'", BBC News, 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ "US army deaths in Iraq hit 4,000", BBC News, 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Dagher, Sam. "Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army", Christian Science Monitor, 2008-03-26, pp. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2.
- ^ a b Stephen Farrell and Ahmar Karim. "Drive in Basra by Iraqi Army Makes Gains", The New York Times, 2008-05-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Retrieved on 2008-05-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- ^ Fadel, Leila. "After Iranian mediation, firebrand Iraqi cleric orders halt to attacks", McClatchy Newspapers, 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ Fadel, Leila. "Iraqi military orders Sadr City residents to evacuate", McClatchy Newspapers, 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
- ^ Zremski, J. (4/09/08) "Petraeus urges withdrawal delay" Buffalo News
- ^ Grim, R. (April 8, 2008) "Petraeus: No Corners Turned Or Lights At The End Of The Tunnel" CBS News
- ^ Smith, S. A. (April 9, 2008) "Senators grill Petraeus," Indiana Journal-Gazette
- ^ Bennen, S. (9 April 2007) "The central front in the ‘war on terror’?" The Carpetbagger Report
- ^ Online NewsHour: Report | Congress Hears Iraq Status Report | April 8, 2008 | PBS
- ^ Ambinder, M. (9 April 2002) "Biden's Audition?" The Atlantic
- ^ http://www.startribune.com/politics/17417284.html
- ^ Associated Press (April 10, 2008) "US airstrikes target militants in Iraq, clashes leave 15 dead"
- ^ "Press Conference by the President" May 24, 2007
- ^ Voice of America (11 April 2008) "Bush Gives General 'All the Time He Needs' to Decide on Iraq Troop Reductions"
- ^ Partlow, Joshua. "List of 'Willing' U.S. Allies Shrinks Steadily in Iraq", Washington Post, 2007-