| جمهوری اسلامی ايران Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān Islamic Republic of Iran
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| Motto: Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī 1 (Persian) "Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic" |
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| Anthem: Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ² |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Tehran |
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| Official languages | Persian, constitutional status for regional languages such as Azeri and Kurdish [1] | |||||
| Demonym | Iranian | |||||
| Government | Islamic Republic | |||||
| - | Supreme Leader | Ayatollah Ali Khamenei | ||||
| - | President | Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | ||||
| Unification[2] | ||||||
| - | Media | 625 BC [2] | ||||
| - | Safavid dynasty (reestablishment) |
May 1508 | ||||
| - | Islamic Republic declared | April 1, 1979 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,648,195 km² (18th) 636,372 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0. The current flag of Iran was adopted on July 29, 1980, and is a reflection of the changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution The coat of arms of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution features a stylized Perso-Arabic script of the word ''Allah'' (" A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian: سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران, pronounced melije Iran's population was declared 70049262 in the 2006 census with nearly one quarter of its people being 15 years of age or younger Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit Ayatollah ( Persian: آيتالله, âyato-llâh, from Arabic: آية الله, āyatu 'llāh, meaning 'the sign of (fa علی حسینی خامنهای born 17 July 1939 also known as Ali Khamenei, is an Iranian Azeri politician and cleric The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 7 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2007 (1385 AP) census | 70,472,846³ (17th) | ||||
| - | Density | 42/km² (163th) 109/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $852. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 6 billion (2007)[3] (15th) |
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| - | Per capita | $12,300[3] (65th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $278 billion [4] (29th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $4,119 (82nd) | ||||
| Gini (1998) | 43. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 0 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 759 (medium) (94th) | |||||
| Currency | Iranian rial (ريال) (IRR) |
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| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | Iran Daylight Time (IRDT) (UTC+4:30) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .ir | |||||
| Calling code | +98 | |||||
| 1 | bookrags.com | |||||
| 2 | iranchamber.com | |||||
| 3 | Statistical Centre of Iran. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The rial (ریال in Persian; ISO 4217 code IRR) is the currency of Iran. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Iran Standard Time ( IRST) or Iran Time ( IT) is the Time zone used in Iran. Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E تغییرات جمعیت کشور طی سالهای ۱۳۳۵-۱۳۸۵ (Persian). Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. | |||||
| 4 | CIA Factbook | |||||
Iran (Persian: ايران, /irɒn/↔[ʔiˈɾɒn] ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, pronounced [dʒomhuːɾije eslɒːmije iːɾɒn]), formerly known internationally as Persia until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan, and means "Land of the Aryans". Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" [5][6][7]
The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km², Iran has a population of over seventy million. Iran is a country of special geostrategic significance, because of its central location in Eurasia. Geostrategy, a subfield of Geopolitics, is a type of Foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform constrain or affect political For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea; on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and on the west by Turkey and Iraq. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Gulf of Oman or Gulf of Makran ( Arabic: الخليج عمان transliterated: khalīj ʿumān( Urdu / Persian: خليج مکران Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Tehran is the capital, largest city and the political, cultural, commercial, and industrial center of the nation. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Iran is a regional power. In International relations, a regional power is a State that has power within a geographic Region. [8][9], and occupies an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane,
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. [10][11][12] The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Events By Topic Religion March 23 - Battle of Uhud ( Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca [2] [2]. They were succeeded by three Iranian dynasties, the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids which governed Iran for more than 1000 years. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire After centuries of foreign occupation and short-lived native dynasties, Iran was once again reunified as an independent state in 1551 by the Safavid dynasty who promoted Shi'a Islam[13] as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century [14] Iran had been a monarchy ruled by a shah, or emperor, almost without interruption from 1501 until the 1979 Iranian revolution, when Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) [15][16]
Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 Constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology The Constitution of the Islamic Republic The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader. The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit Shi'a Islam is the official religion, and Persian is the official language. [17]
Contents |
Etymology
- See also: Iran naming dispute
The term Iran (ایران) in modern Persian derives from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānām first attested in Zoroastrianism's Avesta tradition. Iran has been the subject of a naming dispute in common Western usage Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. [18] Ariya- and Airiia- are also attested as an ethnic designator in Achaemenid inscriptions. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The term Ērān from Middle Persian Ērān, Pahlavi ʼyrʼn, is found at the inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam. Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (206-241 subsequently Persia Naqsh-e Rustam (in Persian: نقش رستم Nāqš-e Rostām) is an archaeological site located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars province [19] In this inscription, the king's appellation in Middle Persian contains the term ērān (Pahlavi: ʼryʼn), while in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies it, Iran is mentioned as aryān. The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern In Ardashir's time ērān retained this meaning, denoting the people rather than the state.
Notwithstanding this inscriptional use of ērān to refer to the Iranian peoples, the use of ērān to refer to the geographical empire is also attested in the early Sassanid period. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. An inscription of Shapur I, Ardashir's son and immediate successor, apparently "includes in Ērān regions such as Armenia and the Caucasus which were not inhabited predominantly by Iranians. Shapur I was the second Sassanid King of the Second Persian Empire. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East "[20] In Kartir's inscriptions the high priest includes the same regions in his list of provinces of the antonymic Anērān. Kartir Hangirpe (alternatively Karder or Kirdir) was a highly influential Zoroastrian high-priest of the late 3rd century CE and served as advisor to at [20] Both ērān and aryān comes from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānām, (Land) of the (Iranian) Aryas. Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family The word and concept of Airyanem Vaejah is present in the name of the country Iran (Lit. Airyanəm Vaējah, which approximately means "expanse of the Aryans," is a reference in the Zoroastrian Avesta ( Vendidad, Farg Land of the Aryans) inasmuch as Iran (Ērān) is the modern Persian form of the word Aryānā.
Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the official name of the country has been the "Islamic Republic of Iran. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed "
In the outside world the official name of Iran from 6th century BC until 1935 was Persia or similar names (La Perse, Das Persien, Perzie, etc. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ). In that year Reza Shah asked the international community to call the country by the name "Iran". A few years later some Persian scholars protested to the government that changing the name had separated the country from its past, so in 1959 Mohammad Reza Shah announced that both terms could officially be used interchangeably. Now both terms are common, but "Iran" is used mostly in the modern political context and "Persia" in a cultural and historical context.
Geography and climate
- See also: Agriculture in Iran and Wildlife of Iran
Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world after Libya and before Mongolia. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East [21] Its area roughly equals that of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined, or slightly less than the state of Alaska. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent [22] [23] Its borders are with Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km/310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Gulf of Oman or Gulf of Makran ( Arabic: الخليج عمان transliterated: khalīj ʿumān( Urdu / Persian: خليج مکران Iran's area is 1,648,000 km² (approximately 636,300 sq mi). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. [3]
Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the latter contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,604 m (18,386 ft), which is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's For the Iranian Frigate Alborz see Iranian frigate Alborz. For Alborz High School (in Persianدبیرستان البرز see Alborz High Mount Damāvand ( also known as Donbavand, is a Dormant volcano and the highest peak in Iran with a special place in the Persian mythology The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. [24] The eastern part consists mostly of desert basins like the saline Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert, in the north-central portion of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut, in the east, as well as some salt lakes. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Dasht-e Kavir (دشت كوير in Persian) also known as Kavir-e Namak or Great Salt Desert is a large desert lying in the middle Dasht-e Lut, also spelled Dasht-i-Lut, is a large salt Desert in southeastern Iran. The salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of Water which has a concentration of Salts (mostly Sodium chloride) and other minerals significantly This is because the mountain ranges are too high for rain clouds to reach these regions. The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab (or the Arvand Rūd) river. In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. Navigation Ships moving through the Strait follow a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS which separates inbound from outbound traffic to reduce the risk of collision The Gulf of Oman or Gulf of Makran ( Arabic: الخليج عمان transliterated: khalīj ʿumān( Urdu / Persian: خليج مکران
Iran's climate is mostly arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures nearly fall below freezing and it remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (85 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 [25][26] Annual precipitation is 680 mm (27 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (67 in) in the western part. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (eight in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. [26] Average summer temperatures exceed 38 °C (100 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Gulf of Oman or Gulf of Makran ( Arabic: الخليج عمان transliterated: khalīj ʿumān( Urdu / Persian: خليج مکران The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (five to fourteen inches). [26]
Iran's wildlife is composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes. Other domestic animals include, sheeps, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran.
Iranian Northern Jungles
Located in the Northern part of Iran and north of the capital Tehran, there is a rainforest which in Persian it is called Shomal or North. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of The tall mountain range of the Elburz/Alborz being the highest mountain range in the Middle East, captures the moisture of the Caspian Sea to the north, which has formed a tropical rainforest. For the Iranian Frigate Alborz see Iranian frigate Alborz. For Alborz High School (in Persianدبیرستان البرز see Alborz High For the Iranian Frigate Alborz see Iranian frigate Alborz. For Alborz High School (in Persianدبیرستان البرز see Alborz High The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea.
.JPG/250px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(14).JPG)
Provinces and Cities
- See also: List of Iran cities by population
Iran is divided into 30 provinces (ostān), each governed by an appointed governor (استاندار, ostāndār). Northern Iran includes the Southern Caspian regions of Iran, and represents Hyrcania: Gilan and Mazandaran, Iran is subdivided into thirty provinces ( Persian: استان ostān, plural استانها ostānhā) each governed from a local center The provinces of Iran further subdivided into counties called shahrestan ( Persian: شهرستان shahrestān) an area inside an ostan Cities over 1000000 population The following sortable table lists the most populous cities in Iran with a population of more than 1000000 according to 2006 Census results announced Ardabīl ( Persian: اردبیل Azeri: اردبیل also known as Ardebil; ancient name Artavil) is one of the Azeri Bushehr ( Persian:استان بوشهر is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Chahārmahāl o Bakhtiyārī (چهارمحال و بختیاری is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Golestān ( گلستان) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Hamadān or Hamedan (استان همدان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Hormozgān is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country facing Oman. Īlām, also Elam Kurdish, is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Kermān is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the south-east of the country Kermanshah Province ( Kermānshāh; Kurdish: کرماشان Kirmaşan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Kohgilūyé o Boyer-Ahmad (کهگیلویه و بویراحمد is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Kordestan ( Persian: استان کردستان UniPers: Ostâne Kordestân; Kurdish: پارێزگه ی کوردستان Parêzgeha Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the Markazi (استان مرکزی in Persian) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Mazandaran is a Caspian Qazvīn is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the north-west of the country and its center is the city of Qazvin. Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with 11237 km² covering 0 Razavi Khorasan (in Persian: خراسان رضوی) is a province located in northeastern Iran. Semnān is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country and its center is Semnan. Sistān o Balūchestān ( Persian: استان سیستان و بلوچستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Tehran Province (استان تهران transliterated ostān-e Tehrān; is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Yazd (استان یزد is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Zanjan (زنجان زنجان is a province located in the North-West Iran with the Zanjan city being its center North Khorasan (in Persian: خراسان شمالی is a province located in northeastern Iran. South Khorasan ( Kurdish / Persian: خراسان جنوبی is a province located in eastern Iran. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Iran is subdivided into thirty provinces ( Persian: استان ostān, plural استانها ostānhā) each governed from a local center The provinces are divided into counties (shahrestān), and subdivided into districts (bakhsh) and sub-districts (dehestān). Shahrestan may refer to Counties of Iran Shahrestan Afghanistan A bakhsh is a type of Administrative division of Iran, translated as county but in many ways similar to a township in the United States or a district
Iran has one of the highest urban-growth rates in the world. The Azadi Tower ( Borj-e Azadi meaning in Freedom Tower (previously known as the Shahyād Āryāmehr, King Memorial Tower is the symbol of Tehran From 1950 to 2002 the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%. [27] The United Nations predicts that by 2030 80% of the population will be urban. [28] Most internal migrants have settled near the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz, and Qom. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The city of Ahvaz or Ahwaz (اهواز ahvāz or الأحواز is the capital of the Iranian province of Khūzestān. The listed populations are from the 2006/07 (1385 AP) census. The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical [29]
Tehran, with population of 7,705,036, is the largest city in Iran and is the Capital city. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Tehran is home to around 11% of Iran's population. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Tehran, like many big cities, suffers from severe air pollution. It is the hub of the country's communication and transport network. Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI Iran has a long paved road system linking most of its towns and all of its cities
Mashhad is the second largest Iranian city and is one of the holiest Shi'a cities in the world as it is the site of the Imam Reza shrine. Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Imam Reza shrine ( in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains mausoleum of Imam Ridha, the eighth It is the second largest city and with a population of 2. 8 million is the centre of the province of Razavi Khorasan. Razavi Khorasan (in Persian: خراسان رضوی) is a province located in northeastern Iran. It's the centre of tourism in Iran and between 15 and 20 million pilgrims go to the Imam Reza's shrine every year. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida ( علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as Ali ar-Ridha Ali Reza (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of [30][31] The other major Iranian city is Isfahan (population city: 1,986,542). Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Isfahan is the capital of Isfahan Province. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Naghsh-e Jahan Square ( Persian: ميدان نقش جهان maidaan-e naqsh-e jehaan) is situated at the center of Isfahan city Iran United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The city contains a wide variety of Islamic architectural sites ranging from the eleventh to the 19th century. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction The growth of suburb area around the city has turned Isfahan to the second most populous metropolitan area (3,430,353). [32] The other major Iranian cities are Karaj (population 1,732,275), Tabriz (population 1,597,312) and Shiraz (population 1,227,331). Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Tabriz is situated north of the volcanic cone of Sahand south of the Eynali mountain. For the Iranian Frigate Sahand see Iranian frigate Sahand. Sahand ( سهند) is a massive heavily eroded Stratovolcano Eynali is a mountain in north of Tabriz. It has red soil and it is seen from everywhere in Tabriz Tabriz is the largest city in north-western Iran and is the capital of East Azarbaijan Province. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Karaj is located in Tehran province and is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains, however the city is increasingly becoming an extension of the metropolitan Tehran. Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains Tehran Province (استان تهران transliterated ostān-e Tehrān; is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of For the Iranian Frigate Alborz see Iranian frigate Alborz. For Alborz High School (in Persianدبیرستان البرز see Alborz High Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of
History
Early history (3200 BC–625 BC)
Dozens of pre-historic sites across the Iranian plateau point to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BC,[10][11][12] centuries before the earliest civilizations arose in nearby Mesopotamia. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding [33] Proto-Iranians first emerged following the separation of Indo-Iranians, and are traced to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age [34] Aryan, (Proto-Iranian) tribes arrived in the Iranian plateau in the third and second millennium BC, probably in more than one wave of emigration, and settled as nomads. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum Further separation of Proto-Iranians into "Eastern" and "Western" groups occurred due to migration. By the first millennium BC, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the western part, while Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Other tribes began to settle on the eastern edge, as far as on the mountainous frontier of north-western Indian subcontinent and into the area which is now Balochistan. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid Region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Others, such as the Scythian tribes spread as far west as the Balkans and as far east as Xinjiang. In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Avestan is an eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta in c. Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. 1000 BC. Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Achaemenid empire and later Iranian empires, until the 7th century. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
Pre-Islamic Statehood (625 BC–651 AD)
The Medes are credited with the unification[2] of Iran as a nation and empire (625[2]–559 BC), the largest of its day, until Cyrus the Great established a unified empire of the Medes and Persians leading to the Achaemenid Empire (559–330 BC), and further unification between peoples and cultures. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Relations during the Republic The first direct contact between the Republic and the Parthians was c The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of After Cyrus's death, his son Cambyses continued his father's work of conquest, making significant gains in Egypt. Following a power struggle after Cambyses' death Darius I was declared king (ruled 522–486 BC). Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Under Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great, the Persian Empire eventually became the largest and most powerful empire in human history up until that point. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed [35] The borders of the Persian empire stretched from the Indus and Oxus Rivers in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, extending through Anatolia (modern day Turkey) and Egypt. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black
In 499 BC Athens lent support to a revolt in Miletus which resulted in the sacking of Sardis. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Sardis, also Sardes ( Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σάρδεις, Persian: Sparda) modern Sart in This led to an Achaemenid campaign against Greece known as the Greco-Persian Wars which lasted the first half of the 5th century BC. During the Greco-Persian wars Persia made some major advantages and razed Athens in 480 BC, But after a string of Greek victories the Persians were forced to withdraw. Fighting ended with the peace of Callias in 449 BC. The Peace of Callias is a purported treaty established around 449 BC between the Delian League (led by Athens) and Persia, ending the Persian
The rules and ethics emanating from Zoroaster's teachings were strictly followed by the Achaemenids who introduced and adopted policies based on human rights, equality and banning of slavery. Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Zoroastrianism spread unimposed during the time of the Achaemenids and through contacts with the exiled Jewish people in Babylon freed by Cyrus, Zoroastrian concepts further propagated and influenced into other Abrahamic religions. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Golden Age of Athens marked by Aristotle, Plato and Socrates also came about during the Achaemenid period while their contacts with Persia and the Near East abounded. The Golden Age is the term used to denote the historical period in Ancient Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BC to either the Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. The peace, tranquillity, security and prosperity that were afforded to the people of the Near East and Southeastern Europe proved to be a rare historical occurrence, an unparalleled period where commerce prospered, and the standard of living for all people of the region improved. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century [36]
In 334 BC Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid Emperor Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BC. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Darius III ( Artashata) (c 380&ndash330 BC Persian داریوش Dāriūš dɔːriˈuːʃ was the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of The Battle of Issus (or more commonly The Battle at Issus) occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. He left the annexed territory in 328–327. In each of the former Achaemenid territories he installed his own officers as caretakers, which led to friction and ultimately to the partitioning of the former empire after Alexander's death. The Partition of Babylon designates the attribution of the territories by Alexander the Great between his generals soon after his death in 323 BCE. A reunification would not occur until 700 years later, under the Sassanids (see below). Unlike the diadochic Seleucids and the succeeding Arsacids, who used a vassalary system, the Sassanids—like the Achaemenids—had a system of governors (MP: shahrab) personally appointed by the Emperor and directed by the central government. The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors The term vassal state commonly refers to any state that was subordinate to another in the pre-modern international system The new empire led by Alexander became the first, of other, later, foreign ruled Iranian empires that came to promote a Persianate society. A Persianate society ( - Djāma-ye Pārsīzabān) is a society that is either based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature
Parthia was led by the Arsacid Dynasty (اشکانیان Ashkâniân), who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, after defeating the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BC, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding 150 BC and 224 AD. These were the third native dynasty of ancient Iran and lasted five centuries. After the conquests of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed.
Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east, limiting Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (206-241 subsequently Persia The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black By using a heavily-armed and armoured cataphract cavalry, and lightly armed but highly-mobile mounted archers, the Parthians "held their own against Rome for almost 300 years". A cataphract was a form of Heavy cavalry used by nomadic eastern Iranian tribes and dynasties and later Ancient Greeks and Romans. [37] Rome's acclaimed general Mark Antony led a disastrous campaign against the Parthians in 36 BC in which he lost 32,000 men. Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark By the time of Roman emperor Augustus, Rome and Parthia were settling some of their differences through diplomacy. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was By this time, Parthia had acquired an assortment of golden eagles, the cherished standards of Rome's legions, captured from Mark Antony, and Crassus, who suffered "a disastrous defeat" at Carrhae in 53 BC. The signa militaria were the Roman military Ensigns or standards The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful ( maniple Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Marcus Licinius Crassus ( Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS (ca [38]
The end of the Parthian Empire came in 224 AD, when the empire was loosely organized and the last king was defeated by Ardashir I, one of the empire's vassals. Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (206-241 subsequently Persia Ardashir I then went on to create the Sassanid Empire. Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (206-241 subsequently Persia Soon he started reforming the country both economically and militarily. The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, referring to it as Erânshahr or Iranshahr, 
, "Dominion of the Aryans", i. e. of Iranians), with their capital at Ctesiphon. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire [39] The Romans suffered repeated losses particularly by Ardashir I, Shapur I, and Shapur II. Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (206-241 subsequently Persia Shapur I was the second Sassanid King of the Second Persian Empire. Shapur II was the ninth King of the Sassanid Empire from 309 to 379 [40] During their reign, Sassanid battles with the Roman Empire caused such pessimism in Rome that the historian Cassius Dio wrote:
| “ | Here was a source of great fear to us. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was So formidable does the Sassanid king seem to our eastern legions, that some are liable to go over to him, and others are unwilling to fight at all. | ” |
In 632 raiders from the Arab peninsula began attacking the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Iran was defeated in the Battle of al-Qâdisiyah, paving way for the Islamic conquest of Persia. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ( transliteration, Ma'rakat al-Qādisiyyah;; alternate spellings Qadisiyya Qadisiyyah Kadisiya was the decisive engagement The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia
During Parthian, and later Sassanid era, trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome, and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Parthian remains display classically Greek influences in some instances and retain their oriental mode in others, a clear expression of "the cultural diversity that characterized Parthian art and life". [42] The Parthians were innovators of many architecture designs such as that of Ctesiphon, which later influenced European Romanesque architecture. The " Parthian style " (شیوه معماری پارتی is a style ( sabk) of historical Iranian architecture. For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which [43][44] Under the Sassanids, Iran expanded relations with China, the arts, music, and architecture greatly flourished, and centres such as the School of Nisibis and Academy of Gundishapur became world renowned centres of science and scholarship. Sassanid music refers to the golden age of Persian music that occurred under the reign of the Sassanid dynasty Sassanid architecture refers to the Parthian style of architecture in Iranian architecture that reached a peak in its development during the Sassanid era During the first Christian centuries the School of Nisibis was the spiritual center of the Assyrian Church of the East. The Academy of Gundishapur (in دانشگاه گنديشاپور Dânešgâh Gondišâpur was a renowned academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during Late antiquity
Middle Ages (652–1501)
After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Iran was annexed into the Arab Umayyad Caliphate. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia But the Islamization of Iran was to yield deep transformations within the cultural, scientific, and political structure of Iran's society: The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine and art became major elements of the newly-forming Muslim civilization. Islamization in post-conquest Iran, a long process by which Islam was gradually adopted by the majority population occurred as a result of the Islamic conquest Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Science and technology in Iran, formerly known as Persia, have a history like the country itself The Iranian cultural region - consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Culturally, politically, and religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Indeed, the culmination of Iran caused the "Islamic Golden Age". [45]
Abu Moslem, an Iranian general , expelled the Umayyads from Damascus and helped the Abbasid caliphs to conquer Baghdad. Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani (, c 700 - 755 was an Abbasid general of Persian ( ''Tājīk'') origin born in city of Balkh Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Abbasid caliphs frequently chose their "wazirs" (viziers) among Iranians, and Iranian governors acquired a certain amount of local autonomy. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Thus in 822, the governor of Khorasan, Tahir, proclaimed his independence and founded a new Persian dynasty of Tahirids. Tahir bin 'Abd-Allah (d 862 was the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 845 until 862 The Tahirid dynasty, (سلسله طاهریان Persian: ( 821 - 873) ruled the northeastern Persian Empire region And by the Samanid era, Iran's efforts to regain its independence had been well solidified. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman [46]
Attempts of Arabization thus never succeeded in Iran, and movements such as the Shuubiyah became catalysts for Iranians to regain their independence in their relations with the Arab invaders. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or Shu'ubiyyah ( Arabic: الشعوبية refers to the response by non- Arab Muslims to the privileged status of Arabs within the Ummah. The cultural revival of the post-Abbasid period led to a resurfacing of Iranian national identity. The resulting cultural movement reached its peak during the 9th and 10th centuries. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The most notable effect of the movement was the continuation of the Persian language, the language of the Persians and the official language of Iran to the present day. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Ferdowsi, Iran's greatest epic poet, is regarded today as the most important figure in maintaining the Persian language. Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet.
After an interval of silence Iran re-emerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam. Iranian philosophy after the Islamic conquest, is characterized by different interactions with the Old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. For other uses see Illuminati (disambiguation. Illuminationist Philosophy ( Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmah al-ishrāq, Persian Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the
The movement continued well into the 11th century, when Mahmud-a Ghaznavi founded a vast empire, with its capital at Isfahan and Ghazna. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni Their successors, the Seljuks, asserted their domination from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south As with their predecessors, the divan of the empire was in the hands of Iranian viziers, who founded the Nizamiyya. Dīvān or dīwān ( Persian دیوان was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states or its chief official (see Diwan (title A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian A nizamiyya ( النظامیة, Persian: نظامیه is one of the medieval institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the During this period, hundreds of scholars and scientists vastly contributed to technology, science and medicine, later influencing the rise of European science during the Renaissance. Classical (pre-modern Era The following is a non-comprehensive list of Iranian scientists and engineers that lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [47]
In 1218, the eastern Khwarazmid provinces of Transoxiana and Khorasan suffered a devastating invasion by Genghis Khan. The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder During this period more than half of Iran's population were killed,[48] turning the streets of Persian cities like Neishabur into "rivers of blood", as the severed heads of men, women, and children were "neatly stacked into carefully constructed pyramids around which the carcasses of the city's dogs and cats were placed". Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot [49] Between 1220 and 1260, the total population of Iran had dropped from 2,500,000 to 250,000 as a result of mass extermination and famine. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation [50] In a letter to King Louis IX of France, Holaku, one of the Genghis Khan's grandsons, alone took responsibility for 200,000 deaths in his raids of Iran and the Caliphate. This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder [51] He was followed by yet another conqueror, Tamerlane, who established his capital in Samarkand. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of [52] The waves of devastation prevented many cities such as Neishabur from reaching their pre-invasion population levels until the 20th century, eight centuries later. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot The twentieth century of the Common Era began on [53] But both Hulagu, Timur, and their successors soon came to adopt the ways and customs of that which they had conquered, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Persian. This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among [54]
Early Modern Era (1501–1921)
- See also: Russo-Persian Wars, Anglo-Persian War, Turko-Persian War, and Iranian Constitutional Revolution
Iran's first encompassing Shi'a Islamic state was established under the Azerbaijani Safavid Dynasty (1501–1722) by Shah Ismail I. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Safavid Dynasty soon became a major political power and promoted the flow of bilateral state contacts. The Safavid peak was during the rule of Shah Abbas The Great. Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent [14] The Safavid Dynasty frequently locked horns with the Ottoman Empire, Uzbek tribes and the Portuguese Empire. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Safavids moved their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin and then to Isfahan where their patronage for the arts propelled Iran into one of its most aesthetically productive eras. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Qazvin ( also spelled as Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331409 in 2005 Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Under their rule, the state became highly centralized, the first attempts to modernize the military were made, and even a distinct style of architecture developed. The " Esfahani style " (شیوه معماری اصفهانی is a style ( sabk) of architecture when categorizing Iranian architecture development in history In 1722 Afghan rebels defeated Shah Sultan Hossein and ended the Safavid Dynasty, but in 1735, Nader Shah successfully drove out the Afghan rebels from Isfahan and established the Afsharid Dynasty. Soltan Hosein (also known as Soltan Hosayn) (1668?&ndash1726 was a Safavid king of Persia ( Iran) Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November The Afsharids (سلسله افشار were an Iranian dynasty of Turkic descent from Khorasan that ruled the Persian Empire in the 18th century He then staged an incursion into India in 1738 securing the Peacock throne, Koh-i-Noor, and Darya-ye Noor among other royal treasures. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Peacock Throne, called Takht-e-Tâvus (تخت طاووس in Persian, is the name originally of a Mughal Throne of India later used to describe This article is about the Diamond. For the film see Kohinoor. The Darya-ye Noor "Sea of Light" "River of Light" or "Ocean of Light" also spelled Darya-i-Noor, Darya-e Noor and Darya-i-Nur A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant His rule did not last long however, and he was assassinated in 1747. The Mashhad based Afshar Dynasty was succeeded by the Zand dynasty in 1750, founded by Karim Khan, who established his capital at Shiraz. Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century Karim Khan Zand, ( کریم خان زند) (c 1705- 1779 also called Karim Khan the Great (Bozorg was the ruler and De facto Shah of Iran Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. His rule brought a period of relative peace and renewed prosperity.
The Zand dynasty lasted three generations, until Aga Muhammad Khan executed Lotf Ali Khan, and founded his new capital in Tehran, marking the dawn of the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe Lotf Ali Khan ( Persian:لطفعلى خان زند (c 1769-1794 was the last Shah of Persia ( Iran) (reigned 1789-94 of the Zand dynasty Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under The capable Qajar chancellor Amir Kabir established Iran's first modern college system, among other modernizing reforms. The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under Dar al-Funun ( دار الفنون) established in 1851, was the first modern institution of higher learning in Persia. Iran suffered several wars with Imperial Russia during the Qajar era, resulting in Iran losing almost half of its territories to Imperial Russia and the British Empire, via the treaties of Gulistan, Turkmenchay and Akhal. The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Treaty of Gulistan (Гюлистанский договор Persian: عهدنامه گلستان was a Peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia The Treaty of Turkmenchay (Туркманчайский договор Persian: عهدنامه ترکمنچای was a treaty negotiated in Turkmenchay by which The Treaty of Akhal was a treaty signed by Persia and Imperial Russia on September 21, 1881. In spite of The Great Game Iran managed to maintain her sovereignty and was never colonized, unlike neighbouring states in the region. For the film see The Great Game (film The Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire Repeated foreign intervention and a corrupt and weakened Qajar rule led to various protests, which by the end of the Qajar period resulted in Persia's constitutional revolution establishing the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy. The Tobacco Protest, a Shi'a clerical-led revolt against tobacco concessions granted to the Western imperial power of Great Britain, occurred in Persia The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also known as the Persian Constitutional Revolution or Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911 The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is
Late Modern Era (1921–)
- See also: Operation Ajax
In 1921, Reza Khan overthrew the weakening Qajar Dynasty and became Shah. For the Afghan serial killer see Reza Khan (Taliban. The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Reza Shah initiated industrialization, railroad construction, and the establishment of a national education system. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Iran has a large network of private, public, and state affiliated universities offering degrees in higher education Reza Shah sought to balance Russian and British influence, but when World War II started, his nascent ties to Germany alarmed Britain and Russia. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1941, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran in order to utilize Iranian railroad capacity during World War II. The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran was the invasion of Iran by British and Commonwealth forces and the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Countenance World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Shah was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
In 1951 Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh was elected prime minister. Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era (when the country was internationally known As prime minister, Mossadegh became enormously popular in Iran after he nationalized Iran's oil reserves. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government In response Britain embargoed Iranian oil and invited the United States to join in a plot to depose Mossadegh, and in 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized Operation Ajax. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The 1953 Iranian Coup d'état deposed the government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet, it was effected by Gen The operation was successful, and Mossadegh was arrested on 19 August 1953. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
After Operation Ajax, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became increasingly autocratic. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler With American support the Shah was able to rapidly modernize Iranian infrastructure, but he simultaneously crushed all forms of political opposition with his intelligence agency, SAVAK. SAVAK ( Persian: ساواک short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Sazeman-e Ettela'at va Amniyat-e Keshvar, National Intelligence and Security Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became an active critic of the Shah's White Revolution and publicly denounced the government. Ayatollah ( Persian: آيتالله, âyato-llâh, from Arabic: آية الله, āyatu 'llāh, meaning 'the sign of Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 The White Revolution (انقلاب سفید Enghelāb-e Sefid) was a far-reaching series of reforms launched in 1963 by the last Shah of Iran Khomeini, who was popular in religious circles, was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months. After his release in 1964 Khomeini publicly criticized the United States government. The Shah was persuaded to send him into exile by General Hassan Pakravan. Hassan Pakravan ( August 4, 1911 - April 11, 1979) was a well known diplomat and minister in the Pahlavi pre-revolutionary Khomeini was sent first to Turkey, then to Iraq and finally to France. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. While in exile he continued to denounce the Shah.
The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution,[55][56][57] began in January 1978 with the first major demonstrations against the Shah. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages [58] After strikes and demonstrations paralysed the country and its economy, the Shah fled the country in January 1979 and Ayatollah Khomeini soon returned from exile to Tehran, enthusiastically greeted by millions of Iranians. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 [59] The Pahlavi Dynasty collapsed ten days later on 11 February when Iran's military declared itself "neutral" after guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979 when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national referendum to make it so. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) [60][16] In December 1979 the country approved a theocratic constitution, whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit The speed and success of the revolution surprised many throughout the world,[61] as it had not been precipitated by a military defeat, a financial crisis, or a peasant rebellion. [62] Although both nationalists and Marxists joined with Islamic traditionalists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were killed and executed by the Islamic regime afterward, the revolution ultimately resulted in an Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Ayatollah ( Persian: آيتالله, âyato-llâh, from Arabic: آية الله, āyatu 'llāh, meaning 'the sign of Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 [63]
Iran's relationship with the United States deteriorated rapidly during the revolution. On 4 November 1979, a group of Iranian students seized US embassy personnel, labelling the embassy a "den of spies". Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 [65] They accused its personnel of being CIA agents plotting to overthrow the revolutionary government, as the CIA had done to Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953. Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major While the student ringleaders had not asked for permission from Khomeini to seize the embassy, Khomeini nonetheless supported the embassy takeover after hearing of its success. Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 [66] While most of the female and African American hostages were released within the first months,[66] the remaining fifty-two hostages were held for 444 days. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The students demanded the handover of the Shah in exchange for the hostages, and following the Shah's death in the summer of 1980, that the hostages be put on trial for espionage. Subsequently attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate or rescue were unsuccessful. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light) was a United States military operation to rescue the 53 hostages from the U But in January 19 1981 the hostages were set free according to the Algiers declaration. There are other agreements forged in Algiers See Algiers Agreement The Algiers Accords of January 19, 1981, were brokered
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to take advantage of what he perceived to be disorder in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and its unpopularity with Western governments. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The once-strong Iranian military had been disbanded during the revolution. Saddam sought to expand Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf by acquiring territories that Iraq had claimed earlier from Iran during the Shah's rule. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Of chief importance to Iraq was Khuzestan which not only has a substantial Arab population, but boasted rich oil fields as well. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding On the unilateral behalf of the United Arab Emirates, the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs became objectives as well. This is a geographical article For the Palestinian leader see Said al-Muragha, for the Sahaba, see Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari. Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb ( Tonb-e Bozorg and Tonb-e Kuchak; Arabic: ar طنب الكبرى وطنب الصغرى, Tunb With these ambitions in mind, Hussein planned a full-scale assault on Iran, boasting that his forces could reach the capital within three days. On 22 September 1980 the Iraqi army invaded Iran at Khuzestan, precipitating the Iran-Iraq War. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The attack took revolutionary Iran completely by surprise.
Although Saddam Hussein's forces made several early advances, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push the Iraqi army back into Iraq. Khomeini sought to export his Islamic revolution westward into Iraq, especially on the majority Shi'a Arabs living in the country. The war then continued for six more years until 1988, when Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations. Tens of thousands of Iranian civilians and military personnel were killed when Iraq used chemical weapons in its warfare. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Iraq was financially backed by Egypt, the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact states, the United States (beginning in 1983), France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China (which also sold weapons to Iran). Imports of conventional arms by Iraq 1973-1990 by source Values are shown in millions of US dollars at constant (1990 estimated values This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES There were more than 100,000 Iranian victims[67] of Iraq's chemical weapons during the eight-year war. The total Iranian casualties of the war were estimated to be anywhere between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Almost all relevant international agencies have confirmed that Saddam engaged in chemical warfare to blunt Iranian human wave attacks; these agencies unanimously confirmed that Iran never used chemical weapons during the war. [68][69][70]
Government and politics
The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental connections between Iran and other countries The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader. The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and The Expediency Discernment Council of the System ( is an administrative assembly appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Ali Akbar Davar and some of his contemporaries such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts of the Leadership) of Iran ( Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری Majles-e-Khobregan or City and Village Councils (full title is Provincial City District and Village Councils are local councils which are elected by public vote in all cities and villages throughout A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Constitution of the Islamic Republic The system comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit Islamic leadership|Ja'fari jurisprudence Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( Arabic: ولاية الفقيه, Persian: ولایت فقیه [71] The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations; and has sole power to declare war or peace. [71] The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and [71] The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem. The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts of the Leadership) of Iran ( Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری Majles-e-Khobregan or [72] The Assembly of Experts is responsible for supervising the Supreme Leader in the performance of legal duties.
After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority. The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader. [71][73] The President is elected by universal suffrage for a term of four years and can only be re-elected for one term. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to [73] Presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running in order to ensure their allegiance to the ideals of the Islamic revolution. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and [74] The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters. [71] The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature. This is a list of Iranian officials with their titles last checked and updated on June 3, 2008. [75] Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature. [76] Unlike many other states, the executive branch in Iran does not control the armed forces. Although the President appoints the Ministers of Intelligence and Defense, it is customary for the President to obtain explicit approval from the Supreme Leader for these two ministers before presenting them to the legislature for a vote of confidence. Iran's current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was elected in a run-off poll in the 2005 presidential elections. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran The Iranian presidential election of 2005, the ninth presidential election in Iranian history took place in two rounds first on June 17, 2005, the His term expires in 2009. [77]
As of 2008 the Legislature of Iran (also known as the Majlis of Iran) is a unicameral body. (fa علی حسینی خامنهای born 17 July 1939 also known as Ali Khamenei, is an Iranian Azeri politician and cleric The post of Supreme Leader ( Persian: رهبر انقلاب Rahbare Enqelab, lit The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber [78] Before the Iranian Revolution, the legislature was bicameral, but the upper house was removed under the new constitution. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The Senate House of Iran (Kakh-e Majles-e Sena was the Upper house legislative chamber during the Pahlavi dynasty and was disbanded after the Islamic Revolution The Majlis of Iran comprises 290 members elected for four-year terms. The Majlis of Iran ( Persian: مجلس شورای اسلامی lit [78] The Majlis drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. > All Majlis candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Council of Guardians. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and [79] The Council of Guardians comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and The others are elected by the Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. Majlis (also spelled Majalis or Mejlis, Arabic مجلس is an Arabic term meaning "a place of sitting" used to describe various types of formal A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Ali Akbar Davar and some of his contemporaries such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza [80][73] The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. [73]
The Supreme Leader appoints the head of Iran's Judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor. A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Ali Akbar Davar and some of his contemporaries such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza [81] There are several types of courts including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and "revolutionary courts" which deal with certain categories of offenses, including crimes against national security. National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. [81] The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. A cleric ( Ancient Greek κληρικός - klērikos clergyman (pl In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. [81]
The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms. The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts of the Leadership) of Iran ( Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری Majles-e-Khobregan or As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Council of Guardians determines candidates' eligibility. The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی or Guardian Council and also Council of Guardians is an appointed and [81] The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time. [81] As all of their meetings and notes are strictly confidential, the Assembly has never been publicly known to challenge any of the Supreme Leader's decisions. [81]
Finally, Local City Councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran. City and Village Councils (full title is Provincial City District and Village Councils are local councils which are elected by public vote in all cities and villages throughout According to article seven of Iran's Constitution, these local councils together with the Parliament are "decision-making and administrative organs of the State". This section of the constitution was not implemented until 1999 when the first local council elections were held across the country. Councils have many different responsibilities including electing mayors, supervising the activities of municipalities; studying the social, cultural, educational, health, economic, and welfare requirements of their constituencies; planning and co-ordinating national participation in the implementation of social, economic, constructive, cultural, educational and other welfare affairs.
Economy
- See also: Next Eleven, Central Bank of Iran, Tehran Stock Exchange, Transport in Iran, Communications in Iran, Construction in Iran, and Economic Cooperation Organization
The rial is Iran's official currency. The economy of Iran is a Transition economy where a continuing strong labour force growth unmatched by commensurate real economic growth is driving up Unemployment The Next Eleven (or N-11) are eleven countries — Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran) is the Central bank The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE (بورس اوراق بهادار تهران is Iran 's largest stock exchange which first opened in April 1968 Iran has a long paved road system linking most of its towns and all of its cities Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI In recent years Iran's construction market has been thriving due to an increase in national and international investment to the extent that it is now the largest in the Middle East The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations The rial (ریال in Persian; ISO 4217 code IRR) is the currency of Iran.
Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. The economy of Iran is a Transition economy where a continuing strong labour force growth unmatched by commensurate real economic growth is driving up Unemployment A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Public ownership (also called government ownership, state ownership or state property) refers to Government Ownership of any A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture [82] Its economic infrastructure has been improving steadily over the past two decades but continues to be affected by inflation and unemployment. Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. [83] In the early 21st century the service sector contributed the largest percentage of the GDP, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture. Iran’s mining industry is under-developed The most important mines include coal metallic minerals sand and gravel chemical minerals salt etc Roughly one-third of Iran 's total surface area is suited for farmland but because of poor soil and lack of adequate water distribution in many areas most of it is not under cultivation In 2006, about 45% of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, and 31% came from taxes and fees. Government spending contributed to an average annual inflation rate of 14% in the period 2000–2004. Iran has earned $70 billion in foreign exchange reserves mostly (80%) from crude oil exports (2007). Foreign exchange reserves (also called Forex reserves) in a strict sense are only the foreign Currency deposits held by Central banks and monetary [84] In 2007, the GDP was estimated at $206 billion ($852 billion at PPP), or $3,160 per capita ($12,300 at PPP). The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. [3]Iran's official annual growth rate is at 6%. [85] Because of these figures and the country’s diversified but small industrial base, the United Nations classifies Iran's economy as semi-developed. [86]
The services sector has seen the greatest long-term growth in terms of its share of GDP, but the sector remains volatile. State investment has boosted agriculture with the liberalization of production and the improvement of packaging and marketing helping to develop new export markets. Thanks to the construction of many dams throughout the country in recent years, large-scale irrigation schemes, and the wider production of export-based agricultural items like dates, flowers, and pistachios, produced the fastest economic growth of any sector in Iran over much of the 1990s. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The pistachio ( Pistacia vera L Anacardiaceae or sometimes Pistaciaceae) is a small Tree native to mountainous regions of Iran's major commercial partners are China, Germany, South Korea, France, Japan, Russia and Italy.
Close to 1. 8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years. [87] About 1,659,000 foreign tourists visited Iran in 2004; most came from Asian countries, including the republics of Central Asia, while a small share came from the countries of the European Union and North America. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in However, in the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge [88] Iran currently ranks 89th in tourist income, but is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the world. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel [89] Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of tourism.
Since the late 1990s, Iran has increased its economic cooperation with other developing countries, including Syria, India, Cuba, Venezuela, and South Africa. Iran is expanding its trade ties with Turkey and Pakistan and shares with its partners the common goal of creating a single economic market in West and Central Asia, called ECO. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations Iran expects to attract billions of dollars of foreign investment by creating a more favorable investment climate, such as reduced restrictions and duties on imports, and free-trade zones in Chabahar, Qeshm and Kish Island. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country Chabahar Free Trade–Industrial Zone ( abbreviationCFZ ( is an Iranian Free trade zone formed according to the law on the establishment and administration of free Qeshm ( Persian: قشم - pronounced kē´shm is an island situated in the Strait of Hormuz off the south coast of Iran and east of Kish ( is a resort island in the Persian Gulf. It is part of the Hormozgān Province of Iran.
The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy. It is attempting to do this by investing revenues in areas like automobile manufacturing, aerospace industries, consumer electronics, petrochemicals and nuclear technology. Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body [90] The strong oil market since 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments. Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large-scale state subsidies, that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline, totaling more than $84 billion in 2008 for the energy sector alone. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in The Iranian constitution prohibits the granting of petroleum rights on a concessionary basis or direct equity stake [91][92]
Energy
Iran ranks second in the world in natural gas reserves and third in oil reserves. Petroleum See also Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, National Iranian Oil Company See also Asalouyeh The Iranian constitution prohibits the granting of petroleum rights on a concessionary basis or direct equity stake The Iranian Oil Bourse Iran Petroleum Exchange or Oil Bourse in Kish During 2007, Iran asked its petroleum customers to pay in non-dollar currencies The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is [93] In 2005, Iran spent US$4 billion dollars on fuel imports, because of contraband and inefficient domestic use. The English word contraband, reported in English since 1529 from Medieval French contrebande "a smuggling" derived via Italian contrabando from Latin [94] Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels per day in 2005, compared with the peak of six million barrels per day reached in 1974. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005. Wells is a small Cathedral city and Civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip
In 2004, a large share of Iran’s natural gas reserves were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8% per year. Iran's population was declared 70049262 in the 2006 census with nearly one quarter of its people being 15 years of age or younger Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. The government’s goal of 53,000 megawatts of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants and by adding hydroelectric, and nuclear power generating capacity. The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program Iran’s first nuclear power plant at Bushehr was not online by 2007. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Bushehr or Bushire ( Persian:بوشهر pop 165377 (in 2005) is a city on the southwestern coast of Iran, on the Persian Gulf [88]
Industrial production
- See also: Privatization in Iran and Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
The authorities so as the private sector have put in the past 15 years an emphasis on the local production of domestic-consumption oriented goods such as home appliances, cars, agricultural products, pharmaceutical, etc. According to the Fourth Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2005-2010 the Privatization Organization of Iran affiliated to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance is in charge of Foreign Direct Investment in Iran has been hindered by unfavorable or complex operating requirements and by international sanctions, although in the early 2000s the Samand is Iran 's national car manufactured by Iran Khodro (IKCO using local manufacturers for its parts IKCO or Iran Khodro Company (or Iran Khodro Industrial Group) is the largest autoproducer of Iran Today, Iran possesses a good manufacturing industry, despite restrictions imposed by foreign countries. This article outlines economic trade scientific and military sanctions against Iran, which have been imposed by the U However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years. Bonyads are controversial Charitable trusts in Iran that dominate Iran's non-petroleum economy controlling an estimated 20% of Iran's GDP. Today, the government is trying to privatize these industries, such as Damavand Mineral water company, and despite some successes, there are still several problems to be overcome such as the lagging corruption in the public sector (and therefore, nationalized industries) and lack of competitiveness. According to the Fourth Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2005-2010 the Privatization Organization of Iran affiliated to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance is in charge of Mount Damāvand ( also known as Donbavand, is a Dormant volcano and the highest peak in Iran with a special place in the Persian mythology
Globally, Iran has leading manufacture industry in the fields of car-manufacture and transportations, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals. [95]
Demography
Iran is a diverse country consisting of people of many religions and ethnic backgrounds cemented by the Persian culture. Iran's population was declared 70049262 in the 2006 census with nearly one quarter of its people being 15 years of age or younger The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. Health care in Iran and medical sector's market value was almost US $240 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US $310 billion by 2007. The term Iranian citizens abroad refers to the Iranian people born in Iran but living outside of Iran and their children To best understand Iran and its people one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture Persians constitute the majority of the population. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 70% of present-day Iranians are Iranic peoples, native speakers of Iranian branches of the Indo-European languages. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The majority of the population speaks the official language, Persian, and other Iranian languages or dialects, in addition Arabic is spoken in Southwestern Iran, and Turkic dialects, (i. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. e. Azeri, etc) are spoken in different areas in Iran. The main ethnic groups are Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%), Laks, Qashqai, Armenians, Persian Jews, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, Tats, Mandaeans, Gypsies, Brahuis, Hazara, Kazakhs and others (1%). layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The Mazandarani people are an Iranian people living primarily in south-eastern Caspian Sea coast The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting Lors (also Lurs Persianلر are a branch of Iranian people living mostly in south-western Iran. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. The Laks are an Iranian ethnic group in southwestern Iran. They speak Laki (or Lekí) a Western Iranian language. Qashqai (qaʃqaːʔiː also spelled Ghashghai, Qashqay and Qashqa'i) are a Turkic people living in Iran. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large |||} Persian Jews or Iranian Jews are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire or Iran. The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people For Tattoos also called "tats" see Tattoo. The Tat are an Aryan (Iranic ethnic group in the Caucasus. Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( Mandaic: Mandaiuta, مندائية Mandā'iyya) is a Monotheistic Religion with a strongly The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Brahui people or Brohi people ( Brahui / Urdu: بروہی are a distinct ethnic group of about 2 The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated [3]
Iran's population increased dramatically during the latter half of the 20th century, reaching about 70 million by 2006. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year Currently the population is almost 72 million [96] Studies show that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 90 million by 2050. [97][98] More than two-thirds of the population is under the age of 30, and the literacy rate is 82%. [3] Women today compose more than half of the incoming classes for universities around the country and increasingly continue to play pivotal roles in society.
Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than one million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Since 2006, Iranian officials have been working with the UNHCR and Afghan officials for their repatriation. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland is the process of return of Refugees or Soldiers to their homes [99]
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Most Iranians are Muslims; 89% belong to the Twelver Shi'a branch of Islam, the official state religion, and about 9% belong to the Sunni branch, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians. There are several major religious minorities in Iran, while the majority and State religion is Shi'a Islam. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( Mandaic: Mandaiuta, مندائية Mandā'iyya) is a Monotheistic Religion with a strongly A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئزیدی or Êzidî, Arabic: يزيدي or ايزدي Assyrian/Syriac: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ is a The Ahl-e Haqq or Yârsân ( Kurdish: ﯼاڔﮦساﻥ Yâresân اهل حق Ahl-e Haqq "People of Truth" are members of a religion founded Zoroastrians in Iran have had a long history being the oldest religious community of that nation to survive to the present-day |||} Persian Jews or Iranian Jews are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire or Iran. Christianity in Iran has had a long history dating back to the very early years of the faith [3] The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Majlis (Parliament). Majlis (also spelled Majalis or Mejlis, Arabic مجلس is an Arabic term meaning "a place of sitting" used to describe various types of formal However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment. The persecution of Bahá'ís is the Religious persecution of Bahá'ís in various countries especially in Iran, where the Bahá'í Faith originated and [100][101] Currently, the Islamic Republic of Iran is noted for significant human rights violations, despite efforts by human right activists, writers, NGOs and some political parties. Iran is home to the earliest known charter of Human rights — the Achaemenid dynasty established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century Human rights violations include governmental impunity, restricted freedom of speech, gender inequality, treatment of homosexuals, execution of minors, and in some cases torture. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. A Gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979 international Human rights groups have cited government persecution of LGBT rights in Iran, including public floggings and executions In law the term minor (also infant or infancy) is used to refer to a person who is under the age in which one legally assumes Adulthood and is legally
According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen of the country with access to social security that covers retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. An accident is a specific identifiable unexpected unusual and unintended external event which occurs in a particular time and place without apparent or deliberate Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity This is covered by public revenues and income derived from public contributions. Labour and tax laws in Iran govern the employment and fiscal contributions of people working and living in Iran. The World Health Organization in the last report on health systems ranks Iran's performance on health level 58th, and its overall health system performance 93rd among the world's nations. Health care in Iran and medical sector's market value was almost US $240 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US $310 billion by 2007. [102]
Foreign relations and military
- See also: Military history of Iran
Iran's foreign relations are based on two strategic principles: eliminating outside influences in the region and pursuing extensive diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries. Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental connections between Iran and other countries The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (نيروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ايران include the IRIA (ارتش جمهوری اسلامی Iran's military industry has With thousands of years of recorded history, and due to an unchanging geographic (and subsequently geopolitical condition, Iran (previously known as Persia Operators The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1982 and submarines of these types are still in use with the Russian navy Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental connections between Iran and other countries The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Iran maintains diplomatic relations with almost every member of the United Nations, except for Israel, which Iran does not recognize, and the United States since the Iranian Revolution. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed [103] Since 2005, Iran's Nuclear Program has become the subject of contention with the West because of suspicions regarding Iran's military intentions. The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran on select companies linked to this program, thus furthering its economic isolation on the international scene. This article outlines economic trade scientific and military sanctions against Iran, which have been imposed by the U
The Islamic Republic of Iran has two kinds of armed forces: the regular forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army, Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), totalling about 545,000 active troops. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces The Islamic Republic of Iran Army In Iran, it is also called Artesh which is Persian for "army The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF ( is the aviation branch of the Iranian armed forces. The Iranian Navy has traditionally been the smallest branch of Iran's armed forces and is designed solely for securing its own ports and coast with The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution ( Sepáh e Pásdárán e Enqeláb e Eslámi) is an ideologically motivated branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Iran also has around 350,000 Reserve Force totalling around 900,000 trained troops. [104]
Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members. The Basij (also Bassij or Baseej, or Baseej-e Mostaz'afin or "The Mobilized Oppressed"" or بسيج is a volunteer based Iranian Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men". GlobalSecurityorg, launched in 2000 is a Public policy organization whose mission is to be a reliable source of background information and developing News stories This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. [105]
Iran's military capabilities are kept largely secret. Since 1992, it has produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, and fighter planes. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical Armoured personnel carriers (APCs are Armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport Infantry on the Battlefield They usually have only a Machine Guided Missile is a London based Independent record label set up by Paul Kearney in 1994. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed [106] In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Fajr-3 (MIRV), Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Iranian made Fajr-3 (meaning "dawn" in Persian) is believed to be a Medium-range ballistic missile with an unknown range Hoot (حوت Whale) is an Iranian Supercavitation Torpedo that travels at approximately 360 km/h several times faster than a conventional torpedo Kowsar (or Kosar) is a medium-range land-based anti-ship missile made by Iran. Zelzal-2 ( ''Persian'': زلزال-۲ from Arabic, meaning "Earthquake" is an unguided [[Iran]ian 610 mm The Fateh-110, is a single-stage solid-propellant surface-to-surface missile with at least a 200 km range and it is produced domestically within Iran, including the The Shahab-3 ( Persian: شهاب-۳ meaning "Meteor-3" is a Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM developed by Iran and based on the An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic
The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile. The Iranian made Fajr-3 (meaning "dawn" in Persian) is believed to be a Medium-range ballistic missile with an unknown range A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target It is a domestically-developed and produced liquid fuel missile with an unknown range. Liquid fuels are those combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create Mechanical energy, usually producing Kinetic energy; they also must The IRIS solid-fuelled missile is a program which is supposed to be Iran's first missile to bring satellites into orbit. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. In 2005, Iran's military spending represented 3. 3% of the GDP or $91 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the [107] Iran's official military doctrine is to defend its territorial integrity only. National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty
Culture
- See also: Media of Iran and Cinema of Iran
The Culture of Iran is a mix of ancient pre-Islamic culture and Islamic culture. To best understand Iran and its people one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture The Media of Iran are privately and publicly owned but subject to the control of the government which engages in one of the world's largest and most strict censorship programs The cinema of Iran (or Persian cinema) is a flourishing film industry with a long history Mahmoud Farshchian (محمود فرشچیان Mahmud Faršciyân; born January 24, 1930) is a world renowned master of Persian painting and Iranian culture probably originated in Central Asia and the Andronovo culture is strongly suggested as the predecessor of Iranian culture ca. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Indo-Iranian originspng|thumb|300px|Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC) 2000 BC. Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the 2nd millennium, and the language of religion and the populace before that. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably,[108] and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire [109] This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asiatic medieval art. [110] This influence carried forward to the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Most of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians in to the broader Muslim world. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire [111][112] [113]
After Islamicization of Iran Islamic rituals have penetrated in the Iranian culture. Islamization in post-conquest Iran, a long process by which Islam was gradually adopted by the majority population occurred as a result of the Islamic conquest The most noticeable one of them is commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram Every year in Day of Ashura most of Iranians, including Armenians and Zoroastrians participate in mourning for the martyrs of battle of Karbala. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture. [113] [114] The Iranian New Year (Nowruz) is an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring in Iran. Nowrūz ( /noruz/ ↔, (English New Day various local pronunciations and spellings) is the traditional Iranian New year Holiday celebrated Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. It is also celebrated in Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and previously also in Georgia and Armenia. It is also celebrated by the Iraqi and Anatolian Kurds. [115] Norouz was nominated as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2004. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity is a list maintained by UNESCO with pieces of Intangible culture considered relevant by that [116]
Iranian cinema has thrived in modern Iran, and many Iranian directors have garnered worldwide recognition for their work. The cinema of Iran (or Persian cinema) is a flourishing film industry with a long history Iranian movies have won over three hundred awards in the past twenty-five years. One of the best-known directors is Abbas Kiarostami. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public. The Media of Iran are privately and publicly owned but subject to the control of the government which engages in one of the world's largest and most strict censorship programs State censorship is often brought upon films which do not meet approval. Censorship in Iran is the limiting or suppressing of the publishing dissemination and viewing of certain information in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Internet has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers. Blogging in Iran operates under special circumstances because the government restricts certain views [117]
Language and literature
- See also: music of Iran and Persian miniature
Article 15 of the Iranian constitution states that the "Official language (of Iran). Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost The music of Iran or Persian music has thousands of years of history dating back to the Neolithic age as seen in the archeological A Persian miniature is a small painting whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. . . is Persian. . . [and]. . . the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian. " Persian serves as a lingua franca in Iran and most publications and broadcastings are in this language. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Next to Persian there are many publications and broadcastings in other relatively large languages of Iran such as Azeri, Kurdish and even in relatively smaller ones such as Arabic and Armenian. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Many languages have originated from Iran, but Persian is the most used language. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. Persian is a tongue belonging to the Aryan or Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The oldest records in Old Persian date back to the Achaemenid Empire[118] and examples of Old Persian have been found in present-day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In the late 8th century the Persian language was highly Arabized and written in a modified Arabic script. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. This caused a movement supporting the revival of Persian. An important event of this revival was the writing of the Shahname by Ferdowsi (Persian: Epic of Kings), Iran's national epic, which is said to have been written entirely in native Persian. Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. This gave rise to a strong reassertion of Iranian national identity, and is in part responsible for the continued existence of Persian as a separate language.
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عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی with Persian I gave the Ajam verve and life |
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Persian beside Arabic has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the Islamic world especially in Anatolia, central Asia and Indian sub-continent. Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. The Panchatantra (also spelled Pañcatantra, in Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र 'Five Principles' or Kalīleh o Demneh The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Poetry is a very important part of Persian culture. Poetry is used in many classical works, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. For example about half of Avicenna's medical writings are known to be versified. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Iran has produced a number of famous poets, however only a few names such as Rumi and Omar Khayyám have surfaced among western popular readership, even though the likes of Hafez and Saadi are considered by many Iranians to be just as influential. For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Omar Khayyam (horse Ghiyās od-Dīn Abol-Fath Omār ibn Ebrāhīm Khayyām Neyshābūri (غیاث الدین Khwāja Šamsu d-Dīn Muḥammad Hāfez-e Šīrāzī, or simply Hāfez ( was a Persian mystic and Poet. The books of famous poets have been translated into western languages since 1634. An example of Persian poetic influence is the poem below which is inscribed on the entrance of United Nations' Hall of Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
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که در آفرينش ز يک گوهرند چو عضوى بدرد آورد روزگارد دگر عضوها را نماند قرار thus has Creation put the base One Limb impacted is sufficient For all Others to feel the Mace |
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Art
Greater Iran is home to one of the richest artistic traditions in world history and encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stone masonry. Sheikh Saadi (in سعدی full name in English Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif ibn Abdullah) (1184 &ndash 1283/1291? is one of the major Persian Poets of Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria The Iranian cultural region - consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Naghsh-e Jahan Square ( Persian: ميدان نقش جهان maidaan-e naqsh-e jehaan) is situated at the center of Isfahan city Iran Greater Iran (in Irān-e Bozorg, or fa ایرانزمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures The craft of stonemasonry has existed since the dawn of Civilization - creating Buildings structures and Sculpture using stone from the earth Carpet-weaving is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Persian culture and art, and dates back to ancient Persia. Persians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in architecture and also have extraordinary skills in making massive domes which can be seen frequently in the structure of bazaars and mosques. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study The main building types of classical Iranian architecture are the mosque and the palace. Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. Iran, besides being home to a large number of art houses and galleries, also holds one of the largest and valuable jewel collections in the world. The Imperial Crown Jewels of Iran ( alternatively known as the Imperial Crown Jewels of Persia) includes several elaborate Crowns and decorative The oldest backgammon in the world along with 60 pieces has been unearthed in southeastern Iran. Backgammon is a Board game for two players in which the playing pieces are moved according to the roll of Dice. [119]
Iran ranks seventh among countries in the world with the most archeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity as recognized by UNESCO. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 [120] Fifteen of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites are creations of Iranian architecture and the mausoleum of Maussollos was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Tomb of Mausolus, Mausoleum of Mausolus or Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (in Greek,) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their regions. Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions The main Persian cuisines are combinations of rice with meat, chicken or fish and some onion, vegetables, nuts, and herbs. Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic Persian flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form. Iranian food is not spicy.
Science and technology
- See also: Education in Iran and Higher education in Iran
Ancient Iranians built Qanats and Yakhchal to provide and keep water. In the Ptolemaic system of Astronomy, the epicycle (literally on the circle in Greek) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in Science and technology in Iran, formerly known as Persia, have a history like the country itself Iran's educational system comprises many schools and universities scattered throughout the country Iran has a large network of private, public, and state affiliated universities offering degrees in higher education A qanat (from قناة) or kareez (from كاريز) is a Water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements yakh-chāl (meaning "ice pit" ( Persian Language:یخچال is an ancient type of refrigerator The first windmill appeared in Iran in the 9th century. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. [121] Iranians contributed significantly to the current understanding of astronomy, nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī is widely hailed as the father of algebra. The discovery ethanol (alcohol) was first achieved by Persian alchemists such as Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi. Throughout the Middle Ages, the natural philosophy and mathematics of the ancient Greeks and Persians were furthered and preserved within Persia. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and The Academy of Gundishapur was a renowned centre of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during late antiquity and was the most important medical centre of the ancient world during the sixth and seventh centuries. The Academy of Gundishapur (in دانشگاه گنديشاپور Dânešgâh Gondišâpur was a renowned academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during Late antiquity Gundeshapur ( Persian گندیشاپور Gund-ī Shāh Pūr, Gondeshapur', Jondishapoor, Jondishapur, and Jondishapour, [122] During this period, Persia became a centre for the manufacture of scientific instruments, retaining its reputation for quality well into the 19th century. In the Physical sciences Quality assurance, and Engineering, Measurement is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities
Iran strives to revive the golden age of Persian science. The country has increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and has been ranked first in terms of output growth rate followed by China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [123]
Despite the limitations in funds, facilities, and international collaborations, Iranian scientists remain highly productive in several experimental fields as pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry, and polymer chemistry. The astrolabe is a historical Astronomical instrument used by classical astronomers, Navigators Classical (pre-modern Era The following is a non-comprehensive list of Iranian scientists and engineers that lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary Science that deals with the Chemical synthesis and chemical properties of Iranian scientists are also helping construct the Compact Muon Solenoid, a detector for CERN's Large Hadron Collider due to come online in May 2008. The Compact Muon Solenoid ( CMS) experiment is one of two large general-purpose Particle physics detectors built on the proton-proton The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN
In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics is a UNESCO chair in biology. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB is a pioneering Persian (Iranian research institute founded in 1976 to conduct world class research in biological sciences and United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 [124] in late 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer, at the Rouyan research centre in Isfahan. Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine Stem Cell Biology and Technology is a leading Iranian biomedical research center involved in stem cell technology and regenerative [125]
The Iranian nuclear program was launched in the 1950s. The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program Iran's current facilities includes several research reactors, a uranium mine, an almost complete commercial nuclear reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include a uranium enrichment plant. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Enriched uranium is a kind of Uranium in which the percent composition of Uranium-235 has been increased through the process of Isotope separation. The Iranian Space Agency launched its first reconnaissance satellite named Sina-1 in 2006, and a "space rocket" in 2007,[126] which aimed at improving science and research for university students. The Iranian Space Agency ( ISA) is Iran 's governmental Space agency. A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or Communications satellite deployed for Sina-1 is the first Iranian artificial satellite, launched at 652 UTC October 28, 2005 on board a Cosmos-3M Russian launch vehicle [127]
Iranian scientists outside of Iran have also made some major contributions to science. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh. Ali Javan ( Persian: علی جوان, born December 26, 1926 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian inventor and Physicist A gas laser is a Laser in which an Electric current is discharged through a Gas to produce light Fuzzy sets are sets whose elements have degrees of membership Lotfali Askar Zadeh (, born February 4, 1921) is an Iranian [128] Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Toffy Musivand Persian: توفیق موسیوند (Born in Hamedan) is an Iranian physician and engineer and a world class cardiologist residing in Canada An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the biological Heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Glycosylated (or glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c Hb1c, or HbA1c) is a form of Hemoglobin used primarily to identify the average Samuel Rahbar (born in 1929 in Hamedan, Iran) is an Iranian scientist who discovered HbA1C, a form of Hemoglobin used primarily to Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran. String theory is a still-developing scientific approach to Theoretical physics, whose original building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects called strings [129] Iranian-American string theorist Cumrun Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten. Cumrun Vafa کامران وفا væˈfɔː}} (born 1960 in Tehran) is an Iranian-American leading string theorist from Harvard In Theoretical physics, the Vafa-Witten theorem, named after Cumrun Vafa and Edward Witten, is a Theorem that shows that vector-like (i Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American Theoretical physicist and Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study
Sports
With two thirds of Iran's population under the age of 25, sports constitutes a highly active portion of Iran's society, both traditional and modern. Many sports are practiced in Iran, both traditional and modern Dizin is a Ski resort situated to the north of Tehran in the Alborz mountain range & also the most important ski resort in Iran & The Middle East Iran hence was the birthplace of sports such as polo,[130] and Varzesh-e Pahlavani. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team varzeš-e pahlavānī ورزش پهلوانی meaning the "Sport of the Heroes" also known as Varzesh-e Bastani ( Persian varzeš-e bāstnī
Freestyle wrestling is traditionally referred to as Iran's national sport. The Azadi Stadium ( is Iran 's national and largest Stadium. The Azadi stadium officially has a capacity of 90000 people and was built to host the Freestyle wrestling is a style of Amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. Former WWF champion Iron Sheik wrestled as an amateur in Iran before moving to the United States but today, the most popular sport in Iran is football (soccer), with the national team reaching the World Cup finals three times, having won the Asian Cup on three occasions and was the first country in the Middle East to host the Asian Games. World Wrestling Entertainment Inc ( WWE) is a publicly traded privately controlled integrated media (focusing in Television, Internet, Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri (born March 15, 1943) Khosrow also was the assistant coach of two US Olympic squads in the 1970s Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Iran national football team ( represents Iran in international football competitions and is controlled by the Islamic Republic of Iran Football The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a Multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. Iran is home to several unique skiing resorts,[131] with the Tochal resort being the world's fifth-highest ski resort (3,730 m/12,238 ft at its highest station) situated only fifteen minutes away from Tehran. Mount Tochal is a mountain in the Alborz range and adjacent to metropolitan Tehran, Iran. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Being a mountainous country, Iran offers enthusiasts abundant challenges for hiking, rock climbing,[132] and mountain climbing. [133][134][135]
Women are also active in sports, primarily in volleyball and badminton and even rallying. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles or two opposing pairs (doubles who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court Rallying is a form of motor competition that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars Female drivers participate in national rally tournaments, such as the famous driver Laleh Seddigh. Laleh Seddigh (also spelled ' Laleh Sadiq', born 1977, Iran) is one of the few Iranian women Race
See also
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Further reading
- Benjamin Walker, Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran, Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950. Benjamin Walker ( November 25, 1913) is the truncated pen name of George Benjamin Walker who also writes under the pseudonym Jivan Bhakar
External links
- The President of Iran
- The Majlis (Legislature) of Iran (Persian)
- Iran.ir
- Persian language (Persian)
- Amazing Iran
- Contemporary Iranian Architecture
- CIA World Factbook—Iran
Wikimedia Atlas of Iran- Iran travel guide from Wikitravel
- Iran at the Open Directory Project
- Iranian Innovations
- Faces of Iran: The World in One Nation (a sequence of still photographs, showing the richness of the ethnic and religious diversity of the people of Iran), YouTube. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
- Rageh Inside Iran, a BBC Four production, 17 February 2007, Google (1 h 30 min).
- Farhad Nabipour, From Persia to Iran, Part I, AMIR Productions, 4 November 2006 (slide show accompanied with Pink Floyd and Persian music — 28 min 8 sec), Google. Highly recommended!
- Farhad Nabipour, From Persia to Iran, Part II, AMIR Productions, 10 November 2006 (slide show accompanied with Pink Floyd and Persian music — 21 min 46 sec), Google.
- Some Iranian folk-songs sung by Shusha Guppy in the 1970s:
Silver Gun (from Shiraz), Wheat Flower (a harvest song), The Rain (from the Gilan Province), The Stars in Heaven (from Shiraz), On Top of the Hill (from Shiraz), The Silken Handkerchief (from the Fars Province), Darling Leila (from the Gilan Province), I Have Come to Ravish My Heart (from the Lorestan Province), The Lor Youth (a Bakhtiari-Tribe song), Lullaby (from Gorgan), Girl from Boyer-Ahmadi Tribe (from the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province), My Beloved is Short (from the Fars Province), The Water Pipe, You Must Come to Me (from Mamasani County), Darling Dareyne (from the Mazandaran Province). Shushā (Shamsi Guppy ( Persian: شوشا (شمسی گوپی née Shamsi Assār (شمسی عصار ( December 24, 1935, Tehran Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the The Bakhtiari (or Bakhtiyari Bakhtyari) are a group of southwestern Iranians. Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. Kohgilūyé o Boyer-Ahmad (کهگیلویه و بویراحمد is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Mamasani County ( Persian: شهرستان ممسنی is a County in Fars Province in Iran. Mazandaran is a Caspian
For further details see: Iranian. - Gareth Porter, Bush's Iran/Argentina Terror Frame-Up, The Nation, posted January 18, 2008 (web only), [7].
- Nir Rosen, Selling the War with Iran, The Washington Note, Thursday, May 1 2008, [8].
- The Second International Festival of Peace Poetry, Iran, 16 May 2009: (English), (Persian). International Festival of Peace Poetry ( Persian: جشنواره بین المللی شعر صلح is an international festival held biannually in Iran.
- Photography gallery: People, roads and landscapes of Iran
Dictionary
Iran
-proper noun
- Country in the Middle East known as Persia until 1935. Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran.
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