 USS Iowa (BB-61) fires her 16-inch/50-caliber guns during a fire power demonstration sometime after her 1980s modernization. | |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Iowa class battleship |
| Builders: | New York Navy Yard Philadelphia Navy Yard Norfolk Navy Yard |
| Operators: |  United States Navy |
| Preceded by: | South Dakota class battleship |
| Succeeded by: | Montana class battleship |
| In service: | 22 February 1943 - 17 March 2006 |
| In commission: | 22 February 1943 - 31 March 1992 |
| Completed: | 4 |
| Cancelled: | Illinois Kentucky |
| Retired: | 4 |
| Preserved: | Iowa New Jersey Missouri Wisconsin |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Battleship |
| Displacement: | 45,000 tons (standard); 52,000 tons (mean war service); 58,000 tons (full load)[1] |
| Length: | 861¼ ft (262. The United States Navy Yard New York - better known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard or the New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY - is an American shipyard located The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, formerly Navy Yard, was the first Naval shipyard of the United States. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY is a U Design The South Dakotas achieved the remarkable goal of a 35000 ton 'Treaty' ship mounting a main battery of nine 16 inch guns with reasonable speed and 'balanced protection' (meaning History As the political situation in Europe and Asia worsened in the prelude to World War II, Carl Vinson, the chairman of the House Committee on Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Design See also Montana class battleship, Iowa class battleship The passage of the Second Vinson Act in 1938 had cleared the way for construction Background See also Iowa class battleship Kentucky was one of the " Fast battleship " designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Iowa was the lead ship of her class of " Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship New Jersey was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Wisconsin was one of the " Fast battleship A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit 5 m) between perpendiculars 890 ft (271 m) overall |
| Beam: | 108 ft (33 m) |
| Draught: | 36 ft (11 m) maximum |
| Propulsion: | 4 screws; geared turbines; 8 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers; G. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International E. (BB-61;BB-63); West. (BB-62; BB-64; BB-66); 212,000 shp (158,000 kW) |
| Speed: | 33 knots (61 km/h) nominal 35 knots (65 km/h) maximum |
| Range: | 9,600 miles (15,000 km) @ 25 knots (46 km/h); 16,600 miles (27,000 km) @ 15 knots (28 km/h) |
| Complement: |
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| Armament: |
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| Armor: | Belt: 12. The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division Belt armor is a layer of armor -plating outside the hull of warships typically on Battleships, Battlecruisers, Cruisers and some Aircraft 1 in (310 mm),[4] Bulkheads: 11. 3 in (290 mm),[4] Barbettes: 11. For the early 20th Century female impersonator see Barbette (performer A barbette is a protective circular armor feature around a Cannon 6 to 17. 3 in (295 to 439 mm),[4] Turrets: 19. In Architecture, a turret (from Italian: torretta, little tower Latin: turris, tower is a small Tower that 7 in (500 mm),[4] Decks: 7. A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a Ship. 5 in (190 mm)[4] |
| Aircraft carried: |
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The Iowa-class battleships were a planned class of six fast battleships ordered by the United States Navy in 1939 and 1940 to escort the Fast Carrier Task Forces that would operate in the Pacific Theatre of World War II. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Curtis is a common Given name or Surname of English origin In English the meaning of the name Curtis is 'polite courteous or well-bred' WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. The RQ-2 Pioneer is an Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV that has been utilized by the United States Navy, Marine, and Army, deploying An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic Historically a fast battleship was a Battleship of which the design featured an emphasis on speed which was unusual compared to the normal practice of the time The Fast Carrier Task Force, known at different times as Task Force 38 and Task Force 58, was the main striking force of the United States Navy in The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Four were completed in the early to mid-1940s; two more were laid down, canceled prior to completion, and ultimately scrapped. They comprised the final class of U. S. battleships to be built. [5]
Built with no regard for cost, the Iowa class was arguably the ultimate in the evolution of the capital ship. The capital ships of a Navy are its "important" warships the ones with the heaviest Firepower and Armor. [6][7] The ships topped the Discovery Channel's list of the ten "most fearsome vessels in the history of naval warfare. Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and "[8] Yet even as these leviathans entered service, they were being eclipsed by aircraft carriers as the most important naval vessels. Leviathan ( is a Biblical Sea monster referred to in the Old Testament ( Psalm 74:13-14 Job 41 Isaiah 271 An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with
The Iowa-class battleships served in every major U. S. war of the mid and latter half of the 20th century. In World War II, they defended aircraft carriers and shelled Japanese positions before being placed in reserve at the end of the war. Recalled for action during the Korean War, the battleships provided artillery support for UN forces fighting against North Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, In 1968, New Jersey was recalled for action in the Vietnam War and shelled Communist targets near the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. All four were reactivated and armed with missiles during the 1980s as part of the 600-ship Navy. The 600 Ship Navy was a strategic plan of the United States Navy during the 1980s to rebuild its fleet after cutbacks that followed the end of the Vietnam War In 1991, Missouri and Wisconsin fired missiles and 16-inch (406 mm) guns at Iraqi targets during the Gulf War. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. All four battleships were decommissioned in the early 1990s as the Cold War drew to a close, and were initially removed from the Naval Vessel Register; however, at the insistence of the United States Congress, two were reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register for maintenance in the mothball fleet in 1995. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States Navy maintains a number of its Ships as part of a Reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". These last two battleships were removed from the Naval Vessel Register in 2006.
Contents |
History
The Iowa-class battleships were shaped by the Battle of Jutland, by naval treaties signed by various countries during the 1920s and 1930s, and by the need to keep up with aircraft carriers and protect them from aerial attack. fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links -->
During the Battle of Jutland in 1916 three Royal Navy battlecruisers were lost due to inadequate armor protection. fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links --> The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Battlecruisers were large Warships in the first half of the 20th century that were first introduced by the British Royal Navy. As a result of this loss, naval architects for the world's major naval powers set out to improve their naval armor to prevent such a loss from recurring, leading to so-called "Post Jutland" hull designs with greater armor protection. [9]
The Washington Naval Treaty was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and forged during a November 1922 conference attended by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, limited the naval armaments of its five signatories the United States of America, the The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The attending nations agreed to abandon ongoing construction of battleships and battlecruisers, to limit ships to 35,000 tons, to cap armament at 16-inch (406 mm) cannons, and to limit replacement tonnage. [10] The London Naval Treaty further restricted battleship construction and banned new battleships through 1937. The London Naval Treaty was an agreement between the United Kingdom, the Empire of Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed [4][11] These treaties stopped U. S. construction of battleships and battlecruisers.
At the Second London Naval Conference in 1935, the Empire of Japan denounced the naval treaty and withdrew its delegates. The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in London, the United Kingdom, on December 9, 1935. The other conferees agreed that if Japan did not sign the treaty by April 1937, other nations would be free to build guns up to 16 inches (410 mm), the maximum size under the Washington Naval Treaty. Tonnage limits would also be relaxed.
That same year (1935), an empirical formula for predicting a ship's maximum speed was developed, based on scale-model studies in flumes of various hull forms and propellers. Use in chemistry In Chemistry, the empirical formula of a Chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of Atom A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an The formula used the length-to-speed ratio originally developed for 12-meter yachts: Speed = √1. A ratio is an expression which compares quantities relative to each other A yacht is a recreational boat It designates two rather different classes of Watercraft, sailing and power yachts 408 * waterline length, and was later redefined as Capital Ship Speed = 1. Waterline length, length at the waterline or length waterline (abbreviated to LWL) is measurement of Ships and Boats The term 19 * √Length at Waterline. It quickly became apparent that propeller cavitation caused a drop in efficiency at speeds over 30 knots (55. Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure 56 km/h). Propeller design therefore took on new importance. [9][12]
In 1936, on the heels of the Empire of Japan's withdrawal from the Second London Naval Conference, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an executive order creating the Battleship Design Advisory Board (BDAB) and charged the new group with developing new battleship designs, in particular for a 45,000-ton battleship. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The board, composed of renowned U. S. naval architects and headed by Captain Allan Chantry, played with various designs for the upcoming U. S. fleet of North Carolina and South Dakota-class battleships to help lessen the gap between the U. S. based battleships and those being commissioned in Germany and Japan at the time. [13]
The United States began building the North Carolina and South Dakota-class battleships in the late 1930s. Design Before this class the United States Navy favored staying power and fire power over speed Design The South Dakotas achieved the remarkable goal of a 35000 ton 'Treaty' ship mounting a main battery of nine 16 inch guns with reasonable speed and 'balanced protection' (meaning Designed mostly within treaty limitations, these new battleships could steam at 28 knots (52 km/h), fast for a battleship but not fast enough to keep pace with the aircraft carriers being planned. The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in London, the United Kingdom, on December 9, 1935. [4]
Birth of the Iowa class
The Iowa class, like the South Dakota class and North Carolina class, began in response to the need for fast escorts for the Essex-class aircraft carriers. Overview The preceding ''Yorktown''s formed the basis from which the Essex class was developed An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Plans for fast battleships that displaced 45,000 tons had been under development since 1935, beginning with a study of the idea of creating an extended South Dakota class that would take full advantage of the escalator clause of the Second London Naval Treaty. The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened in London, the United Kingdom, on December 9, 1935. When the Second Vinson Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1938, the U. The Second Vinson Act was an Act of Congress, passed in May 1938 which mandated a 20% increase in strength of the United States Navy. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses S. Navy moved quickly to develop a 45,000-ton battleship that would pass through the 110 ft (34 m) wide Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Drawing on the earlier speed equations and a newly developed empirical theorem that related waterline length to maximum beam, the Navy drafted plans for a battleship class with a maximum beam of 108 ft (32. Waterline length, length at the waterline or length waterline (abbreviated to LWL) is measurement of Ships and Boats The term The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point or at the mid-point of its length 9 m), which when multiplied by 7. 96 produced a waterline length of 860 ft (262 m), permitting a maximum speed of 34. 9 knots (64. 6 km/h). The Navy also called for the class to have a lengthened forecastle and amid-ship, which would increase speed, and a bulbous bow. Forecastle, also spelled fo'c's'le (ˈfoʊksəl originally meant the upper deck of a Sailing ship, forward of the Foremast. The bulbous bow, a standard feature of most large modern Ships with displacement hulls, is a protruding bulb at the bow (or front below the Waterline [9]
As with the preceding battleship classes, the Iowa-class battleships were "Panamax" ships —built within the size limits required to transition the Panama Canal. " Panamax " ships are of the maximum dimensions that will fit through the locks of the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The main reason for this was logistical: the largest U. Military Logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces S. shipyards were located on the East Coast of the United States, while the United States had territorial interests in both oceans. Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern [9] Requiring the battleships to fit within the Panama Canal shaved days off the transition time from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by allowing ships to move through the canal instead of sailing all the way around South America. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [14][15]
Originally, the ships were to mount the Mark 2 16-inch (406 mm) / 50-caliber gun, which had been intended to arm the battleships and battlecruisers canceled in 1922. The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod Ships USS ''South Dakota'' (BB-49 USS ''Indiana'' (BB-50 USS ''Montana'' (BB-51 USS ''North Design as Battlecruisers The large ships had a protracted development But due to a miscommunication between the Bureau of Ordnance and the Bureau of Construction and Repair that left the ship's barbettes too small, the Mark 2 guns were replaced in the design by the new, lighter Mark 7 16-inch 50-caliber gun. The Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd was the US Navy 's organization responsible for the procurement storage and deployment of all naval ordnance, between the years 1862 The Bureau of Construction and Repair was the part of the United States Navy which from 1862 to 1940 was responsible for supervising the design construction conversion procurement [16] The Mark 7 was heavier and had a greater range than the 16"/45 Caliber Mark 6 guns used on the preceding North Carolina and South Dakota classes. Design Before this class the United States Navy favored staying power and fire power over speed Design The South Dakotas achieved the remarkable goal of a 35000 ton 'Treaty' ship mounting a main battery of nine 16 inch guns with reasonable speed and 'balanced protection' (meaning The Mark 7 was originally intended to fire the same 2,240 lb (1,020 kg) shell as the 16-in/45-caliber gun, but as the design was being completed a new "super-heavy" 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) shell was developed for both guns. However, the Iowa's armor was only designed to resist 2,240 lb (1,016 kg) shells, as adding armor would have pushed the ship's weight over the 45,000-ton limit.
At the time the Iowa-class had been cleared for construction, the United States Congress had allocated only enough money to construct the first two ships (Iowa and New Jersey). The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Congress had not expected the Iowa-class to be so costly; with a price tag of $125 million per ship, the Iowas were 60% more expensive than the previously authorized battleship classes. [13][17] Moreover, some policymakers were not sold on the U. S. need for more battleships, and proposed turning the ships into aircraft carriers by retaining the hull design but switching their decks to carry and handle aircraft. [18][19][20] The proposal to build the Iowas as aircraft carriers was countered by Admiral Ernest King, the Chief of Naval Operations,[19][21] and Congress' position on the funding for the Iowa-class changed after the Fall of France, when Roosevelt demanded that Congress fund a two ocean navy to meet the threats posed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King GCB ( November 23, 1878 &ndash June 25, 1956) was Commander in Chief United States Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Concern over the German invasion prompted Congress to respond by allotting enough money to complete the last four Iowa-class battleships (Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Kentucky). [13]
Under the direction of Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison, the design was finalized and a contract was signed with the shipyards in July 1939 for the construction of BB-61, BB-62, BB-63, and BB-64 (all Iowa-class battleships) along with BB-65 and BB-66, the first two ships of the Montana-class of battleships. Charles Edison ( August 3, 1890 July 31, 1969) son of Thomas Edison, was a businessman Assistant and then United States Secretary Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military History As the political situation in Europe and Asia worsened in the prelude to World War II, Carl Vinson, the chairman of the House Committee on [22] By 1942, however, the United States Navy shifted its building focus from battleships to aircraft carriers after the successes of carrier combat in both the Battle of Coral Sea, and to a greater extent, the Battle of Midway. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 – May 8, 1942, with most of the action occurring on May 7 and May 8, was The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. [23] As a result, the construction of the U. S. fleet of Essex-class aircraft carriers had been given the highest priority for completion in the U. Overview The preceding ''Yorktown''s formed the basis from which the Essex class was developed An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with S. shipyards by the U. Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military S. Navy. [24] The Essex-class carriers required escorts that could steam with the carriers at a comparable speed, which prompted the U. S. Navy to reorder BB-65 and BB-66 as Iowa-class battleships, enabling both battleships to steam at a comparable speed with the Essex-class and provide the carriers with the maximum amount of anti-aircraft protection. [8]
Service history
When brought into service during the final years of World War II, the Iowa-class battleships were assigned to operate in the Pacific, primarily to provide anti-aircraft screening for U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including S. aircraft carriers and perform shore bombardment. Among the Iowas, only USS New Jersey engaged a surface ship during World War II. [25] At the end of the war, Iowa, New Jersey and Wisconsin were decommissioned and placed in the mothball fleet; construction on two uncompleted ships (Illinois and Kentucky) was halted. [26]
The Iowas were recalled in 1950 with the outbreak of the Korean War, then returned to mothballs after hostilities ceased, in 1955. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the
In 1968, due in large part to congressional pressure, New Jersey was recommissioned and sent to assist U. S. troops during the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia She did one tour on the firing line, then was decommissioned the following year. [27]
In the 1980s, the battleships were recommissioned. President Ronald Reagan had vowed to rebuild the U. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by S. military and create a 600-ship Navy. The 600 Ship Navy was a strategic plan of the United States Navy during the 1980s to rebuild its fleet after cutbacks that followed the end of the Vietnam War With the Des Moines-class heavy cruisers worn out, the relatively low mileage Iowas were brought back to fill the offshore bombardment role. The heavy cruiser was a type of Cruiser, a naval Warship designed for long range high speed and an armament of naval guns roughly 8in in calibre [8] The ships also provided a counter to the new Soviet Orlan-class large missile cruisers, better known in the West as the Kirov-class battlecruisers. Armament This class is equipped with missiles and guns as well as electronics [28][29][30] Each battleship was modernized to carry electronic warfare suites, CIWS self-defense systems, and missiles. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly A Close-in weapon system (CIWS is a naval shipboard Point-defense weapon for detecting and destroying incoming Anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft [31][32] They became the centerpieces of their own battleship battle groups (BBBGs). A battleship battle group was a formation used by the United States Navy, after the recommissioning of the ''Iowa''-class battleships. Their missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included the U. S. intervention in the Lebanese Civil War following the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing and the 1991 Gulf War, first as part of Operation Desert Shield and then as part of Operation Desert Storm. The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end The Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil War. Decommissioned for the last time in the early 1990s, the Iowas were split into two groups: those retained in the United States Navy reserve fleets (better known as the "mothball fleet") and those donated for use as museum ships. The United States Navy maintains a number of its Ships as part of a Reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". For ships that are not original see Ship replica. For preserved incomplete ships see Ships preserved in museums.
In 1996, the National Defense Authorization Act led Iowa and Missouri to be struck from the Naval Vessel Register. The National Defense Authorization Act is the name of a United States federal law that is enacted each Fiscal year to specify the budget and expenditures of the The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. Missouri was donated to the Missouri Memorial Association of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for use as a museum ship. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Iowa was set to be donated with Missouri, but was reinstated to the Naval Vessel Register after the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 allowed New Jersey to be donated as a museum ship. [33] The last two Iowa-class battleships were removed from the mothball fleet in 2006, and are currently awaiting transfer for use as museum ships. [27][34]
The ships
The Iowa-class ships were built to steam at the same speed as the U. S. fleet of Essex-class aircraft carriers. Overview The preceding ''Yorktown''s formed the basis from which the Essex class was developed Their main battery and secondary battery guns were designed to take on the ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy,[8] and to shell beachheads in advance of U.S. Army and Marine Corps amphibious assaults. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. They carried a fearsome array of anti-aircraft guns to defend themselves and their carriers.
USS Iowa (BB-61)
Iowa was ordered 1 July 1939, laid down 27 June 1940, launched 27 August 1942, and commissioned 22 February 1943. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Iowa was the lead ship of her class of " "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Iowa conducted a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay before sailing to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland to counter the German battleship Tirpitz. Shakedown cruise is a Nautical term in which the performance of a Ship is tested The Chesapeake Bay is the largest Estuary in the United States. Naval Station Argentia is a former base of the United States Navy that operated from 1941-1994 The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 (before which the territory had the status of a British colony to 1949 Operational history This battleship was launched on 1 April 1939 and she was planned to be deployed in a manner similar to the ''Bismarck'', as a Commerce raider Transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1944, Iowa made her combat debut in the campaign for the Marshall Islands. The United States Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT) is a Pacific Ocean Navy theater-level component command of the United States Navy, under the operational control In the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns, from November 1943 through February 1944 were the first offensive The ship escorted U. S. aircraft carriers conducting air raids in the Marianas campaign, then was present at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign was an offensive launched by United States forces against Imperial Japanese forces in the Mariana Islands and The Battle of Leyte Gulf, also called the "Battle for Leyte Gulf" the "Battles for Leyte Gulf" and formerly as the "Second Battle of the Philippine During the Korean War, Iowa bombarded enemy targets at Songjin, Hungnam, and Kojo, North Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Kimch'aek, formerly Sŏngjin (성진 is a city in North Hamgyong Province North Korea. Hŭngnam was a port city on the eastern coast of South Hamgyong Province North Korea, on the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Iowa returned to the U. S. for operational and training exercises before being decommissioned. To decommission a ship is to terminate her career in service in the armed forces of her nation Reactivated in the early 1980s, Iowa made several operation cruises in European waters. On 19 April 1989, an explosion of undetermined origin ripped through her No. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The USS Iowa turret explosion was an explosion that occurred in the Number Two 16-inch gun turret of the United States Navy Battleship USS 2 turret, killing 47 sailors. The turret remained inoperable when Iowa was decommissioned for the last time in 1990. In 1999, Iowa was placed in the mothball fleet as a replacement for sister ship New Jersey. Stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 17 March 2006, Iowa is currently berthed at Suisun Bay in San Francisco, California, pending a decision on requests to turn the ship into a museum ship. The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Suisun Bay (pronounced "soo-soon" is a shallow Tidal estuary located at in central California, USA. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. For ships that are not original see Ship replica. For preserved incomplete ships see Ships preserved in museums. [35][36]
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
New Jersey was ordered 1 July 1939, laid down 16 September 1940, launched 7 December 1942, and commissioned 23 May 1943. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship New Jersey was one of the ''Iowa''-class " "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Jersey completed fitting out and trained her initial crew in the Western Atlantic and Caribbean before transferring to the Pacific Theatre in advance of the planned assault on the Marshall Islands, where she screened the U. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between In the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaigns, from November 1943 through February 1944 were the first offensive S. fleet of aircraft carriers from enemy air raids. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the ship protected carriers with her anti-aircraft guns. The Battle of Leyte Gulf, also called the "Battle for Leyte Gulf" the "Battles for Leyte Gulf" and formerly as the "Second Battle of the Philippine New Jersey then bombarded Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū During the Korean War, the ship pounded targets at Wonsan, Yangyang, and Kansong. Yangyang County ( Yangyang-gun) is a county in Gangwon Province South Korea. Following the ceasefire, New Jersey conducted training and operation cruises until she was decommissioned. Recalled for action in 1968, New Jersey reported for duty near the Vietnam DMZ, and remained there until 1969, whereupon she was again decommissioned. The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. Reactivated under the 600-ship Navy program, New Jersey was sent to Lebanon to protect U. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية S. interests and U. S. Marines, firing her main guns at Druze and Syrian positions in the Bekaa valley east of Beirut. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Beqaa ( Arabic: البقاع "valley" also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ‘ or Becaa) is a fertile Valley in Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Decommissioned for the last time 8 February 1991, New Jersey was briefly retained on the Naval Vessel Register before being donated to the Home Port Alliance of Camden, New Jersey, for use as a museum ship. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. The City of Camden is the County seat of Camden County, New Jersey, in the United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. [25][37]
USS Missouri (BB-63)
Missouri was ordered 12 June 1940, laid down 6 January 1941, launched 29 January 1944, and commissioned 11 June 1944. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Missouri conducted her trials off New York and shakedown and battle practice in the Chesapeake Bay before transferring to the Pacific Fleet, where she screened U. The Chesapeake Bay is the largest Estuary in the United States. S. aircraft carriers involved in offensive operations against the Japanese before reporting to Okinawa to shell the island in advance of the planned landings. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū Following the bombardment of Okinawa Missouri turned her attention to Honshū and Hokkaidō, shelling the islands and screening U. or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's S. carriers involved in combat operations against the Japanese positions. She garnered international attention in September 1945 when representatives of the Empire of Japan boarded the battleship to sign the documents of unconditional surrender to the Allied powers. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that established the Armistice ending the Pacific War and with it World War II. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. After World War II Missouri turned her attention to conducting training and operational cruises before being dispatched to Korea at the outbreak of the Korean War. Missouri served two tours of duty in Korea before being decommissioned in 1956. Reactivated 1984 as part of the 600-ship Navy plan, Missouri was sent on operational cruises until being assigned to Operation Earnest Will in 1988. Operation Earnest Will ( 24 July 1987 - 26 September 1988) was the U In 1991, Missouri participated in the Gulf War by firing Tomahawk Missiles at Iraqi target and shelling known Iraqi positions along the coast. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM is a long-range all-weather subsonic cruise missile Decommissioned for the last time in 1992, Missouri was donated to the USS Missouri Memorial Association (MMA) of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for use as a museum ship in 1999. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the [38][39]
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
_launching_Tomahawk.jpg/180px-USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)_launching_Tomahawk.jpg)
Wisconsin was ordered 12 June 1940, laid down 25 January 1942, launched 7 December 1943, and commissioned 16 April 1944. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Wisconsin was one of the " Fast battleship Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After trials and initial training in the Chesapeake Bay, Wisconsin transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1944 and assigned to protect the U. S. fleet of aircraft carriers involved in operations in the Philippines until summoned to Iwo Jima to bombard the island in advance of the Marine landings. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese After the landings on Iwo Jima she turned her attention to Okinawa, bombarding the island in advance of the allied amphibious assault. is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū In mid-1945 Wisconsin turned her attention to pounding the Japanese home islands, a job she retained until the surrender of Japan. Reactivated in 1950 for the Korean War, Wisconsin served two tours of duty assisting South Korean and UN forces by providing call fire support and shelling targets of opportunity. Decommissioned in 1958, Wisconsin was placed in the reserve fleet at the Philadelphia Naval Yard until reactivated in 1986 as part of the 600-ship Navy plan. The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, formerly Navy Yard, was the first Naval shipyard of the United States. In 1991, Wisconsin participated in the Gulf War by firing Tomahawk Missiles at Iraqi targets and shelling Iraqi troop formations along the coast. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM is a long-range all-weather subsonic cruise missile Decommissioned for the last time 30 September 1991 Wisconsin was placed in the reserve fleet until struck from the Naval Vessel Register 17 March 2006. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. She is currently berthed in Norfolk, Virginia, pending a formal transfer of the battleship for use as a museum ship. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state [40][41]
USS Illinois (BB-65)
Illinois was ordered 9 September 1940 and laid down 15 January 1945. Design See also Montana class battleship, Iowa class battleship The passage of the Second Vinson Act in 1938 had cleared the way for construction Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Construction was canceled 11 August 1945 when Illinois was 22% complete. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar She was sold for scrap in September 1958. [42][43] Illinois' design called for an all-welded hull, lighter and stronger than the riveted/welded hull of the four completed Iowa-class ships. A proposal to redesign the hull with a Montana-class type torpedo protection system was rejected. [44]
USS Kentucky (BB-66)
Kentucky was ordered 9 September 1940 and laid down on 6 December 1944. Background See also Iowa class battleship Kentucky was one of the " Fast battleship " designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Construction was suspended 17 February 1947 when Kentucky was 72% complete. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She was informally launched 20 January 1950 to clear a dry-dock for repairs to Missouri, which had run aground. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1956, Kentucky’s bow was removed and shipped in one piece across Hampton Roads, where it was grafted on the battleship Wisconsin, which had collided with the destroyer Eaton. Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and the region of land areas which surround it in southeastern Virginia in the USA. World War II 1943 Eaton departed Casco Bay Maine, 6 February 1943 for duty in the Pacific Later, Kentucky’s engines were salvaged and installed on the fast combat support ships Sacramento and Camden. The fast combat support ship (AOE is the United States Navy 's largest combat logistics ship designed as an oiler ammunition and supply ship History Camden was commissioned 1 April 1967 as the second of four vessels in its class Nothing came of several proposals to complete Kentucky as a guided missile ship. [45] Ultimately, Kentucky was sold to Boston Metals Co. for scrap on 31 October 1958. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [46][47] Like Illinois, Kentucky's hull was of all-welded construction, lighter and stronger than the other Iowas, and a proposal to redesign the hull with a Montana-class torpedo protection system was rejected. [44]
Armament
The Iowa-class battleships were among the most heavily armed ships the United States ever put to sea. The armament of the s has undergone a massive evolution since the first Iowa -class ship was laid down in June 1940 The main battery of 16-inch (406 mm) guns could hit targets nearly 24 miles (39 km) away with a variety of artillery shells, from standard armor piercing rounds to tactical nuclear charges called "Katies" (from "kt" for kiloton). In Military organizations an artillery battery is a unit of Guns mortars or Rockets so grouped in order to facilitate better battlefield Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine An armor-piercing shell is a type of Ammunition designed to penetrate Armor. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United The secondary battery of 5-inch (127 mm) guns could hit targets nearly 9 miles (14 km) away with solid projectiles or proximity fused shells, and were equally adept in an anti-aircraft role and for damaging smaller ships. When commissioned these battleships carried a fearsome array of 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns, which were gradually replaced with Tomahawk and Harpoon missiles, Phalanx anti-aircraft/anti-missile gatling gun systems, and electronic warfare suites. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division The Gatling gun is considered by some to have been the first Machine gun: although it did not automatically reload under its own power it was capable of firing continuously Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly By the time the last Iowa-class battleship was decommissioned in 1992 the Iowas had set a new record for battleship weaponry: No other battleship class in history has had so many weapons at its disposal for use against an opponent. [8]
Main battery
The primary armament of an Iowa-class battleship is nine 16-inch (406 mm) / 50-caliber Mark 7 naval guns,[48] which are housed in three 3-gun turrets: two forward and one aft in a configuration known as "2-A-1". The guns are 66 feet (20 m) long (50 times their 16-inch (410 mm) bore, or 50 calibers, from breechface to muzzle). The term caliber or calibre designates the interior Diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod In Firearms the breech face, also breechface, is the part of the slide that locks against the chamber so that one can fire a cartridge The muzzle of a Firearm is the end of the barrel from which the Projectile will exit About 43 feet (13 m) protrudes from the gun house. Each gun weighs about 239,000 pounds (108,000 kg) without the breech, or 267,900 pounds (121,500 kg) with the breech. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass [49][50] They fire projectiles weighing from 1,900 to 2,700 pounds (850 to 1,200 kg) at a maximum speed of 2,690 ft/s (820 m/s) up to 24 nautical miles (39 km). The foot per second (plural feet per second) is a unit of both Speed (scalar and Velocity (vector quantity which includes direction At maximum range the projectile spends almost 1½ minutes in flight. [1] The maximum firing rate for each gun on an Iowa-class battleship is two rounds per minute. [51] When firing two broadside per minute a single Iowa-class battleship can put 36,000 pounds (16,000 kg) of ordnance on a target per minute, a figure that can only be matched (and in some cases beaten) by a single B-52 Stratofortress of the United States Air Force,[51] which can carry up to 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) of bombs, missiles, and mines, or any combination thereof. [52]
Each gun rests within an armored turret, but only the top of the turret protrudes above the main deck. The turret extends either four decks (Turrets 1 and 3) or five decks (Turret 2) down. The lower spaces contain rooms for handling the projectiles and storing the powder bags used to fire them. Each turret required a crew of 94 men to operate. [49] The turrets are not actually attached to the ship, but sit on rollers, which means that if the ship were to capsize the turrets would fall out. The common definition for capsized refers to when a Boat or Ship is tipped over until disabled [53] Each turret costs US $1. 4 million, but this number does not take into account the cost of the guns themselves. [49]
The turrets are "three-gun", not "triple", because each barrel can be elevated independently; they can also be fired independently. The ship could fire any combination of its guns, including a broadside of all nine. A broadside is the side of a Ship; the battery of Cannon on one side of a Warship; or their simultaneous (or near simultaneous fire in Contrary to myth, the ships do not move noticeably sideways when a broadside is fired. [54] The guns can be elevated from −5° to +45°, moving at up to 12° per second. The turrets can be rotated about 300° at about four degrees per second and can even be fired back beyond the beam, which is sometimes called "over the shoulder. The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point or at the mid-point of its length " The guns are never fired directly forward because of the shape of the bow and risk that firing the guns forward would damage the ship; in addition to this concern, a satellite up-link antenna was mounted at the bow of each battleship when reactivated in the 1980s.
Secondary battery
The secondary battery of the ship consists of 5-inch (127 mm) Mark 12 guns in 10 twin mounts, five each to port and starboard, and four Mark 37 Gun Fire Control Systems. The Eagle Globe and Anchor is the official emblem of the United States Marine Corps. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship New Jersey was one of the ''Iowa''-class " The Mark 12 5"/38 caliber gun is a US naval gun The gun is installed into Single Purpose and Dual Purpose mounts used primarily by the U These guns were introduced on destroyers in 1934, but by World War II had been installed on nearly every major U. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy S. warship. [55] The secondary battery was intended to fight off aircraft. Its effectiveness soon declined as Japanese airplanes became faster, then rose again toward the end of the war because of an upgrade to the Mark 37 Fire Control System and the proximity-fuzed 5-inch shells. A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze for "variable time" is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive device automatically when the distance During the 1980s modernization, four twin mounts were removed to make room for missiles, the two farthest aft and the two at mid-ship on each side. In the Gulf War, the secondary battery was largely relegated to shore bombardment and littoral defense. Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary [56]
Anti-aircraft batteries
Since they were designed to escort the U. S. fleet of fast attack aircraft carriers the Iowa-class battleships were all outfitted with a fearsome array of anti-aircraft guns to protect U. S. aircraft carriers from Japanese fighters and dive bombers. [57][58][59]
Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft guns
The Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft gun was one of the most heavily produced anti-aircraft guns of World War II; The US alone manufactured a total of 124,735 of these guns. Oerlikon Contraves is a Swiss Anti-aircraft artillery manufacturer made famous by its Oerlikon 20 mm Autocannon design of 1914 used in the The term " Oerlikon 20 mm cannon " refers to a series of Autocannons based on an original designed by Reinhold Becker during World War I, and Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including When activated in 1941 these guns replaced the 0.50"/90 (12.7 mm) M2 Browning MG on a one-for-one basis. This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. The Oerlikon 20 mm AA gun remained the primary anti-aircraft weapon of the United States Navy until the introduction of the 40 mm Bofors AA gun in 1943. The Bofors 40 mm gun is a famous Anti-aircraft Autocannon designed by the Swedish firm of Bofors. [60]
Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns
Arguably the best light anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, the 40 mm Bofors AA gun was used on almost every major warship in the US and UK fleet during World War II from about 1943 to 1945. The Bofors 40 mm gun is a famous Anti-aircraft Autocannon designed by the Swedish firm of Bofors. Although a descendant of German and Swedish designs, the Bofors mounts used by the United States Navy during World War II had been heavily "Americanized" to bring the guns up to the standards placed on them by the US Navy. This resulted in a guns system set to English standards (now known as the Standard System) with interchangeable ammunition, which simplified the logistics situation for World War II. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English When coupled with hydraulic couple drives to reduce salt contamination and the Mark 51 director for improved accuracy the Bofors 40 mm gun became a fearsome adversary, accounting for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar [61]
Phalanx CIWS
During their modernization in the 1980s each Iowa-class battleship was equipped with four of the United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS mounts, two which sat just behind the bridge and two which were fixed to a platform installed between the ship's funnels. The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division Iowa, New Jersey, and Missouri were equipped with the Block 0 version of the Phalanx, while Wisconsin received the first operational Block 1 version in 1988. [62] Phalanx CIWS mounts were used by Missouri and Wisconsin during the 1991 Gulf War; Wisconsin alone fired 5,200 20 mm Phalanx CIWS rounds. [63]
Missiles
During the modernization in the 1980s, three weapons were added to the Iowa-class battleships. The first was the CIWS anti-aircraft/anti-missile system discussed above. The other two were missiles for use against both land and sea targets. At one point, the NATO Sea Sparrow was to be installed on the reactivated battleships; however, it was determined that the system could not withstand the overpressure effects from firing the main battery. Sea Sparrow was developed from the AIM-7 Sparrow Air-to-air missile as a lightweight "point defense" weapon that could be retrofitted to existing ships [64][32]
Tomahawk land attack missile
The BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) entered U. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM is a long-range all-weather subsonic cruise missile S. service in 1983. A long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile, the Tomahawk could hit targets 1,350 nautical miles (2,500 km) away, more than 40 times farther than the 16-inch (410 mm) guns' 24-mile (39 km) range. A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow [65]
Harpoon anti-ship missile
For protection against enemy ships, the Iowa class carried Boeing RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles in four Mk 141 shock-hardened quad-cell canister launchers located alongside the aft stack, two launchers per side. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated A chimney is a system for venting hot Flue gases or Smoke from a Boiler, Stove, Furnace or Fireplace to the outside At firing, the Harpoon weighs 1,530 pounds (690 kg), including a booster of about 362 pounds (164 kg). The cruising speed is Mach 0. 87 and the range is 64 nautical miles (119. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. 5 km) in Range and Bearing Launch mode and 85 nm (157. 4 km) in Bearing Only Launch mode. [66]
Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff system
During their modernization in the 1980s each of the Iowa-class battleships were outfitted with the Mark 36 Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff (SRBOC) system, enabling the Iowas to carry and fire chaff rockets which, when launched from their tubes, release missile decoys or lures. The BAE Systems Mark 36 Super Rapid Blooming Offboard Chaff (abbreviated as SRBOC or "Super-arboc" is a short-range mortar intended to launch chaff Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and Düppel by the World War II era German Luftwaffe, is a The decoys/lures are intended to act as an anti-missile shield by providing false targets for an enemy missile to attack. [67] During the 1991 Gulf War, chaff was blamed for a friendly fire incident between the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate Jarrett and the battleship Missouri: during an Iraqi missile attack Missouri fired chaff into the air to confuse the incoming missile; however a Phalanx CIWS mount on Jarrett accidentally engaged the chaff fire by Missouri. Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as Ships The ships were designed by Maine shipyard Bath Iron Works in partnership with New York-based naval architects Gibbs & Cox. For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship Operation Desert Storm During Desert Storm in 1991 Jarrett was involved in a friendly fire incident with the. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division Rounds from the Phalanx mount on Jarret struck Missouri, causing one minor injury to a crewman on the battleship; fortunately, no serious injuries or damage resulted from the attack. [1][68]
Armor
Aside from its firepower, a battleship's other defining feature is its armor. Battleships are usually armored to withstand an attack from guns the size of its own, but the exact design and placement of the armor—factors inextricably linked with the ship's stability and performance—is a complex science honed over decades. [69]
Unlike modern warships, which operate on the concept of eliminating an incoming threat (anti-ship missiles or enemy aircraft) before the given threat strikes a ship and thus carry lighter armor, the Iowa-class was designed and built in an age when ships were expected to withstand an onslaught of naval shells from enemy ships, emplaced coastal defenses from fortified enemy positions near the coast, and the increasing threat of gunfire and armour piercing/incendiary bombs dropped by enemy fighter and bomber aircraft. Naval Artillery or naval rifles refers to Warship -mounted Guns used in Naval warfare for attacking enemy vessels Coastal artillery is the branch of Armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship Artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal Fortifications. An armor-piercing shell is a type of Ammunition designed to penetrate Armor. Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are Bombs designed to start Fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as Napalm, Thermite Like most World War II era battleships, the Iowa-class was equipped with class B armor plate designed to a post Jutland design (the "all or nothing" armor scheme), but unlike earlier WWII-era battleship, the Iowas benefitted from advances in steel technology that allowed mills to forge the steel at higher temperatures and heat treatment, which produced a much higher-quality, stronger and more elastic armor. fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links --> The metal was a nickel-steel compound, classified as a stainless steel, that can bend easily and resists corrosion. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Most of the armor was manufactured at Bethlehem Steel’s main mill in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Luken Steel’s Coatsville mill just outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (1857–2003 based in Bethlehem Pennsylvania, was once the second-largest Steel producer in the United States, after Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh and Northampton Counties in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, in the Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The exception was the turret plating, which was forged at a plant built especially for the Iowas: the Charleston Ordnance Works in Charleston, West Virginia. Charleston is the Capital of the US state of West Virginia. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and [13]
The Iowa-class battleships' armor can be divided into the part above the waterline, which is designed to protect the ship against gunfire and aerial bombing, and that below the waterline, intended to protect the vessel from mines, near-miss bombs, and torpedoes. [69]
Overall, Iowa-class armor is essentially the same as on the earlier South Dakota-class battleships. Design The South Dakotas achieved the remarkable goal of a 35000 ton 'Treaty' ship mounting a main battery of nine 16 inch guns with reasonable speed and 'balanced protection' (meaning Both have an internal main belt, a change from the previous two North Carolina-class battleships that was reluctantly adopted because it was difficult to install and repair. Design Before this class the United States Navy favored staying power and fire power over speed An external belt that could ward off 2,700 lb (1,200 kg) 16-inch (410 mm) shells would have required a belt incline of 19° and a beam too wide for the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the [69]
The underwater armor includes side protection and a triple bottom, both multi-layered systems designed to absorb the energy from an underwater explosion equivalent to 700 pounds (320 kg) of TNT—the Navy's best guess in the 1930s about Japanese weapons. Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3 However, unbeknownst to U. S. Naval Intelligence, the Japanese 610 mm (24 in) "Long Lance" torpedo carried a 490 kg (1,100 lb) warhead. [69]
The Iowa-class torpedo defense is virtually the same as the South Dakota's. Each side of the ship is protected by one tank mounted outside the hull and loaded with fuel oil or other liquid ballast, and an empty inboard tank, all running from the third deck to the bottom of the ship. The liquid tanks are to deform and absorb the shock from the explosion and contain most of the shards from the damaged structure. The inner void is expected to contain any leakage into the interior ship spaces. The armor belt is designed to stop fragments that penetrate the second torpedo bulkhead; however, tests in 1943 showed structural defects in the system. [69]
Aircraft
The Iowa class used several types of aircraft for reconnaissance and for gunnery spotting. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information The early aircraft were floatplanes launched from catapults on the ship's Fantail. In Naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that constitutes the Roof of a cabin built in the Aft (rear part of the superstructure of a They landed on the water, taxied to the stern of the ship, and were lifted by a crane back to the catapult.
Kingfisher
Initially, the Iowas carried the Vought OS2U Kingfisher, a lightly armed two-man aircraft designed in 1937. Vought is the name of several related Aerospace firms These have included in the past Lewis and Vought Corporation, Chance Vought, Vought Sikorsky WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The ships typically carried three Kingfishers: two on the catapults and a spare on a trailer nearby. [70]
The Kingfisher's high operating ceiling made it well-suited for its primary mission: to observe the fall of shot from the battleship's guns and radio corrections back to the ship. The floatplanes also performed search and rescue for naval aviators who were shot down or forced to ditch in the ocean. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Naval Aviation is the application of manned military air power by navies [70]
Seahawk
In June 1942, the U. S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics requested industry proposals for a new seaplane to replace the Kingfisher and Curtiss SO3C Seamew. The Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer was the US Navy 's material-support organization for Naval Aviation from 1921 to 1959 The Curtiss SO3C Seamew was intended as a replacement for the SOC Seagull as the U The new aircraft was required to be able to use landing gear as well as floats.
Curtiss submitted a design on August 1, and received a contract for two prototypes and five service-test aircraft on August 25. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the [71] The first flight of a prototype XSC-1 took place 16 February 1944 at the Columbus, Ohio Curtiss plant. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The first production aircraft were delivered in October 1944, and by the beginning of 1945 the single-seat Curtiss SC Seahawk floatplane began replacing the Kingfisher. Curtis is a common Given name or Surname of English origin In English the meaning of the name Curtis is 'polite courteous or well-bred' WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [72]
Helicopters
Around 1949, helicopters replaced floatplanes on the Iowa class. They operated from atop of Turret 2 until the catapults were removed, allowing helicopter operations to shift to the fantail. The aft guns are forbidden to fire when a helicopter is on the aft deck. [73]
Helicopters added a logistics role to gunnery spotting and search-and-rescue; they ferried troops and supplies between ships and to and from land bases. Like the seaplanes before them, the helicopters had no hangar facilities,[1] but the Iowas did have support facilities for five types of helicopters: the UH-1 Iroquois, SH-2 Seasprites, CH-46 Sea Knight, CH-53 Sea Stallion and the LAMPS III SH-60B Seahawk. For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [70]
Pioneer
In December 1983, U. S. aircraft carriers operating off the coast of Lebanon sent out 28 aircraft to bomb targets in the Bekaa Valley in retaliation for anti-aircraft fire directed at F-14 reconnaissance flights operating from the carriers. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Beqaa ( Arabic: البقاع "valley" also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ‘ or Becaa) is a fertile Valley in The main target of the bombing run was a Syrian radar station, but before the aircraft could reach the site, two American planes were shot down by Syrian guns. [74] In an analysis of the incident, U.S. Navy Secretary John Lehman determined that the targeted SAM sites had been within the range of the battleship New Jersey and her 16-inch (410 mm) guns, but there had been no way for the battleship to accurately target the sites without an aerial observer to direct the ship's rounds to the target. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. John F Lehman Jr (born September 14, 1942) is an American Investment banker and Writer who served as Secretary of the [75]
In part because of Israeli success with their deployment of the Mastiff unmanned aerial vehicles, the U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic S. Navy made a covert request for a Mastiff drone system. Israel responded by lending a drone to the U. S. in 1984. [74][75] The success of the Mastiff system in tests ultimately led the Navy to develop its own UAV system, resulting in the creation of the RQ-2 Pioneer UAV. The RQ-2 Pioneer is an Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV that has been utilized by the United States Navy, Marine, and Army, deploying [75] The Pioneer made its first deployment in December 1986 aboard the Iowa. [76]
Launched from the fantail using a rocket-assist booster that was discarded shortly after takeoff, a Pioneer used an aft-mounted, push-propeller engine to achieve speeds of up to 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) with a mission endurance of about four hours. The Pioneer carried a video camera in a pod under the belly of the aircraft, which transmitted live video back to the ship so that the operators could observe enemy actions or fall of shot during naval gunnery. Because it was difficult to land the Pioneer without damaging itself or the ship, a large net was strung up for recovery as for a volleyball game, and the aircraft is flown into it. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet [76] Each battleship could carry as many as eight Pioneers, sometimes referred to as remote piloted vehicles (RPVs). Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs is the common accepted name for tethered underwater Robots in the offshore industry
Pioneer garnered international attention for its use during the 1991 Gulf War, when it saw extensive use from the Missouri and Wisconsin. The latter became the first ship to have enemy forces surrender to one of its remotely controlled observation drones. [76]
Engineering plant
The Iowa-class battleships are the fastest battleships ever launched, capable of sustained speeds of 33 knots (61 km/h) or better. The engineering plant consists of four General Electric double-expansion steam turbine engines, each driving a single shaft that turns one screw. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts Thermal energy from pressurized Steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work The two outboard screws on the Iowa class have four blades and are just over 18 feet (5. 5 m) in diameter. The two inboard screws have five blades and are about 17. 5 feet (5. 3 m) in diameter. [1]
Eight Babcock and Wilcox M-Type boilers operate at 600 psi (4136. The Babcock & Wilcox Company (B&W is an American firm engaged in the design engineering manufacture service and construction of Power generation and A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated The pound per square inch or more accurately pound-force per square inch (symbol psi or lbf/in² or lbf/in²) is a unit of 85 kPa) with a maximum superheater outlet temperature of 875 °F (468 °C)
The double-expansion engines consist of a high-pressure (HP) turbine and a low-pressure (LP) turbine. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The steam is first passed through the HP turbine which turns at up to 2,100 rpm. The steam, largely depleted at this point, is then passed through a large conduit to the LP turbine. Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte law) is one of several Gas laws and a special case of the Ideal gas law. By the time it reaches the LP turbine, it has no more than 50 psi (300 kPa) of pressure left. The LP turbine increases efficiency and power by extracting the last little bit of energy from the steam.
After leaving the LP turbine, the exhaust steam passes into a condenser and is then returned as feed water to the boilers. Water lost in the process is replaced by three evaporators, which can make a total of 60,000 US gallons per day (3 liters per second) of fresh water. Within a Downstream processing system several stages are used to further isolate and purify the desired product A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. After the boilers have had their fill, the remaining fresh water is fed to the ship's potable water systems for drinking, showers, hand washing, cooking, etc. All of the urinals and all but one of the toilets on the Iowa class flush with saltwater in order to conserve fresh water. [1][77]
The turbines, especially the HP turbine, can turn at 2,000 rpm; their shafts drive through reduction gearing that turns the propeller shafts at speeds up to 225 rpm, depending upon the desired speed of the ship.
Electricity
Electricity drives many systems aboard ship, including rotating the turrets and elevating the guns. Each of the four engine rooms has a pair of Ship's Service Turbine Generators (SSTGs)[78] manufactured by Westinghouse. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. Each SSTG generates 1. 25 MW for a total of 10 MW of electricity. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. The SSTGs are powered by steam from the same boilers that feed the engines. For backup, the ship also has a pair of 250-kW diesel generators. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. [1]
To allow battle-damaged electrical circuits to be repaired or bypassed, the lower decks of the ship have a Casualty Power System whose large 3-wire cables and wall outlets called "biscuits" can be used to reroute power. [79]
Radar & electronic warfare systems
Since the first commercial radar system was installed aboard the battleship USS Texas,[80] battleships have used radar for aerial reconnaissance, surface surveillance, and as part of the fire control system for the battleship's guns. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Construction Texas was the second of two s authorized on 24 June 1910 Since their modernization in the 1980s, the four Iowa class battleships have also used electronic countermeasures systems for defense against enemy missiles and aircraft.
Radar
Each of the four Iowa-class battleships are equipped with the AN/SPS-49 Radar Set, an L-band, long-range, two-dimensional, air-search radar system that provides automatic detection and reporting of targets within its surveillance volume. Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at NATO L band The NATO L band is defined as the frequency band between 40 and 60 G[[Hertz Hz]] (5–7 The AN/SPS-49 performs accurate centroiding of target range, azimuth, amplitude, ECM level background, and radial velocity with an associated confidence factor to produce contact data for command and control systems. Additionally, the contact range and bearing information is provided for display on standard plan position indicator consoles. [81]
The AN/SPS-49 uses a line-of-sight, horizon-stabilized antenna to provide acquisition of low-altitude targets in all sea states, and also utilizes an upspot feature to provide coverage for high diving threats in the high diver mode. External control of AN/SPS-49 modes and operation by the command and control system, and processing to identify and flag contacts as special alerts are provided for self-defense support. [81]
The AN/SPS-49 has several operational features to allow optimum radar performance: an automatic target detection capability with pulse doppler processing and clutter maps, ensuring reliable detection in normal and severe types of clutter; an electronic counter-countermeasures capability for jamming environments; a moving target indicator capability to distinguish moving targets from stationary targets and to improve target detection during the presence of clutter and chaff; the Medium PRF Upgrade (MPU) to increase detection capabilities and reduce false contacts; and a Coherent Sidelobe Cancellation (CSLC) feature. [81]
The Iowa-class battleships are also equipped with the Radar Set AN/SPS-67, a short-range, two-dimensional, surface-search/navigation radar system that provides highly accurate surface and limited low-flyer detection and tracking capabilities. The AN/SPS-67 is a solid-state replacement for the AN/SPS-10 radar, using a more reliable antenna and incorporating standard electronic module technology for simpler repair and maintenance. The AN/SPS-67 provides excellent performance in rain and sea clutter, and is useful in harbor navigation, since the AN/SPS-67 is capable of detecting buoys and small obstructions without difficulty. [82]
The AN/SPS-67(V)1 radar is a two-dimensional (azimuth and range) pulsed radar set primarily designed for surface operations with a secondary capability of anti-ship-missile and low flier detection. The radar set operates in the 5450 to 5825 MHz range, using a coaxial magnetron as the transmitter output tube. The transmitter/receiver is capable of operation in a long (1. 0 msec), medium (0. 25 msec), or short (0. 10 msec) pulse mode to enhance radar performance for specific operational or tactical situations. Pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) of 750,1200, and 2400 pulses/second are used for the long, medium, and short pulse modes, respectively. [82]
Electronic warfare
In 1967 Egypt sank the Israeli destroyer Eilat using a Soviet SS-N-2 STYX missile, prompting the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) to consider creating a family of inexpensive Electronic Warfare suites to replace and/or complement existing and planned ship surveillance sensors in the early 1970s, a feeling increased when an analysis of the existing AN/WLR-1 and AN/ULQ-6 systems installed on most ships determined that neither system could counter an Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM) in time to prevent a hit. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. World War II Zealous was one of four British destroyers of the Home Fleet that rescued 525 Norwegians who had been hiding from German patrols in caves on the The P-15 Termit (П-15 "Термит" Termite) was a type of Missile developed by the Soviet Union 's Raduga design bureau Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly In addition, hard kill weapons were not effective because there was little early warning of an attack due to the characteristics of ASCMs. The resulting EW suite was the AN/SLQ-32(V), which debuted in 1979 and was capable of early warning of threat weapon system emitters and emitters associated with targeting platforms, threat information to own ship hard-kill weapons, automatic dispensing of chaff decoys, and Electronic Attack (EA) to alter specific and generic ASCM trajectories. The AN/SLQ -32 is a shipboard Electronic warfare suite built by the Raytheon Company of Goleta California. Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and Düppel by the World War II era German Luftwaffe, is a This system, specifically the SLQ-32(V)3 variant, was fitted to the Iowa class battleships in 1980s for defense against enemy anti-ship missiles. [83]
To counter the threat posed by enemy submarines the Iowa class were also outfitted with the AN/SLQ-25 Nixie, a towed torpedo decoy used on US and allied warships. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability It consists of a towed decoy device, and a shipboard signal generator. The decoy emits signals to draw a torpedo away from its intended target. The Nixie attempts to defeat a torpedo's passive sonar by emitting simulated ship noise, such as propeller and engine noise, which is more attractive than the ship to the torpedo's sensors. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Active sonar is decoyed by amplifying and returning "pings" from the torpedo, presenting a larger false target to the torpedo. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate [84]
Reactivation potential
After World War II, the United States maintained the four Iowa-class battleships in the United States Navy reserve fleets, better known as the "mothball fleet", and on several occasions reactivated these battleships for naval gunfire support. The United States Navy maintains a number of its Ships as part of a Reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". Naval gunfire support (NGFS is the use of Naval artillery to provide Fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range The U. S. Navy has held onto its battleships long after the expense and the arrival of aircraft and precision guided munitions led other nations to scrap their big-gun fleets. Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of Recycling involving the breaking up of Ships for Scrap. [85][86] The United States Congress is largely responsible for this. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The lawmakers argue that the battleships' large-caliber guns have a militarily useful destructive power lacking in the smaller, cheaper, and faster guns mounted by U. S. cruisers and destroyers. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy [87]
The Navy, which sees the battleships as too costly, is working to persuade Congress to allow it to remove Iowa and Wisconsin from the Naval Vessel Register by developing extended-range guided munitions and a new ship to fulfill Marine Corps requirements for naval surface fire support (NSFS). The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy.
The Navy plan called for the extension of the range of the 5-inch (127 mm) guns on the Flight I Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers (USS Arleigh Burke to USS Ross) with Extended Range Guided Munitions (ERGMs) that would enable the ships to fire precision guided projectiles about 40 nautical miles (70 km) inland. Characteristics The Arleigh Burke class are among the largest and most powerful destroyers ever built both larger and more heavily armed than many previous cruisers A guided missile destroyer is a Destroyer designed to launch Guided missiles Many are also equipped to carry out anti-submarine, anti-air History Even before the USS Arleigh Burke was commissioned the Commander Operational Test and Evaluation Force was involved in the initial phases of testing The program was initiated in 1996 with a preliminary cost of US $78. 6 million; however, the cost of the program increased 400% during its research and development phase. The results of the program had been similarly disappointing: the original expected operational capability date was pushed from 2001 to 2011 before being cancelled by the navy in March of 2008 for buget-related reasons and an apparent shift by the navy from the ERGM program to the Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition (BTERM) program. The Ballistic Trajectory Extended Range Munition (BTERM is a Precision guided Rocket -assisted 5-inch Artillery shell under development by Alliant [88][89] These weapons are not intended or expected to satisfy the full range of the Marine Corps NSFS requirements. [90] The result of the latter effort to design and build a replacement ship for the two battleships is the Zumwalt-class destroyer program, also known either as the DD(X) or DDG-1000 (in reference to Zumwalt’s hull number). Controversy Lawmakers and others have questioned whether the Zumwalt class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities the U The DD(X) is to mount a pair of Advanced Gun System (AGS) turrets capable of firing specially designed Long Range Land Attack Projectiles (LRLAPs) some 60 miles (100 km) inland. Advanced Gun System is a Naval gun system under development by BAE Systems Armaments Systems (formerly United Defense) for the Zumwalt class destroyer The Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP is a developmental program to produce a Precision guided 155 mm naval Artillery shell for the U The Navy currently expects sufficient numbers of DD(X) destroyers to be ready to help fill the NSFS gap by 2018 at the earliest. [87]
| “ | DDG 1000 Zumwalt is [. . . ] being developed by the Navy to serve as the backbone of tomorrow’s surface fleet. DDG 1000 Zumwalt provides a broad range of capabilities that are vital both to supporting the Global War on Terror and to fighting and winning major combatant operations. Zumwalt’s multi-mission warfighting capabilities are designed to counter not only the threats of today, but threats projected over the next decade as well. | ” |
—Statement of the DD(X) program on the United States Navy's Program Executive Office, Ships, [91] | ||
On 17 March 2006 the Secretary of the Navy exercised his authority to strike Iowa and Wisconsin from the Naval Vessel Register, which has cleared the way for both ships to be donated for use as museums. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. For ships that are not original see Ship replica. For preserved incomplete ships see Ships preserved in museums. The United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps have both certified that battleships will not be needed in any future war, and have thus turned their attention to development and construction of the next generation Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyers. Controversy Lawmakers and others have questioned whether the Zumwalt class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities the U A guided missile destroyer is a Destroyer designed to launch Guided missiles Many are also equipped to carry out anti-submarine, anti-air
This move has drawn fire from a variety of sources familiar with the subject; among them are dissenting members of the United States Marine Corps, who feel that battleships are still a viable solution to naval gunfire support,[92][93] members of the United States Congress who remain "deeply concerned" over the loss of naval surface gunfire support that the battleships provided,[88] and number of independent groups such as the United States' Naval Fire Support Association (USNFSA) whose ranks frequently include former members of the armed service and fans of the battleships. [94][95] Although the arguments presented from each group differ, they all agree that the United States Navy has not in good faith considered the potential of reactivated battleships for use in the field, a position that is supported by a 1999 Government Accountability Office report regarding the United States Navy's gunfire support program. The Government Accountability Office ( GAO) is the Audit, Evaluation, and investigative arm of the United States Congress. [90]
In 2007, a thesis report submitted to the Joint Forces Staff College/Joint Advanced Warfighting School by Shawn A. Welch, a Colonel in the Army National Guard's Corps of Engineers analyzed the current capacity for naval gunfire support (NGS) and made several conclusion based on the progress made since the retirement of the last two Iowa-class battleships. See also Colonel In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, colonel The Army National Guard ( ARNG) is the land force militia organized by each of the several states and territories of the United States The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel Naval gunfire support (NGFS is the use of Naval artillery to provide Fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range Welch's thesis report, which earned the National Defense Universities award for Best Thesis in 2007, estimates that the full force of DD(X) destoyers needed to replace the decommissioned Iowas will not arrive until 2020-2025 at the earliest, and alleges that the U. S. Navy has not accurately assessed the capabilities of its large caliber gun ships since 1990. The report alleges that the Navy has consistently scaled back or outright cancelled programs intended to replace naval gunfire support capacity, in the process making no significant gains for offshore fire support since the retirement of the last Iowa-class battleship in 1992. This failure by the navy to meet Congressional mandates to improve naval gunfire support has caused a rift with the United States Marine Corps and to a lesser extent the United States Army; in the case of the former, the concern is great enough that several three and four star generals in the Marine Corps have openly admitted to the press their concern over the absence of any effective ship based gunfire support, and two separate Commandants of the Marine Corps have testified before the Senate Armed Service Committee on the risks faced by the Marines in the absence of any effective naval gunfire support. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public The Commandant of the Marine Corps ( CMC) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Marine Corps and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [96]
In response, the Navy has pointed to the cost of reactivating the two Iowa class battleships to their decommissioned capability. The Navy estimates costs in excess of $500 million,[97] but this does not include an additional $110 million needed to replenish gunpowder for the 16-inch (406 mm) guns because a recent survey found the powder to be unsafe. In terms of schedule, the Navy's program management office estimates that reactivation would take 20 to 40 months, given the loss of corporate memory and the shipyard industrial base. [87]
| “ | In summary, the committee is concerned that the Navy has foregone the long range fire support capability of the battleship, has given little cause for optimism with regard to meeting near-term developmental objectives, and appears unrealistic in planning to support expeditionary warfare in the mid term. The committee views the Navy's strategy for providing naval surface fire support as 'high risk', and will continue to monitor progress accordingly. | ” |
—Evaluation of the United States Navy's naval surface fire support program in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007, [88] | ||
Reactivating the battleships would require a wide range of battleship modernization improvements, according to the Navy's program management office. The National Defense Authorization Act is the name of a United States federal law that is enacted each Fiscal year to specify the budget and expenditures of the At a minimum, these modernization improvements include command and control, communications, computers, and intelligence equipment; environmental protection (including ozone-depleting substances); a plastic-waste processor; pulper/shredder and wastewater alterations; firefighting/fire safety and women-at-sea alterations; a modernized sensor suite (air and surface search radar); and new combat and self-defense systems. The Navy's program management office also identified other issues that would strongly discourage the Navy from reactivating and modernizing the battleships. For example, personnel needed to operate the battleships would be extensive, and the skills needed may not be available or easily reconstituted. Other issues include the age and unreliability of the battleships' propulsion systems and the fact that the Navy no longer maintains the capability to manufacture their 16-inch (410 mm) gun system components and ordnance. [87]
Although the Navy firmly believes in the capabilities of the DD(X) destroyer program, members of the United States Congress remain skeptical about the efficiency of the new destroyers when compared to the battleships. [90] Partially as a consequence the US House of Representatives have asked that the battleships be kept in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. [98] Congress has asked that the following measures be implemented to ensure that, if need be, Iowa and Wisconsin can be returned to active duty:
- Iowa and Wisconsin must not be altered in any way that would impair their military utility;
- The battleships must be preserved in their present condition through the continued use of cathodic protection, dehumidification systems, and any other preservation methods as needed;
- Spare parts and unique equipment such as the 16-inch (410 mm) gun barrels and projectiles be preserved in adequate numbers to support Iowa and Wisconsin, if reactivated;
- The Navy must prepare plans for the rapid reactivation of Iowa and Wisconsin should they be returned to the Navy in the event of a national emergency. [98]
These four conditions closely mirror the original three conditions that the Nation Defense Authorization Act of 1996 laid out for the maintenance of Iowa and Wisconsin while they were in the Mothball Fleet. [56][99] It is unlikely that these conditions will impede the current plan to turn Iowa and Wisconsin into museum ships.
Popular culture
The Iowa class-battleships have been featured prominently in American culture. Iowa was the centerpiece for the book A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion on the U. S. S. Iowa & Its Cover-Up which dealt with the events surrounding the 1989 explosion of her #2 turret. In 2001 the book was turned into a movie by the same name staring James Caan and directed by Mikael Salomon. James Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American Academy Award - Emmy - and Golden Globe -nominated American Mikael Salomon (born February 24, 1945) is a Danish director and Cinematographer from Copenhagen, Denmark [100] Missouri was featured in the 1977 movie MacArthur, starring Gregory Peck, the 1983 television mini-series The Winds of War, starring Ralph Bellamy and Robert Mitchum, and Cher's music video "If I Could Turn Back Time". MacArthur is a 1977 film directed by Joseph Sargent and starring Gregory Peck in the titular role as American General Douglas MacArthur Gregory Peck (April 5 1916 &ndash June 12 2003 was an Academy Award -winning and four-time Golden Globe Award-winning American Film The Winds of War was best-selling novellist Herman Wouk 's second book about World War II, the first being The Caine Mutiny (1951 Ralph Rexford Bellamy ( June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American Actor with a career spanning sixty-two Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1997) was an Academy Award nominated American film Cher ( IPA: /ʃɛr/ born Cherilyn Sarkisian, May 20 1946 " If I Could Turn Back Time " is a song written by Diane Warren and was released on June 1 1989 as the second North American and [101] The 1992 movie Under Siege, staring Steven Seagal, was also set aboard Missouri, although the movie was actually filmed aboard the battleship USS Alabama. For the video game see Under Siege (video game. Under Siege is also a book by Stephen Coonts Under Siege is a 1992 Steven F Seagal (born April 10 1951 is an American Action movie Actor, producer, writer director, Martial artist Active service Atlantic service Alabama was laid down on 1 February 1940 by the Norfolk Navy Yard, launched on 16 February 1942 and sponsored by Wisconsin was featured prominently in the news during the 1991 Gulf War, when she became the first ship to receive the surrender of enemy troops on the ground when her Pioneer drone recorded Iraqi soldiers waving white flags after being shelled by Missouri. White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale [76][102]
Aside from the above appearances of the Iowa-class battleships in popular culture, all four battleships have been featured to greater or lesser degrees in military science related media, in particular documentaries on or relating to World War II. Military Science is the process of translating National defence policy to produce Military capability by employing Military scientists including [8][103] Missouri, in particular, has received much attention in this area as it was on her deck that the Empire of Japan formally surrendered to the Allied Powers of World War II, thus ending the Second World War. [8] In addition to appearances in documentary related material, the Iowa-class battleships do occasionally feature in alternative history scenarios, in particular with regards to the Cold War and the threat of armed conflict between Warsaw Pact and NATO forces. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty Such scenarios usually feature the battleships in naval gunfire support missions for U. Naval gunfire support (NGFS is the use of Naval artillery to provide Fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range S. or NATO personnel. [104][105]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h FactPlace.com USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. Ben M. Schorr. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ A total of nine guns were placed aboard the Iowa-class battleships in 3 gun turrets. A gun turret is a device that protects the crew or mechanism of a projectile firing weapon and at the same time lets the weapon be aimed and fired in many directions
- ^ A total of 20 gun barrels were placed aboard the Iowa-class battleships in 10 separate gun turrets, five on the port (left) side and five on the starboard (right) side. A gun turret is a device that protects the crew or mechanism of a projectile firing weapon and at the same time lets the weapon be aimed and fired in many directions
- ^ a b c d e f g Johnston, Ian & McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4 Books (an imprint of Pan Macmillian, LTD), pages 108–123. ISBN 0752261886.
- ^ At the time the Montana class battleships were being planned, but none of those ships were laid down. History As the political situation in Europe and Asia worsened in the prelude to World War II, Carl Vinson, the chairman of the House Committee on
- ^ Johnston, Ian & McAuley, Rob (2002). The Battleships. London: Channel 4 Books (an imprint of Pan Macmillan, LTD), page 11. ISBN 0752261886.
- ^ Although it is frequently cited as the ultimate battleship class, other battleship classes did outclass the Iowas in certain fields; for example, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Yamato-class battleships had larger guns (46 cm (18 in) and more armor than the Iowa’s. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Design and construction Japanese naval strategy after World War I included plans for the construction of a fleet powerful enough to intimidate likely opponents in particular A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were
- ^ a b c d e f g The 10 Greatest Fighting Ships in Military History. The Discovery Channel. Web page: Top Ten Fighting Ships Retrieved 23 April 2007. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d Rogers, J. David. Development of the World's Fastest Battleships (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922, Vol. 1. pp. 247–266. (February 1922). Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ INTERNATIONAL TREATY FOR THE LIMITATION AND REDUCTION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT. Australian documents archive (1930). Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ These mathematical formulas still stand today, and have been used to design hulls for U. S. ships and to predict the speed of those hulls for the ships when commissioned, including nuclear powered ships like the U. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions S. fleet of Nimitz-class supercarriers. General characteristics Builder Newport News Shipbuilding Company Newport News Virginia Power Plant Two A4W reactors This is about the warships For the television program see Supercarrier (TV series. Rogers, J. David. Development of the World's Fastest Battleships (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ a b c d BB-61 Iowa-class Design. Retrieved on 2007-11-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
- ^ Sailing a battleship around South America was unusual, but had been done by the battleship USS Oregon (BB-3) during the Spanish-American War. Spanish-American War Leaving drydock on 16 February 1898 she received news that had blown up in Havana harbor the previous day
- ^ Modern supercarriers face this same problem: they are unable to pass through the canal and must circumnavigate South America to move from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
- ^ DiGiulian, Tony (Last updated 12 November 2006). Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7. Unofficial U. S. Navy site. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ Adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index, each individual Iowa-class battleship would cost US $1. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time CPI redirects here For other uses see CPI (disambiguation. A consumer price index ( CPI) is a measure of the average price of consumer 8 billion in 2008 dollars. The total cost of the four completed ships of the class in 2008 dollars was just under $7. 4 billion, but if all six ships of the Iowa-class been completed the total cost in 2008 dollars would have been $11 billion. This estimation does not take into account the price of the various specialty items that the U. S. Navy would have needed for the battleships. (Calculate Consumer Price Index (CPI) from 1665-2012).
- ^ This had already been done on the battlecruisers Lexington and Saratoga. Construction The Lexington is named after the battle of Lexington that took place in Lexington Massachusetts in 1775 Pre-War Years 1928 – 1940 Saratoga, the first fast carrier in the Navy quickly proved the value of her type
- ^ a b BB-61 Iowa-class Aviation Conversion. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Iowa Class (BB-61 through BB-66) Drawings. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat
- ^ On the issue of redesigning the Iowa-class to be aircraft carriers, Admiral Earnest King is quoted as saying “I cannot acquiesce in a complete cessation of BB construction,” to President Franklin Roosevelt. BB-61 Iowa-class Design. Retrieved on 2007-11-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
- ^ At the time, the Montana class was planned to begin with hull number BB-65, but following the success of carrier combat at the Battle of Coral Sea and, to a greater extent, the Battle of Midway, BB-65 and BB-66 were reordered as Iowa class battleships and assigned the names Illinois and Kentucky, respectively. History As the political situation in Europe and Asia worsened in the prelude to World War II, Carl Vinson, the chairman of the House Committee on The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 – May 8, 1942, with most of the action occurring on May 7 and May 8, was The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Iowa Class (BB-61 through BB-66) Drawings. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat
- ^ Naval Historical Center. Bureau of Ships' "Spring Styles" Book # 3 (1939-1944) -- (Naval Historical Center Lot # S-511) -- Battleship Preliminary Design Drawings. Accessed 2007-12-01.
- ^ Minks, R. L. "MONTANA CLASS BATTLESHIPS END OF THE LINE". Sea Classics. Sep 2006. FindArticles. com. 2007-12-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
- ^ a b USS New Jersey (BB 62) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Construction on Illinois never resumed after this cancellation, but construction work on Kentucky was resumed in 1944 and continued until 1947, then resumed again in 1948 and continued until her final cancellation in 1950.
- ^ a b The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ PENTAGON LIKES BUDGET PROPOSAL, BUT QUESTIONS SPECIFICS; Military Analysis. MIDDLETON, DREW. New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N. Y. : Mar 13, 1981. pg. A. 14
- ^ Encyclopedia Of World Sea Power by Tony Cullen p. 80 ISBN 0517653427
- ^ Modern naval combat. / David Miller, Chris Miller. p. 114. London ; New York : Salamander Books, c1986. p114. ISBN 0861012313
- ^ During this reactivation, the Navy played with various ideas to remove the #3 gun turrets from the battleships and replace them with servicing facilities for 12 AV-8B Harrier STOVL jumpjets. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Plans for such a conversion were dropped in 1984. BB-61 Iowa-class Aviation Conversion. globalsecurity. org (2005-11-27). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
- ^ a b United States General Accounting Office (1981-04-20). The Government Accountability Office ( GAO) is the Audit, Evaluation, and investigative arm of the United States Congress. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Update of the Issues Concerning the Proposed Reactivation of the Iowa class battleships and the Aircraft Carrier Oriskany (pdf) p3–18. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved on 2005-05-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ 105th Congress, United States Senate and House of Representatives. Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act of 1999 (pdf) p 200–201. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Naval Vessel Register. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ USS Iowa (BB 61) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS Iowa). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS New Jersey). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ USS Missouri (BB 63) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS Missouri). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ USS Wisconsin (BB 64) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS Wisconsin). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ USS Illinois (BB 65) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS Illinois). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ a b USA - IOWA class. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
- ^ BB-61 Iowa Class. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ USS Kentucky (BB 66) History. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-01-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ Naval Vessel Register (USS Kentucky). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ Originally the armament was to be nine 16"/50 Mark 2 Naval Guns intended for the canceled South Dakota-class battleships; however, a miscommunication between the design bureaus left the class barbettes too small to fit the Mark 2 guns; so the Iowa class was equipped with the Mark 7 Naval Guns instead. Ships USS ''South Dakota'' (BB-49 USS ''Indiana'' (BB-50 USS ''Montana'' (BB-51 USS ''North United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
- ^ a b c United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ For comparison, the Space Shuttle, when fully loaded, weighs about 240,000 pounds, so each battleship gun is roughly the weight of a space shuttle. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States FactPlace.com USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. Ben M. Schorr. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ a b Poyer, Joe [1991]. "Are These the Last Battleships?", in Lightbody, Andy & Blaine, Taylor: Battleships at War: America's Century Long Romance with the Big Guns of the Fleet. Canoga Park, CA: Challenge Publications, Inc, 50-53.
- ^ Loftin, LK, Jr. Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468. Retrieved: 23 February 2008. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Underwater photos of the Bismarck show empty barbettes, vacated as the ship sank. Background Design of the ship started in the early 1930s following on from Germany's development of the ''Deutschland'' class cruisers and the ''Scharnhorst'' class For the early 20th Century female impersonator see Barbette (performer A barbette is a protective circular armor feature around a Cannon
- ^ Landgraff's, R. A. ; Locock, Greg (200-08-02). Do battleships move sideways when they fire?. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ United States of America 5"/38 (12.7 cm) Mark 12 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty
- ^ a b BB-61 IOWA-class (Specifications). Federation of American Scientists. The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS) is a non-profit organization formed in 1945 by scientists from the Manhattan Project who felt that scientists engineers Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
- ^ "Iowa class battleship". World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia (2nd Edition). (2001). Ed. Keegan, John (General Editor). New York, New York: Sterling Publishing. page 264. ISBN 1-85585-878-9. Retrieved on 2007-03-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
- ^ Toppan, Andrew (2001-10-06). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus World Battleships List: US Treaty and Post-Treaty Battleships. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Lanzendoerfer, Tim. The United States Navy in the Pacific War website (subsection:Iowa class). Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ United States of America 20 mm/70 (0.79") Marks 2, 3 & 4 (html) (September 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ United States of America 40 mm/56 (1.57") Mark 1, Mark 2 and M1 (html) (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ The USS Wisconsin (BB-64) Ship's History. USS Wisconsin Association. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"
- ^ Statement by Admiral Rowden in the Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1982.
- ^ The maximum range for the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile is 1350 nautical miles (nm), the maximum range for the Harpoon is 85 nm,[1] and the maximum range for the 16-inch (406 mm) guns is roughly 24 nautical miles (nm). A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. FactPlace.com USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. Ben M. Schorr. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ Iowa Class: Missile Battery. Iowa class preservation society. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
- ^ MK 36 SRBOC. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-06-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland.
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (December 2000). TAB H -- Friendly-fire Incidents. Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ a b c d e Iowa Class: Armor Protection. Iowa class preservation society. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ a b c Iowa Class: Shipboard Aircraft. Iowa Class Preservation Association. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Bridgeman, Leonard. “The Curtiss Seahawk. ” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. p. 221–222. ISBN 1 85170 493 0.
- ^ Curtiss SC Seahawk. Accsessed 2007-03-14.
- ^ Grier, Nathan & Fletcher, Marc (edited by Henwood, Daniel). IOWA CLASS BATTLESHIP. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ a b Hellman, Peter (February 1987). The little airplane that could - Mastiff, a remotely piloted vehicle. Discover. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
- ^ a b c Unmanned Aviation: a brief history of unmanned aerial vehicles. Retrieved on 2007-10-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
- ^ a b c d Pike, John (2000-03-05). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Pioneer Short Range (SR) UAV. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
- ^ The toilet that gets the fresh water is the one in the brig. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of This john flushes with fresh water to prevent those incarcerated in the brig from drinking the water to make themselves sick, which would entail transferring that person from the brig to the medical room. FactPlace.com USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. USS Missouri (BB-63) Frequently Asked Questions. Ben M. Schorr. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ Diagram and statistics for the Ship’s Service Turbine Generator
- ^ CASUALTY POWER (doc). Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ Historic Naval Ships Visitors Guide- USS Texas. Historic Naval Ships Association. Retrieved on 2006-12-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- ^ a b c AN/SPS-49 Very Long-Range Air Surveillance Radar. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ a b AN/SPS-67. Global Security. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare (EW) system. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ AN/SLQ-25 NIXIE. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ Government Accountability Office (1999-07-11). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. GAO Report on Naval Surface Fire Support Program Plans and Costs. GAO/NSIAD-99-91. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ The Iowa Class Battleships BB-61 to BB-64. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ a b c d Government Accountability Office (2004-11-19). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Information on Options for Naval Surface Fire Support. GAO report number GAO-05-39R. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ a b c National Defense Authorization Act of 2007 (pdf) Pages 193–194. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Matthews, William (2007-03-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Navy ends ERGM funding. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ a b c GAO Report on Evaluation of The Navy's 1999 Naval Surface Fire Support Assessment September 14, 1999. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) NSIAD-99-225. Government Accountability Office (1999-09-14). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Program Executive Office, Ships (2007-05-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed DDG 1000 (subsection: What is DDG 1000?). United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-06-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place
- ^ Novak, Robert. Losing the battleships. CNN. com December 6, 2005. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Marine Corps supports the strategic purpose of reactivating two battleships in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996 and supports the Navy's modernization efforts to deliver a sufficient NSFS capability that exceeds that of the Iowa class battleships. Information on Options for Naval Surface Fire Support. United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ The Current Status Of The Iowa Class Battleships. Warships1. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Blazar, Ernest (1996-07-29). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat NEW DEBATE RESURRECTS OLD ONE /CRITICS SAY CANCEL ARSENAL SHIP, BRING BACK BATTLESHIPS. Navy Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ Welch, Shawn A. (2007-05-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Joint and Interdependent Requirements: A Case Study in Solving the Naval Surface Fire Support Capabilities Gap. United States Army. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ This number is based on 1999 estimate with a 4% annual inflation rate. Information on Options for Naval Surface Fire Support. United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ a b 109th Congress, House of Representatives. Report 109–452. National Defense Authorization Act of 2007. Page 68. Accessed November 26, 2006
- ^ 104th Congress, House of Representatives. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. National Defense Authorization Act of 1996. Page 237. Accessed December 17, 2006. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Walter Chaw (March 2002). A Glimpse of Hell. Movie Review. Film Freak Central. Retrieved on 2007-02-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
- ^ Cher: If I Could Turn Back Time (Music Video). Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
- ^ National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. The National Air and Space Museum (NASM of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington D The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Pioneer RQ-2A. September 14, 2001. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Accessed November 26, 2006. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Battle 360°: USS Entperise. Battle 360° is an American documentary TV series about the World War II -era Aircraft carrier. History Channel. History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften 2008-02-29-2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Massive Entertainment. Massive Entertainment is a Swedish Video game company based in Malmö, Sweden. World in Conflict. World in Conflict (also known as WiC or WIC) is a real-time tactical Video game developed by the Swedish video game company Sierra Entertainment. Sierra Entertainment Inc is a Worldwide American Video game developer and publisher founded in 1979 by Ken and Roberta PC. Level/area: Battle for Pine Valley. (2007)
- ^ Clancy, Tom; Bond, Larry [1983] (August 1987). Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Larry Bond (1952 -) is the designer of the Harpoon and Command at Sea gaming systems and several supplements for the games "The Killing Ground", Red Storm Rising. Red Storm Rising is a 1986 Techno-thriller novel by Tom Clancy and Larry Bond about a Third World War in Europe between New York, New York: The Berkley Publishing Group, p. 628-632,. ISBN 042510107X.
References
- Muir, Malcolm, Jr. The Iowa-Class Battleships: Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, Wisconsin Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-1732-7
- Naval Historical Foundation [2000] (2004). The Navy. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc. ISBN 0-7607-6218-X
- Keegan, John; Ellis, Chris, and Natkiel, Richard. World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-878-9
- William H. Garzke and Robert O. Dulin, Jr. Battleships: United States Battleships 1935–1992
- The Floating Drydock. United States Naval Vessels, ONI 222-US, Kresgeville, PA 18333
- Sumrall, Robert. "USS Missouri (BB-63) Warship Data 2". Pictorial Histories. 1-57510-050-9
- Sumrall, Robert. Iowa Class Battleships: Their Design, Weapons & Equipment. Naval Institute Press, 1988. ISBN 0870212982
- This article includes text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used
Further reading
- Firing Procedure for the 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7
- Operating Instructions for Five Inch, 38 Caliber, Gun Crews
External links
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