The Ionic order forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian. A classical order is one of the ancient styles of building design in the classical tradition, distinguished by their proportions and their characteristic profiles and details The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece The Doric order was one of the three '''orders''' or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or Classical architecture; the other two Canonical The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized (There are two lesser orders, the stocky Tuscan order and the rich variant of Corinthian, the Composite order, added by 16th century Italian architectural theory and practice. Among the Classical orders of Architecture, the Tuscan order's place in the architectural canon is disputed The composite order is a mixed order, combining the Volutes of the Ionic order with the leaves of the Corinthian order. )
The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BC in Ionia, the southwestern coastland and islands of Asia Minor settled by Ionian Greeks, where an Ionian dialect was spoken. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Ionic order was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC. The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The first of the great Ionic temples, though it stood for only a decade before an earthquake leveled it, was the Temple of Hera on Samos, built about 570 BC–560 BC by the architect Rhoikos. Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off Events and trends 579 BC — Servius Tullius succeeds the assassinated Lucius Tarquinius Priscus as the sixth King of Rome. Events and trends 568 BC — Amtalqa succeeds his brother Aspelta as king of Kush. It was in the great sanctuary of the goddess: it could scarcely have been in a more prominent location for its brief lifetime. A longer-lasting 6th century Ionic temple was the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Temple of Artemis ( Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a well known list of seven remarkable constructions of Classical antiquity.
Unlike the Greek Doric order, Ionic columns normally stand on a base (but see Erectheum illustration, below left) which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform. A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural In classical Greek architecture, a stylobate ( Greek: στυλοβάτης is the top step of the Crepidoma, the stepped platform on which colonnades of The capital of the Ionic column has characteristic paired scrolling volutes that are laid on the molded cap ("echinus") of the column, or spring from within it. In several traditions of Architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput 'head' forms the crowning member A volute is a spiral scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart. Egg-and-dart is an ornamental device often carved in wood stone or plaster quarter-round Ovolo Mouldings consisting of an Egg-shaped object Originally the volutes lay in a single plane (illustration at right); then it was seen that they could be angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on the corner columns, ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side facade. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The 16th-century Renaissance architect and theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi designed a version of such a perfectly four-sided Ionic capital; Scamozzi's version became so much the standard, that when a Greek Ionic order was eventually reintroduced, in the later 18th century Greek Revival, it conveyed an air of archaic freshness and primitive, perhaps even republican, vitality. Vincenzo Scamozzi ( September 2, 1548 - August 7, 1616) was an Italian Architect and a writer on architecture active mainly The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries predominantly in northern Europe and the United States [1]
Below the volutes, the Ionic column may have a wide collar or banding separating the capital from the fluted shaft, as at Castle Coole (below, right). Or a swag of fruit and flowers may swing from the clefts formed by the volutes, or from their "eyes. " After a little early experimentation, the number of hollow flutes in the shaft settled at 24. This standardization kept the fluting in a familiar proportion to the diameter of the column at any scale, even when the height of the column was exaggerated. Roman fluting leaves a little of the column surface between each hollow; Greek fluting runs out to a knife edge that was easily scarred.
The Ionic column is always more slender than the Doric: Ionic columns are eight and nine column-diameters tall, and even more in the Antebellum colonnades of late American Greek revival plantation houses. " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum Ionic columns are most often fluted: Inigo Jones introduced a note of sobriety with plain Ionic columns on his Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace, London, and when Beaux-Arts architect John Russell Pope wanted to convey the manly stamina combined with intellect of Theodore Roosevelt, he left colossal Ionic columns unfluted on the Roosevelt memorial at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for an unusual impression of strength and stature. Iñigo Jones ( July 15, 1573 &ndash June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant British architect, and the first to bring The Banqueting House is the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, and is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London. John Russell Pope ( April_24, 1874 – August 27, 1937) was an architect most known for his designs of the Jefferson Memorial Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most
The major features of the Ionic order are the volutes of its capital, which have been the subject of much theoretical and practical discourse, based on a brief and obscure passage in Vitruvius. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum [2] The only tools required were a straight-edge, a right angle, string (to establish half-lengths) and a compass.
The entablature resting on the columns has three parts: a plain architrave divided into two, or more generally three, bands, with a frieze resting on it that may be richly sculptural, and a cornice built up with dentils (like the closely-spaced ends of joists), with a corona ("crown") and cyma ("ogee") molding to support the projecting roof. The architrave (also called epistyle or door frame) is a moulded or ornamental band framing a rectangular opening In Architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an Entablature and may be plain or &ndash in the Ionic or Corinthian order &ndash Pictorial often narrative bas-relief frieze carving provides a characteristic feature of the Ionic order, in the area where the Doric order is articulated with triglyphs. A bas-relief (baʁəljɛf in French; French for "low relief" derived from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a Sculpture Roman and Renaissance practice condensed the height of the entablature by reducing the proportions of the architrave, which made the frieze more prominent.
Vitruvius, a practicing architect who worked in the time of Augustus, reports (De Architectura, iv) that the Doric has a basis of sturdy male body proportions while Ionic depends on "more graceful" female body proportions. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Though he does not name his source for such a self-conscious and "literary" approach, it must be in traditions passed on from Hellenistic architects, such as Hermogenes of Priene, the architect of a famed temple of Artemis at Magnesia on the Meander in Lydia (now Turkey). This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Interest in Hermogenes of Priene (late 3rd - early 2nd century BCE the Hellenistic architect of a temple of Artemis Leukophryene ( Artemision) at Magnesia on the Maeander is an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, located on the Maeander river upstream from Ephesus, near the town of Germencik Renaissance architectural theorists took his hints, to interpret the Ionic Order as matronly in comparison to the Doric Order, though not as wholly feminine as the Corinthian order. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Ionic is a natural order for post-Renaissance libraries and courts of justice, learned and civilized. Because no treatises on classical architecture survive earlier than that of Vitruvius, identification of such "meaning" in architectural elements as it was understood in the 5th and 4th centuries BC remains tenuous, though during the Renaissance it became part of the conventional "speech" of classicism. [3]
The Parthenon, although it conforms mainly to the Doric order, also has some Ionic elements. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis A more purely Ionic mode to be seen on the Athenian Acropolis is exemplified in the Erechtheum. The Erechtheum (Έρέχθειον Erechtheion) is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens in Greece From the 17th century onwards, a much admired and copied version of Ionic was that which could be seen in the temple called that of "Fortuna Virilis" in Rome, first clearly presented in a detailed engraving in Antoine Desgodetz, Les edifices antiques de Rome (Paris 1682). The Temple of Portunus was the main Temple dedicated to the god Portunus in Rome. Antoine Babuty Desgodetz' s publication Les edifices antiques de Rome dessinés et mesurés très exactement (Paris 1682 provided detailed engravings of the monuments and antiquities
See also
References
- ^ A brief and accessible sketch of this familiar aspect of the Greek Revival "idea of primitivism, of searching back to the true, untainted sources of architectural beauty" (p. The Doric order was one of the three '''orders''' or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or Classical architecture; the other two Canonical The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized Among the Classical orders of Architecture, the Tuscan order's place in the architectural canon is disputed The composite order is a mixed order, combining the Volutes of the Ionic order with the leaves of the Corinthian order. 38) and of the Utopian aspects of Ledoux is briskly treated in Sir John Summerson, The Classical Language of Architecture (MIT Press) 1963; in discussions of American Greek Revival, the republic connotations of the Greek orders present an inescapable commonplace: "The Greek Revival style arose out of a young nation's desire to identify with the ideals of the ancient Greek Republic. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Claude Ledoux redirects here For the Belgian composer see Claude Ledoux (composer. Sir John Newenham Summerson CH CBE (1904-1992 was one of the leading English architectural historians of the 20th century " ((Rensselaer County Historical Society) "Architectural Styles in Rensselaer County" (New York); "Greece, the world's first democracy, seemed an appropriate philosophical reference point for a self-confident new republic. " ((Old-House Journal), James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell, "Greek Revival in America: From Tara to farmhouse temples.") are typical statements, selected almost at random from texts accessible on-line.
- ^ "Geometric Methods of the 1500s for Laying Out the Ionic Volute" Denise Andrey and Mirko Galli, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 6 no. 2 (Autumn 2004), pp. 31-48. DOI 10. 1007/s00004-004-0017-4.
- ^ Summerson 1963.
External links
- Ionic order exemplified in architecture of Buffalo, New York
- Ionic order, after Vitruvius
- "Understanding buildings" website: Ionic order
- Denis Andrey and Mirko Galli, "Geometric methods of the 1500s for laying out the ionic volute"
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