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The Ionians (Greek: Ἴωνες, Iōnes, singular Ἴων) were one of the three populations into which the ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided. The History of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically and the territory now composing the modern state of The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Helladic is a modern archaeological term meant to identify a sequence of periods characterizing the culture of mainland Ancient Greece during the Bronze Age. Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century The archaic period in Greece ( 750 BC 480 BC) is a period of Ancient Greek history In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Hellenistic period of European history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon in 323 BC and the annexation Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over Roman Greece See also Roman Greece The Greek peninsula became a Roman protectorate in 146 BC, and the Aegean islands were added Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The history of modern Greece began with the recognition of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832 after the Greek War of Independence. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great The Axis occupation of Greece during World War II ( Η Κατοχή, I Katochi, meaning "The Occupation" began in April The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. The history of the Hellenic Republic constitutes three discrete republican periods in modern Greek History: 1822 - 1832, 1924 - The economic history of the Greek World spans several millennia and encompasses many modern day nation states The military history of Greece is the history of the wars and battles of the Greek people in Greece, the Balkans and the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions Since the time of Homer, some Greeks have called themselves Hellenes ( in Homer "Hellas" (Eλλάς and "Hellenes" were names of Greece has a rich and varied artistic history spanning some 5000 years Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

For more details on this topic, see Dorians. The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were

"Ionian" with reference to populations had two senses in Classical Greece. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries In a narrow sense they were linked by their use of the Ionic dialect spoken in settlements that were located principally on some of the Islands between Greece and Anatolia, but who resided on the coast of Anatolia as well, giving rise to the eponymously named region of Ionia there. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this All the Greeks understood that the population of Ionia were descendants of migrants from the Peloponnesus and had ceded their native land to the Dorians. After a residence in Athens they and some Athenians emigrated to Anatolia and the islands. In a broader sense Ionian meant all the speakers of Ionian, Attic (the language spoken at Athens) and any other dialects of the group called East Greek today. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided

The other two language/cultural groups of the classical period were the Dorians and the Aeolians. The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes All three groups were known collectively as Hellenes. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Ionians were located around the shores of the Aegean Sea and in most of the Aegean islands. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece The Aeolians resided in Boeotia, Lesbos with a few other islands and the coast of Anatolia. Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the Lesbos (Λέσβος also transliterated Lesvos, Midilli is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Dorians were to be found in Macedon, Peloponnesus, Crete, Rhodes and the islands of the Dorian Hexapolis, as well as on the coast of Anatolia. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island The doric hexapolis or Dorian Hexapolis was a federation of six cities of Dorian foundation and included Kos, on the Island Thrace was home to Greek colonists of Ionian descent and the French city of Marseille was founded by Ionians from Phocaea in Ionia. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this

According to semi-historical Greek legend, Ionia was colonised by refugees from mainland Greece expelled by the invading Dorians in the Heroic Age. The Heroic Age was the period of Greek mythological history that lay between the purely divine events of the Theogony and Titanomachy and the advent of historical According to myth, the Ionians were descended from the hero Ion, son of Xuthus, son of Hellen (the mythical progenitor of all the Hellenes, whose other two sons were Aeolus and Dorus). According to Greek mythology, Ion was the illegitimate child of Creüsa, daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Xuthus. In Greek mythology, Xuthus ( Ancient Greek:) was a son of Hellen and Orseis and founder (through his sons of the Achaean and Ionian nations Note Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy, or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. For the Click beetle Genus, see Aeolus (beetle. Aeolus ( Greek:, Ailos Modern Greek In Greek mythology, Dorus is the name of the son of Hellen who was the eponymous founder of the Dorians.

Contents 1 The name of the Ionians 1.1 Mycenaean 1.2 Biblical 1.3 Assyrian 1.4 Indic 1.5 Iranian 1.6 Other 1.7 Etymology 2 Ionian language 3 Pre-Ionic Ionians 3.1 The tradition of Herodotus 3.2 The tradition of Strabo 4 Classical Ionia 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Additional bibliography 8 External links

The name of the Ionians

Unlike "Aeolians" and "Dorians", "Ionians" appears in the languages of different civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean and as far east as the Indian subcontinent. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. They are not the earliest Greeks to appear in the records; that distinction belongs to the Danaans and the Achaeans. The trail of the Ionians begins in the Mycenaean Greek records of Crete.

Mycenaean

A fragmentary Linear B tablet from Knossos (tablet Xd 146) bears the name i-ja-wo-ne, interpreted by Ventris and Chadwick^[1] as possibly the dative or nominative plural case of *Iāwones, an ethnic name. Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. Knossos (alternative spellings Knossus, Cnossus, Greek Κνωσός kno̞ˈso̞s also known as the Knossos Palace is the largest Michael George Francis Ventris ( July 12, 1922 &ndash September 6, 1956) was an English architect and classical scholar who along John Chadwick ( 21 May 1920 &ndash 24 November 1998) was an English linguist and classical scholar most The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The Knossos tablets are dated to 1400 B. C. or to 1200 B. C. They were then prior to Dorian dominance in Crete, if the name refers to Cretans. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the

The Homeric name, Iaones,^[2] used of some long-robed Greeks attacked by Hector, appears to be the same name without the *-w-. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the

Biblical

In the Book of Genesis^[3] of the English Bible Javan is a son of Japheth. This article is about the Biblical name Javan. For Katherine Kurtz 's fictional character see Javan of Gwynedd. Japheth (ˈdʒeɪfɪθ Hebrew. יפת Greek Ιάφεθ, Iapheth, Latin Iafeth or Iapetus Arabic يافث With regard to the tribal country-naming scheme of the Old Testament, in which the name of the country becomes an eponymous family founder, Javan is believed nearly universally by Bible scholars to represent the Ionians; that is, Javan is Ion. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. According to Greek mythology, Ion was the illegitimate child of Creüsa, daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Xuthus. The Hebrew is Yāwān, plural Yəwānīm. ^[4]

Additionally but less surely Japheth may be related linguistically to the Greek mythological figure Iapetus. In Greek mythology, Iapetus, also Iapetos or Japetus (Ἰαπετός was a Titan, the son of Uranus and Gaia, and father ^[5]

The locations of Biblical tribal countries have been the subjects of centuries of scholarship and yet remain to various degrees open questions. The Book of Isaiah^[6] gives what may be a hint by listing "the nations . The Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'sha'yah ספר ישעיה is a book of the Bible traditionally attributed to the Prophet Isaiah, who lived . . that have not heard my fame" (God's) including Javan and immediately after "the isles afar off. " Are the isles in apposition to Javan or the last item in the series? If the former, the expression is typically used of the population of the islands in the Aegean Sea. Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements normally Noun phrases are placed side by side with one element serving to define or modify the other Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean.

The date of the Book of Isaiah cannot precede the date of the man Isaiah, which was the 8th century BC. Isaiah (; Greek:, Ēsaiās; Arabic: اشعیاء, Ash-ee-yaa; "Salvation of/is YHWH " is

Assyrian

Some letters of the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC record attacks by what appear to be Ionians on the cities of Phoenicia:

For example, a raid by the Ionians (ia-u-na-a-a) on the Phoenician coast is reported to Tiglath-Pileser III in a letter of the 730's find at Nimrud. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. ^[7]

The Assyrian word, which is preceded by the country determinative, has been reconstructed as *Iaunaia. ^[8] More common is ia-a-ma-nu, ia-ma-nu and ia-am-na-a-a with the country determinative, reconstructed as Iamānu. ^[9] Sargon II related that he took the latter from the sea like fish and that they were from "the sea of the setting sun. Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king "^[10] If the identification of Assyrian names is correct, at least some of the Ionian marauders came from Cyprus:^[11]

Sargon's Annals for 709, claiming that tribute was sent to him by 'seven kings of Ya (ya-a'), a district of Yadnana whose distant abodes are situated a seven-days' journey in the sea of the setting sun', is confirmed by a stele set up at Citium in Cyprus 'at the base of a mountain ravine . Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Larnaca, ( Greek: Λάρνακα, Turkish: Larnaka) is a City of the Republic of Cyprus situated on the southern coast . . of Yadnana. '

Indic

Main articles: Yona and Yavana Kingdom

Ionians appear in Indic literature and documents as Yavana and Yona. "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers This article is about the kingdom of Yavana in Indian epic literature The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family In documents these names refer to the Indo-Greek Kingdoms; that is, the states formed by the Macedonians, either Alexander the Great or his successors on the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The earliest such documentation is the Edicts of Ashoka, dated to 250 BC, within 10 or 20 years. The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan

Prior to then the Yavanas appear in the Vedas with reference to the Vedic period, which could be as early as the 2nd millennium BC. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Vedas are to be distinguished from the Vedic period, which is much older than they. If there were any hope of finding aboriginal Indo-European Ionians under that name it would be there, but in the Vedas the Yavanas are a kingdom of Mlechhas, or barbarians, to the far west, out of the line of descent of Indic culture, in the same category as the Sakas, or Skythians (who spoke Iranian), and thus probably already were Greek. Mleccha (from Vedic Sanskrit म्लेच्छ mleccha, meaning "non- Aryan, Barbarian " is a derogatory term for people who did The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, They had expanded from west to east, not vice versa. The Ionians of the Aegean are the identity customarily assigned to them.

Iranian

Ionians appear in a number of Old Persian inscriptions of the Achaemenid Empire as Yaunā, a nominative plural masculine, singular Yauna;^[12] for example, in inscription of Darius on the south wall of the palace at Persepolis includes in the provinces of the empire "Ionians who are of the mainland and (those) who are by the sea, and countries which are across the sea; . The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other Persepolis ( Old Persian: Pārsa, Modern Persian: تخت جمشید/پارسه Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial . . . "^[13] At that time the empire probably extended around the Aegean to northern Greece.

Other

Modern eastern languages use the term "Ionian" to refer to all Greeks - this is true of Hebrew, Egyptian, Hunastan/Huyn in Armenian, and Yūnān/Yūnāniyy in Persian and Arabic. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Etymology

The etymology of the word is uncertain of proof. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Both Frisk and Beekes isolate an unknown root, *Ia-, pronounced *ya-. Robert S P Beekes (born in Haarlem in 1937 is Emeritus Professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at the University of Leiden and the author of many books about ^[14] There are, however, some theories:

• From an unknown early name of an eastern Mediterranean island population represented by Ha-nebu, an ancient Egyption name for the people living there. ^[15]
• From ancient Egyptian 'iwn "pillar, tree trunk" extended into 'iwnt "bow" (of wood?) and 'Iwntyw "bowmen, barbarians. "^[16] This derivation is analogous on the one hand to the possible derivation of Dorians and on the other fits the Egyptian concept of "nine bows" with reference to the Sea Peoples. The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political
• From an Indo-European onomatopoeic root *wi- or *woi- expressing a shout uttered by persons running to the assistance of others; according to Pokorny, *Iawones would mean "Verehren des Apollo", "devotees of Apollo", based on the cry iē paiōn uttered in his worship. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Julius Pokorny ( 12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter ^[17]

Ionian language

Main articles: Ancient Greek dialects and Ionic dialect

In a landmark article of 1964^[18] Vladimir Georgiev summarized the relationship of the three main historical dialects and gave an estimate of their chronology as follows. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev was a prominent Bulgarian linguist philologist and educational administrator Prior to the 20th century BC existed three dialects of Greek: Iawonic, Iawolic and Doric (Georgiev's names). Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. Iawonic was spoken in Attica, Euboea, East Boeotia and the Peloponnesus. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula

In the 16th century BC a new koinē was formed from Iawonic and Iawolic: the Mycenaean Greek language. In Linguistics, a koiné language ( common language) is a Standard language or Dialect, that has arisen as a result of contact between two Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the It persisted until about 1200 when it became the major source of Arcado-Cyprian, with some Doric influence. Arcadocypriot or southern Achaean was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and Cyprus. The Ionians taking up the tradition of epic poetry created Homeric Greek. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Ionian descends from Iawonic.

Pre-Ionic Ionians

The literary evidence of the Ionians leads back to mainland Greece in Mycenaean times before there was an Ionia. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The classical sources seem determined that they were to be called Ionians along with other names even then. This view cannot be documented with inscriptional evidence and yet the literary evidence, which is manifestly at least partially legendary, seems to reflect a general verbal tradition.

The tradition of Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus asserts:^[19]

all are Ionians who are of Athenian descent and keep the feast Apaturia. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's

He further explains:^[20]

The whole Hellenic stock was then small, and the last of all its branches and the least regarded was the Ionian; for it had no considerable city except Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's

The Ionians spread from Athens to other places in the Aegean Sea: Sifnos and Serifos,^[21] Naxos,^[22] Kea, Chalcidice, Eretria^[23] and Samos. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Sifnos (Σίφνος is an island municipality in the Cyclades island group in Greece. Seriphos or Serifos ( Greek: Σέριφος is a Greek island municipality in the Aegean Sea, located in the western Cyclades Naxos (in Greek, Νάξος) is a Greek island the largest island ( in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. Chalkidiki, also Halkidiki or Chalcidice, less often Khalkidiki and rarely Chalkidice (Χαλκιδική xalkʲiðiˈkʲi is one of the Magnesia (Μαγνησία Magnisía, maɣniˈsia deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is the name of the southeastern area of Thessaly Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off ^[24] But they were not just from Athens:^[25]

These Ionians, as long as they were in the Peloponnesus, dwelt in what is now called Achaea, and before Danaus and Xuthus came to the Peloponnesus, as the Greeks say, they were called Aegialian Pelasgians. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Danaus, or Danaos ("sleeper" Greek Δαναός) was a Greek mythological character, twin brother of Aegyptus and son of Achiroe In Greek mythology, Xuthus ( Ancient Greek:) was a son of Hellen and Orseis and founder (through his sons of the Achaean and Ionian nations Municipalities Aigeira Aigio Akrata Diakopto Sympoliteia The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek They were named Ionians after Ion the son of Xuthus. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge In Greek mythology, Xuthus ( Ancient Greek:) was a son of Hellen and Orseis and founder (through his sons of the Achaean and Ionian nations

Achaea was divided into 12 communities originally Ionian:^[26] Pellene, Aegira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegion, Rhype, Patrae, Phareae, Olenus, Dyme and Tritaeae. Pellana or Pellene or Pellane ( Greek: ἡ Πέλλανα Paus Aigeira or Aegira (Αιγείρα older el Αίγειρα also Egira, Eyira, Aiyira is a community located about 500 m SW of the Gulf "Helice" redirects here For the Crab Genus, see Helice (crab. Aigio ( Greek: Modern Αίγιο Ancient/Katharevousa -on Latin: Aegium also Egio or Egion is a town in northeast Achaea Patras ( Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, ˈpatra Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Patrae is Greece In Greek mythology, Olenus (or Olenos) was the name of several individuals Olenus was the son of Hephaestus and father of Dyme was an ancient Greek city in Achaea. It was the most westerly of the Achaean cities The most aboriginal Ionians were of Cynuria:^[27]

The Cynurians are aboriginal and seem to be the only Ionians, but they have been Dorianized by time and by Argive rule.

The tradition of Strabo

In Strabo's account of the origin of the Ionians, Hellen, son of Deucalion, ancestor of the Hellenes, king of Phthia, arranged a marriage between his son Xuthus and the daughter of king Erechtheus of Athens. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Note Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy, or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy. In Greek mythology, Deucalion (Δευκαλίων was a son of Prometheus and Pronoia. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Phthia may also refer to Phthia of Epirus, the mother of Pyrrhus of Epirus. In Greek mythology, Xuthus ( Ancient Greek:) was a son of Hellen and Orseis and founder (through his sons of the Achaean and Ionian nations Erechtheus (Ἐρεχθεύς in Greek Mythology was the name of a King of Athens, and a secondary name for two other characters In Homer Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Xuthus then founded the Tetrapolis ("Four Cities") of Attica, a rural district. Tetrapolis ( Greek:) comprised one of the twelve districts into which Attica was divided before the time of Theseus. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece His son, Achaeus, went into exile in a land subsequently called Achaea after him. Another son of Xuthus, Ion, conquered Thrace, after which the Athenians made him king of Athens. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Attica was called Ionia after his death. Those Ionians colonized Aigialia changing its name to Ionia also. Municipalities Aigeira Aigio Akrata Diakopto Sympoliteia When the Heracleidae returned the Achaeans drove the Ionians back to Athens. In Greek mythology, the Heracleidae or Heraclids were the numerous descendants of Heracles (Hercules especially applied in a narrower sense to the descendants Under the Codridae they set forth for Anatolia and founded 12 cities in Caria and Lydia following the model of the 12 cities of Achaea, formerly Ionian. Before the Athenian democracy, the Tyrants and the Archons the City-state of Athens was ruled by kings. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy ^[28]

Classical Ionia

Main article: Ionia

During the 6th century BC, Ionian coastal towns such as Miletus and Ephesus became the focus of a revolution in approaches to traditional thinking about Nature. Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Instead of explaining natural phenomena by recourse to traditional religion/myth, the cultural climate was such that men began to form hypotheses about the natural world based on ideas gained from both personal experience and deep reflection. These men - Thales and his successors - were called physiologoi, those who discoursed on Nature. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. They were sceptical of religious explanations for natural phenomena and instead sought purely mechanical and physical explanations. They are credited as being of critical importance to the development of the 'scientific attitude' towards the study of Nature. (see Ionian school)

See also

• Ionia
• Pythagoras
• Athens

Notes

Additional bibliography

• J. A. R Munro. Pelasgians and Ionians, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1934 (JSTOR).
• R. M. Cook. Ionia and Greece in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B. C. , The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1946 (JSTOR).

External links

• Myres, John Linton (1910-1911). Sir John Linton Myres ( July 3, 1869 in Preston &ndash March 6, 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist "Ionians". The Encyclopedia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information (11) 14. Cambridge, England and New York (printed): Cambridge University Press, Online Encyclopedia. Pages 730-731. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.   Note that the online edition omits the critical bibliography and runs paragraphs and section headings together. The paragraph division is not the one of the article. The reader should be aware that although useful the article necessarily omits all of modern scholarship.

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