The Ionian School, a type of Greek philosophy centred in Miletus, Ionia in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, is something of a misnomer. Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Although Ionia was a centre of Western philosophy, the scholars it produced, including Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, Diogenes Apolloniates, Archelaus, Hippo, and Thales,[1] had such diverse viewpoints that it cannot be said to be a specific school of philosophy. Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus Heraclitus of Ephesus ( Ancient Greek: &mdash grc-Latn ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'' English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca Anaxagoras ( Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας c 500 BC &ndash 428 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the Cosmological Diogenes of Apollonia (c 460 BC) an Ancient Greek natural Philosopher, was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος a Greek Natural philosopher of the 5th century BCE was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and said by some to have been a teacher of Hippo (or Hippon, Ἵππων was a Presocratic Greek philosopher of the 5th century BC. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Aristotle called them physiologoi meaning 'those who discoursed on nature', but he did not group them together as an "Ionian school". Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The classification can be traced to the second century historian of philosophy Sotion. Sotion of Alexandria (fl c 200 BC &ndash 170 BC was a Greek Doxographer and biographer and an important source for Diogenes Laertius. They are sometimes referred to as cosmologists, since they were largely physicalists who tried to explain the nature of matter. See Cosmology (disambiguation. Cosmology is the branch of Philosophy and Metaphysics that deals with the World Physicalism is a philosophical position holding that everything which exists is no more extensive than its Physical properties; that is that there are no kinds of things other
While some of these scholars are included in the Milesian school of philosophy, others are more difficult to categorize. The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC.
Most cosmologists thought that although matter can change from one form to another, all matter has something in common which does not change. They did not agree what it was that all things had in common, and did not experiment to find out, but used abstract reasoning rather than religion or mythology to explain themselves, thus becoming the first philosophers in the Western tradition. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore"
Later philosophers widened their studies to include other areas of thought. The Eleatic school, for example, also studied epistemology, or how people come to know what exists. The Eleatics were a school of pre-Socratic philosophers at Elea, a Greek colony in Campania, Italy. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge But the Ionians were the first group of philosophers that we know of, and so remain historically important.
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Thales
Thales (Greek: Θαλης) of Miletus (ca. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales 624 BCE - 545 BCE) is listed in most History of Philosophy books as the earliest western philosopher. Before Thales, the Greeks explained the origin and nature of the world through myths of anthropomorphic gods and heroes. Phenomena like lightning or earthquakes were attributed to actions of the gods. By contrast, Thales attempted to find naturalistic explanations of the world, without reference to the supernatural. He explained earthquakes by imagining that the Earth floats on water, and that earthquakes occur when the Earth is rocked by waves. Thales' most famous belief was his cosmological doctrine, which held that the world originated from water.
Anaximander
Anaximander (Greek: Άναξίμανδρος) (611 BCE – ca. Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus 546 BCE) has a reputation which is due mainly to a cosmological work, little of which remains. From the few extant fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or first principle (arche, a word first found in Anaximander's writings, and which he probably invented) is an endless, unlimited mass (apeiron), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived.
Anaximenes
Anaximenes (Greek: Άναξιμένης) of Miletus (585 BCE - 525 BCE) held that the air, with its variety of contents, its universal presence, its vague associations in popular fancy with the phenomena of life and growth, is the source of all that exists. Anaximenes (Άναξιμένης of Miletus (c 585 BC-c 525 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher from the latter half of the Anaximenes (Άναξιμένης of Miletus (c 585 BC-c 525 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher from the latter half of the Everything is air at different degrees of density, and under the influence of heat, which expands, and of cold, which contracts its volume, it gives rise to the several phases of existence. The process is gradual, and takes place in two directions, as heat or cold predominates. In this way was formed a broad disk of earth, floating on the circumambient air. Similar condensations produced the sun and stars; and the flaming state of these bodies is due to the velocity of their motions.
Heraclitus
Heraclitus (Greek: Ἡράκλειτος) of Ephesus (ca. Heraclitus of Ephesus ( Ancient Greek: &mdash grc-Latn ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'' English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca Heraclitus of Ephesus ( Ancient Greek: &mdash grc-Latn ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'' English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca 535 - 475 BCE) disagreed with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras about the nature of the ultimate substance and claimed instead that everything is derived from the Greek classical element fire, rather than from air, water, or earth. This led to the belief that change is real, and stability illusory. For Heraclitus "Everything flows, nothing stands still. " He is also famous for saying: "No man can cross the same river twice, because neither the man nor the river are the same. "
Empedocles
Empedocles (ca. Empedocles ( Greek:, ca 490–430 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Empedocles ( Greek:, ca 490–430 BC was a Greek Pre-Socratic Philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in 490 BCE – ca. 430 BCE) was a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements. He maintained that all matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire. Empedocles postulated something called Love (philia) to explain the attraction of different forms of matter, and of something called Strife (neikos) to account for their separation. He was also one of the first people to state the theory that light travels at a finite (although very large) speed, a theory that gained acceptance only much later.
Diogenes Apolloniates
Diogenes Apolloniates (ca. Diogenes of Apollonia (c 460 BC) an Ancient Greek natural Philosopher, was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace Diogenes of Apollonia (c 460 BC) an Ancient Greek natural Philosopher, was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace 460 BCE) was a native of Apollonia in Crete. Like Anaximenes, he believed air to be the one source of all being, and all other substances to be derived from it by condensation and rarefaction. His chief advance upon the doctrines of Anaximenes is that he asserted air, the primal force, to be possessed of intelligence—"the air which stirred within him not only prompted, but instructed. The air as the origin of all things is necessarily an eternal, imperishable substance, but as soul it is also necessarily endowed with consciousness. "
Archelaus
Archelaus was a Greek philosopher of the 5th century BCE, born probably in Athens, though Diogenes Laërtius (ii. Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος a Greek Natural philosopher of the 5th century BCE was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and said by some to have been a teacher of Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος a Greek Natural philosopher of the 5th century BCE was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and said by some to have been a teacher of 16) says in Miletus. He was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and is said by Ion of Chios (Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 23) to have been the teacher of Socrates. Some argue that this is probably only an attempt to connect Socrates with the Ionian School; others (e. g. Gomperz, Greek Thinkers) uphold the story. There is similar difference of opinion as regards the statement that Archelaus formulated certain ethical doctrines. In general, he followed Anaxagoras, but in his cosmology he went back to the earlier Ionians.
Hippo
Hippo (or Hippon) was a Greek philosopher of the 5th century BCE. Hippo (or Hippon, Ἵππων was a Presocratic Greek philosopher of the 5th century BC. Hippo (or Hippon, Ἵππων was a Presocratic Greek philosopher of the 5th century BC. Very little is known about him. He held that water was the principle of all things, with fire springing from water, and then developing itself by generating the universe. Primarily interested in biological matters, he was said to have been an atheist.
Notes
- ^ American International Encyclopedia, J. J. Little Co. , New York 1954, Vol VIII
See also
External links
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. This article discusses scientific theories of creation (cosmogony Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence In Philosophy, mechanism is a Theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes Hylomorphism ( Greek hylo-, "wood matter" + -morphism morphē, "form" is the philosophical theory The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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