| Ancient Region of Anatolia Ionia (Ἰωνία) |
|
 |
|
| Location | Western Anatolia |
| State existed: | 7-6th c. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black BC (as Ionian League) |
| Language | Ionic Greek |
| Biggest city | Delos |
| Persian satrapy | Yauna |
| Roman province | Asia |
 |
|
Ionia (Ancient Greek Ἰωνία or Ἰωνίη) was an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements. The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Never a unified state, it was eponymously named after the Ionian tribe who in the Archaic Period occupied mainly the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Ionians ( Greek:, Iōnes singular) were one of the three populations into which the Ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been The archaic period in Greece ( 750 BC 480 BC) is a period of Ancient Greek history Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Ionian states were identified by tradition and by their use of Eastern Greek. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided Among them was the city of Athens and its territory, Attica. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece
Ionia proper comprised a narrow coastal strip from Phocaea in the north near the mouth of the river Hermus (now the Gediz), to Miletus in the south near the mouth of the river Maeander, and included the islands of Chios and Samos. This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça In Greek mythology Hermus (Ἕρμος is the god of the river Hermus (modern Gediz river) located in Aegean region of Lydia (modern Turkey Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off It was bounded by Aeolia to the north, Lydia to the east and Caria to the south. Alternative meaning the Aeolis region of Mars. Geography Aeolis was an ancient district on the western coast of Asia Minor Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources The cities within the region figured large in the strife between the Persian Empire and the Greeks. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia
According to Greek tradition, the cities of Ionia were founded by colonists from the other side of the Aegean. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Their settlement was connected with the legendary history of the Ionic people in Attica, which asserts that the colonists were led by Neleus and Androclus, sons of Codrus, the last king of Athens. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece Codrus ( Greek:) King of Athens (r ca 1089 - 1068 BC) was according to Greek legend the last of the legendary Kings of Athens Before the Athenian democracy, the Tyrants and the Archons the City-state of Athens was ruled by kings. In accordance with this view the "Ionic migration", as it was called by later chronologers, was dated by them one hundred and forty years after the Trojan war, or sixty years after the return of the Heracleidae into the Peloponnese. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her In Greek mythology, the Heracleidae or Heraclids were the numerous descendants of Heracles (Hercules especially applied in a narrower sense to the descendants The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula [1]
Contents |
Geography
Physical
Ionia was of small extent, not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south, with a breadth varying from 20 to 30 miles, but to this must be added the peninsula of Mimas, together with the two large islands. So intricate is the coastline that the voyage along its shores was estimated at nearly four times the direct distance. A great part of this area was, moreover, occupied by mountains. Of these the most lofty and striking were Mimas and Corycus, in the peninsula which stands out to the west, facing the island of Chios; Sipylus, to the north of Smyrna, Corax, extending to the south-west from the Gulf of Smyrna, and descending to the sea between Lebedus and Teos; and the strongly marked range of Mycale, a continuation of Messogisin the interior, which forms the bold headland of Trogilium or Mycale, opposite Samos. Mount Spil (elevation 1513 m the ancient Mount Sipylus (in Turkish Spil Dağı) is a mountain rich in legends and history situated near None of these mountains attains a height of more than 4,000 feet The district comprised three extremely fertile valleys formed by the outflow of three rivers, among the most considerable in Asia Minor: the Hermus in the north, flowing into the Gulf of Smyrna, though at some distance from the city of that name; the Caster, which flowed under the walls of Ephesus; and the Maeander, which in ancient times discharged its waters into the deep gulf that once bathed the walls of Miletus, but which has been gradually filled up by this river's deposits. In Greek mythology Hermus (Ἕρμος is the god of the river Hermus (modern Gediz river) located in Aegean region of Lydia (modern Turkey The Gulf of İzmir (İzmir Körfezi formerly known as the Gulf of Smyrna, is an inlet of the Aegean Sea. The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: With the advantage of a peculiarly fine climate, for which this part of Asia Minor has been famous in all ages, Ionia enjoyed the reputation in ancient times of being the most fertile of all the rich provinces of Asia Minor; and even in modern times, though very imperfectly cultivated, it produces abundance of fruit of all kinds, and the raisins and figs of Smyrna supply almost all the markets of Europe. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile, Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family
Political
The geography of Ionia placed it in a strategic position that was both advantageous and disadvantageous. Ionia was always a maritime power founded by a people who made their living by trade in peaceful times and marauding in unsettled times. The coast was rocky and the arable land slight. The native Luwians for the most part kept their fields further inland and used the rift valleys for wooded pasture. The coastal cities were placed in defensible positions on islands or headlands situated so as to control inland routes up the rift valleys. The people of those valleys were of different ethnicity. The populations of the cities were multi-cultural and received cultural stimuli from many civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean, which resulted in a brilliant society able to make contributions of world-wide and millennial significance.
On the other hand Ionia was divided by the Aegean Sea from the mother country and could seldom be defended from there. Many imperial powers arose inland against which Ionia was forced to defend itself and to whom it was typically required finally to submit.
Demographics
Ancient demographics are available only from literary sources. Herodotus[2] states that in Asia the Ionians kept the division into twelve cities that had prevailed in Ionia of north Peloponnesus, their former homeland, which became Achaea after they left. Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern These Asian cities were (from south to north) Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos, Erythrae, Clazomenae and Phocaea, together with Samos and Chios. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Myus Caria (sometimes Myous or Myos was an ancient City-state and was one of twelve major settlements formed in the Ionian Confederation called the Ionian League Priene ( Ancient Greek: Πριήνη, Priēnē was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) at the base Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC Lebedus -- the Latinized form of the original Greek name Lebedos -- was the most northerly of the Ionian Teos (Greek Τέως or Teo, was a maritime city of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus Erythrae or Erythrai (Ἐρυθραί later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of Klazomenai (also spelled Clazomenae, Greek: Κλαζομεναί, modern-day Kilizman near İzmir in Turkey) was an This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Smyrna, originally an Aeolic colony, was afterwards occupied by Ionians from Colophon, and became an Ionian city — an event which had taken place before the time of Herodotus. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul.
These cities do not match those of Achaea. Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Moreover, the Achaea of Herodotus' time spoke Doric (Corinthian), but in Homer it is portrayed as being in the kingdom of Mycenae, which most likely spoke Mycenaean Greek, which is not Doric. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the If the Ionians came from Achaea, they departed during or after the change from East Greek to West Greek there. Mycenaean continued to evolve in a pocket, Arcadia. Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus.
There is no record of any people named Ionians in Late Bronze Age Anatolia but Hittite texts record the Achaeans of Ahhiyawa, of location not completely certain, but in touch with the Hittites of that time. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language is indexed by the Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH since 1971, edited by Emmanuel Miletus and some other cities founded earlier by non-Greeks received populations of Mycenaean Greeks probably under the name of Achaeans. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The tradition of Ionian colonizers from Achaea suggests that they may have been known by both names even then. In the absence of archaeological evidence of discontinuity at Miletus the Achaean population whatever their name appears to have descended to archaic Ionia, which does not exclude the possibility of another colonizing and founding event from Athens.
Herodotus expresses some impatience at the ethnic views of his countrymen concerning Ionia:[2] "for it is the height of folly to maintain that these Ionians are more Ionian than the rest, or in any respect better born, . . . . " He lists other ethnic populations among the settlers: Abantes from Euboea, Minyans from Orchomenos, Cadmeians, Dryopians, Phocians, Molossians, Arcadian Pelasgians, Dorians of Epidaurus, and others. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash According to Greek mythology, the Minyans ( Greek: Μινύες were an Autochthonous group inhabiting the Aegean region The Dryopians were a tribe of ancient Greece. According to Herodotus, they had once lived in a place called Dryopia later known as Doris. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture The Molossians (Μολοσσοί English: Molossoi were an ancient Greek tribe that settled Epirus during Mycenaean times The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were Epidaurus (Ἐπίδαυρος Epidavros) was a small city ( Polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. The presence of Doric Ionians is somewhat contradictory, but Herodotus himself, a major author of the Ionic dialect, was from a Doric city, Halicarnassus. Halicarnassus (Άλικαρνᾱσσός &mdash Halikarnassós or Ἁλικαρνασσός &mdash Alikarnassós Halikarnas modern Even "the purest Ionians of all", the Athenians, married girls from Caria. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources "But since these Ionians set more store by the name than any of the others, let them pass for the pure-bred Ionians. "
History
Anatolia before the Greeks was the home of Anatolian language speakers who occupied the peninsula from the Aegean coast to the mountains of the west where resided the various constituent peoples of the later Armenia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Anatolians created various semi-autonomous states which eventually came under the dominion of a central authority, the Hittite Empire. Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa That precarious state was continually threatened by civilizations speaking other languages on all three sides, the fourth being protected by the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Eventually its neighbors combined to overwhelm it, which happened in the Late Bronze Age. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for
Ionia was settled in a window of opportunity between the collapse of the Hittite Empire, with the defeat of Troy, and the rise of the last Anatolian power from a neo-Hittite splinter state, Lydia. Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or The states that are called Neo-Hittite, or more recently Syro-Hittite, were Luwian, Aramaic and Phoenician -speaking political entities of Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy It formed a short-lived Lydian Empire before the region was again overwhelmed by Iranians. In that same period the Aryans had migrated in large numbers from the steppe country to the north to form the first Iranian states in the land now named after them, Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
Settlement
During the late 13th century BC the peoples of the Aegean Sea took to marauding and resettling as a way of life and were called by the Egyptians the Sea Peoples. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political Mycenaean Greeks must have been among them. They settled lightly on the shores of Luwian Anatolia often by invitation. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the In the background was the stabilizing influence of the Hittites, who monitored maritime movement and suppressed piracy. When that power was gone the Luwian people remained in the vacuum as a number of coastal splinter states that were scarcely able now to defend themselves.
Caria and Lycia came to the attention of Athens, most powerful state remaining in Greece, which also had lost its central government ruling from Mycenae, now burned and nearly vacant. Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Ionians had been expelled from the Peloponnesus by the Dorians and had sought refuge in Athens. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were The Athenian kings decided to relieve the crowding by resettling the coast of Caria with Ionians from the Peloponnesus under native Athenian leadership.
They were not the only Greeks to have such a perception and reach such a decision. The Aeolians of Boeotia contemporaneously settled the coast of Lydia and the newly settled Dorians of Crete and the islands the coast of Lycia. The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. The Greeks descended on the Luwians of the Anatolian coast in the 10th century BC. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the The descent was not peaceful and the Luwians were not willing.
Pausanias gives a thumbnail sketch of the resettlement. [3] Miletus was the first city attacked, where there had been some Mycenaean Greeks apparently under the rule of Cretans. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the After overthrowing the Cretan government and settling there the Ionians widened their attack to Ephesus, Samos and Priene. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. Priene ( Ancient Greek: Πριήνη, Priēnē was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) at the base Combining with Aeolians from Thebes they founded Myus. The Aeolians (Αἰολεῖς were one of the three ancient Greek tribes Thebes may refer to one of the following places Thebes Greece, Boeotia Prefecture Ancient Thebes (Boeotia (gmy 𐀳𐀣 Myus Caria (sometimes Myous or Myos was an ancient City-state and was one of twelve major settlements formed in the Ionian Confederation called the Ionian League Colophon was already in the hands of Aeolians who had arrived via Crete in Mycenaean times. Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC The Ionians "swore a treaty of union" with them. They took Lebedos driving out the Carians and augmented the Aeolian population of Teos. Lebedus -- the Latinized form of the original Greek name Lebedos -- was the most northerly of the Ionian Teos (Greek Τέως or Teo, was a maritime city of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus They settled on Chios, took Erythrae from the Carians, Pamphylians (both Luwian) and Cretans. Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Erythrae or Erythrai (Ἐρυθραί later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of Clazomenae and Phocaea were settled from Colophon. Klazomenai (also spelled Clazomenae, Greek: Κλαζομεναί, modern-day Kilizman near İzmir in Turkey) was an This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC Somewhat later they took Smyrna from the Aeolians. This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day
Brief autonomy
The Ionian cities formed a religious and cultural (as opposed to a political or military) confederacy, the Ionian League, of which participation in the Panionic festival was a distinguishing characteristic. The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called The Panionium ( Ancient Greek Πανιώνιον, Paniōnion) was an Ionian Sanctuary dedicated to Poseidon Helikonios and The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called This festival took place on the north slope of Mt. Mycale in a shrine called the Panionium. Mycale (also Mycǎlé, Mukalê, Mykale and Mycali, Ancient Greek Μυκαλή; called Samsun Daği and The Panionium ( Ancient Greek Πανιώνιον, Paniōnion) was an Ionian Sanctuary dedicated to Poseidon Helikonios and In addition to the Panionic festival at Mycale, which was celebrated mainly by the Asian Ionians, both European and Asian coast Ionians convened on Delos Island each summer to worship at the temple of the Delian Apollo. The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos
But like the Amphictyonic league in Greece, the Ionic was rather of a sacred than a political character; every city enjoyed absolute autonomy, and, though common interests often united them for a common political object, they never formed a real confederacy like that of the Achaeans or Boeotians. The Amphictyonic League ( Amphictyony) was a form of Greek religious organization that was enjoined to support specific temples or sacred places and Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the The advice of Thales of Miletus to combine in a political union was rejected. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales
The colonies naturally became prosperous. Miletus especially was at an early period one of the most important commercial cities of Greece; and in its turn became the parent of numerous other colonies, which extended all around the shores of the Euxine Sea and the Propontis from Abydus and Cyzicus to Trapezus and Panticapaeum. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Cyzicus ( Κύζικος) was an ancient town of Mysia in Anatolia, situated on the shoreward side of the present peninsula of Kapu-Dagh (Arctonnesus which Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Phocaea was one of the first Greek cities whose mariners explored the shores of the western Mediterranean. This article is about the ancient city For the modern city see Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Φώκαια (modern-day Foça Ephesus, though it did not send out any colonies of importance, from an early period became a flourishing city and attained to a position corresponding in some measure to that of Smyrna at the present day. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia.
Under the last Anatolian empire
The first event in the history of Ionia of which we have any trustworthy account is the inroad of the Cimmerii, who ravaged a great part of Asia Minor, including Lydia, and sacked Magnesia on the Maeander, but were foiled in their attack upon Ephesus. See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E Magnesia on the Maeander is an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, located on the Maeander river upstream from Ephesus, near the town of Germencik This event may be referred to the middle of the 7th century BC. The 7th century BC started the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC. About 700 BC Gyges, first Mermnad king of Lydia, invaded the territories of Smyrna and Miletus, and is said to have taken Colophon as his son Ardys did Priene. Gyges (Γύγης was the founder of the third or Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings and reigned from 716 BC to 678 BC (or from c Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Colophon ( Greek) was a city in the region of Lydia in antiquity dating from about the turn of the first millennium-BC But it was not until the reign of Croesus (560–545 BC) that the cities of Ionia successively fell under Lydian rule. This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera. Events and trends 568 BC — Amtalqa succeeds his brother Aspelta as king of Kush. Events and trends 546 BC — Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys
Satrapy of the Achaemenids
The defeat of Croesus by Cyrus was followed by the conquest of all the Ionian cities. These became subject to the Persian monarchy with the other Greek cities of Asia. In this position they enjoyed a considerable amount of autonomy, but were for the most part subject to local despots, most of whom were creatures of the Persian king. It was at the instigation of one of these despots, Histiaeus of Miletus, that in about 500 BC the principal cities ignited the Ionian Revolt against Persia. Histiaeus (died 494 BC the son of Lysagoras was the Tyrant of Miletus in the late 6th century BC The Ionian Revolts were triggered by the actions of Aristagoras, the Tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus at the end of the 6th century They were at first assisted by the Athenians and Eretria, with whose aid they penetrated into the interior and burnt Sardis, an event which ultimately led to the Persian invasion of Greece. This is an article about the Greek city of Eretria on Euboea It should not be confused with Eretria in western Magnesia, Greece or the modern African nation But the fleet of [[Media:the Ionians was defeated off the island of Lade, and the destruction of Miletus after a protracted siege was followed by the reconquest of all the Asiatic Greeks, insular as well as continental. The Battle of Lade was a naval encounter that took place in 494 BC between the Ionians and the Persians.
Autonomy under the Athenian empire
The victories of the Greeks during the great Persian war had the effect of enfranchizing their kinsmen on the other side of the Aegean; and the battle of Mycale (479 BC), in which the defeat of the Persians was in great measure owing to the Ionians, secured their emancipation. The Battle of Mycale, Ancient Greek, grc-Latn Mache tes Mycales, was one of the two major battles that ended the Persian invasion of Greece during the Events By place Greece The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support They henceforth became the dependent allies of Athens (see Delian League), though still retaining their autonomy, which they preserved until the peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC once more placed them as well as the other Greek cities in Asia under the nominal dominion of Persia. The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue The Peace of Antalcidas ( 387 BC) also known as the King's Peace, was a Peace treaty that ended the Corinthian War in Ancient Greece Events By place Greece Antalcidas, commander of the Spartan navy actively assists Persia against Athens
Satrapy again
Ionian cities appear to have retained a considerable amount of freedom until the invasion of Asia Minor by Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'
Under the Macedonian kingdoms
After the battle of the Granicus most of the Ionian cities submitted to the conqueror. The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Miletus, which alone held out, was reduced after a long siege (334 BC). Events By place Persian Empire The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Orontobates. From this time they passed under the dominion of the successive Macedonian rulers of Asia, but continued, with the exception of Miletus, to enjoy great prosperity both under these Greek dynasties
Under Rome
Ionia became part of the Roman province of Asia. Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most
Legacy
Ionia has laid the world under its debt not only by giving birth to a long roll of distinguished men of letters and science (notably the Ionian School of philosophy), but also by originating the distinct school of art which prepared the way for the brilliant artistic development of Athens in the 5th century BC. The Ionian School, a type of Greek philosophy centred in Miletus, Ionia in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, is something of a misnomer The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. This school flourished between 700 and 500 BC, and is distinguished by the fineness of workmanship and minuteness of detail with which it treated subjects, inspired always to some extent by non-Greek models. Naturalism is progressively obvious in its treatment, e. g. of the human figure, but to the end it is still subservient to convention. It has been thought that the Ionian migration from Greece carried with it some part of a population which retained the artistic traditions of the Mycenaean civilization, and so caused the birth of the Ionic school; but whether this was so or not, it is certain that from the 8th century BC onwards we find the true spirit of Hellenic art, stimulated by commercial intercourse with eastern civilizations, working out its development chiefly in Ionia and its neighbouring isles. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. The great names of this school are Theodorus and Rhoecus of Samos; Bathycles of Magnesia on the Maeander; Glaucus, Melas, Micciades, Archermus, Bupalus and Athenis of Chios. Theodorus of Samos (sometimes spelled Theodoras) was a 6th century BC ancient Greek sculptor and Architect from the Greek island Bathycles of Magnesia was an Ionian sculptor of Magnesia on the Maeander. Magnesia on the Maeander is an ancient Greek city in Anatolia, located on the Maeander river upstream from Ephesus, near the town of Germencik In Greek mythology, Glaucus ("shiny" "bright" or "bluish-green" (Γλαῦκος was the name of several different figures including For the Geometer moth Genus, see Bupalus (moth. Bupalus and Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Notable works of the school still extant are the famous archaic female statues found on the Athenian Acropolis in 1885–1887, the seated statues of Branchidae, the Nike of Archermus found at Delos, and the objects in ivory and electrum found by D. Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Electrum is a naturally occurring Alloy of Gold and Silver, with trace amounts of Copper and other metals G. Hogarth in the lower strata of the Artemision at Ephesus.
The Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Urdu name for Greece is Younan (یونان), a corruption of "Ionia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία " The same is true for the Hebrew word, "Yavan" (יוון) and the Sanskrit word "yavana". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical "Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers The Ionians were the first Greek-speaking people that Semitic, Turkic and Persian language speakers encountered, and the name spread throughout the Near East and Central Asia.
This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica
Notes
- ^ Smith, William (1857). Sir William Smith (1813 &ndash 1893 English Lexicographer, was born at Enfield in 1813 of Nonconformist parents Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Volume II Iabadius-Zymethus. London: Walton and Maberly, Ionia pages 60-61.
- ^ a b Histories Book I sections 145-146.
- ^ Guide to Greece Book 7 Sections 5-7.
See also
| Historical regions of Anatolia | |
|---|---|
| Aeolis | Cappadocia | Caria | Cilicia | Bithynia | Galatia | Ionia | Lycaonia | Lycia | Lydia | Mysia | Pamphylia | Paphlagonia | Phrygia | Pisidia | Pontos | Troad | |
Dictionary
Ionia
-proper noun
- (historical) An Ancient Greek settlement on the west coast of Asia Minor inhabited by the Ionians, one of the four main Hellenic tribes.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic