Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. In most cases the term is used to denote the processes of purification, separation, and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-containing solutions with solid polymeric or mineralic 'ion exchangers'. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific

Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus. ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure normally in the form of small (1-2 mm diameter beads usually white or yellowish fabricated from an organic Polymer A gel (from the lat gelu &mdashfreezing cold ice or gelatus &mdashfrozen immobile is an apparently solid jelly-like material formed from a Zeolites (Greek zein, "to boil" lithos, "a stone" are hydrated Aluminosilicate Minerals and have a micro-porous structure Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate mineral that typically forms in microscopic Crystals forming a clay. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be more efficiently performed in mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins, or passing the treated solution through several different ion exchange materials.

Ion exchangers can be unselective or have binding preferences for certain ions or classes of ions, depending on their chemical structure. Chemical structure refers to Molecular geometry, Electronic structure and Crystal structure. This can be dependent on the size of the ions, their charge, or their structure. Typical examples of ions that can bind to ion exchangers are:

• H⁺ (proton) and OH⁻ (hydroxide)
• Single charged monoatomic ions like Na⁺, K⁺, or Cl⁻
• Double charged monoatomic ions like Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺
• Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO₄²⁻ or PO₄³⁻
• Organic bases, usually molecules containing the amino functional group -NR₂H⁺
• Organic acids, often molecules containing -COO⁻ (carboxylic acid) functional groups
• Biomolecules which can be ionized: amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc. The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. An organic base is an Organic compound which acts as a base. Organic bases are usually but not always proton acceptors In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by A biomolecule is any organic Molecule that is produced by living Organisms including large Polymeric molecules such as Proteins In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Ion exchange is a reversible process and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded with desirable ions by washing with an excess of these ions.

Contents 1 Applications 2 Others 3 References 4 External links

Applications

Most typical example of application is preparation of high purity water for electronic and nuclear industries; i. e. polymeric or mineralic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used for water softening, water purification, water decontamination, etc. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. A water softener reduces the dissolved Calcium, Magnesium, and to some degree Manganese and Ferrous iron ion concentration in Hard water Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source

Ion exchange is a method widely used in household (laundry detergents and water filters) to produce soft water. Laundry detergent, or washing powder, is a substance which is a type of Detergent that is added when one is washing Laundry to help get the laundry cleaner Soft water the term used to describe types of Water that contain few or no Calcium or Magnesium metal cations. This is accomplished by exchanging calcium Ca²⁺ and magnesium Mg²⁺ cations against Na⁺ or H⁺ cations (see water softening). Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 A water softener reduces the dissolved Calcium, Magnesium, and to some degree Manganese and Ferrous iron ion concentration in Hard water

Ion exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used for chemical analysis and separation of ions. Ion-exchange chromatography (or ion chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of Ions and Polar molecules based on the charge properties of Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory For example, in biochemistry it is widely used to separate charged molecules such as proteins. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Ion exchangers are used to enrich and purify precious metals, including uranium, lutetium, neodymium, samarium, and thallium. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81

An important area of the application is extraction and purification of biologically produced substances such as amino acids and proteins.

Industrial and analytical ion exchange chromatography is another area to be mentioned. Ion-exchange chromatography (or ion chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of Ions and Polar molecules based on the charge properties of

Ion exchangers are used in nuclear reprocessing and the treatment of radioactive waste. Nuclear reprocessing separates components of Spent nuclear fuel such as Reprocessed uranium Plutonium Minor Radioactive wastes are Waste types containing radioactive Chemical elements that do not have a practical purpose

Ion Exchange is also widely used in the food & beverage, hydrometallurgical, metals finishing, chemical & petrochemical, pharmaceutical, sugar & sweeteners, ground & potable water, nuclear, softening & industrial water, semiconductor, power, and a host of other industries.

Others

In soil science, cation exchange capacity is the ion exchange capacity of soil for positively charged ions. Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping In Soil science, cation exchange capacity (CEC is the capacity of a Soil for Ion exchange of positively charged ions between the soil and the Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Soils can be considered as natural weak cation exchangers.

References

• F. Helfferich, Ion Exchange, McGraw Hill, New York, 1962 (Bible of the subject).
• Ion Exchangers (K. Dorfner, ed. ), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.
• Ion exchange (D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky), M. Dekker, New York, 2000.
• A. A. Zagorodni, Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.

External links

• Illustrated and well defined chemistry lab practical on ion exchange from Dartmouth College
• Some applets illustrating ion exchange processes
• A simple explanation of deionization
• Ion exchange, BioMineWiki

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