An invention is a new form, composition of matter, device, or process. Some inventions are based on pre-existing forms, compositions, processes or ideas. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. Other inventions are radical breakthroughs which may extend the boundaries of human knowledge or experience.

Invention that gets out into the world is innovation, and as such it may be a major breakthrough, it may have a minor or incremental impact or its effect can be in between these two extremes.

There is also a “cultural invention” which is an innovative set of useful behaviors adopted by people who then pass them on. Cultural invention describes any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people but which does not exist as a physical object ^[1]

An invention that is novel and not obvious to those who are skilled in the same field may be able to obtain the legal protection of a patent. Novelty is a Patentability test according to which an Invention is not patentable if it was already known before the date of filing or before the date of The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a same general Patentability requirement present in most Patent Laws according to which an The person having ordinary skill in the art (often abbreviated PHOSITA in the United States) the person skilled in the art or the man skilled A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an

Contents 1 The process of invention 2 Artistic invention 2.1 In art, design and architecture 2.2 In music 2.3 In literature 2.4 In the performing arts 2.5 In other arts 3 Getting inventions out into the world 4 Invention and innovation 5 Quotes 6 External links 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 References

The process of invention

Invention is a highly creative process. Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts

“Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. ” Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Nobel Prize 1937 ^[2]

An open curious mind enables one to see beyond what is known. Albert Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt ( September 16, 1893 &ndash October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian Physiologist who The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Inventors think outside of the box. "Hell, there are no rules here — we're trying to accomplish something new. " Thomas A. Edison ^[3] Seeing a new possibility, a new connection or relationship can spark invention.

Inventive thinking frequently involves combining elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Inventors skip over the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields. Ways of thinking, materials, processes or tools from one realm are used as nobody had ever imagined in a different realm. This is how Cubism, one of the most revolutionary innovations in art was invented. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Taking ideas from primitive culture, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque reinvented art in the civilized world. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Georges Braque ( May 13, 1882 &ndash August 31, 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor ^[4]

Play can lead to invention. Play is a Rite and a quality of mind in engaging with one's worldview. “All sorts of things can happen when you’re open to new ideas and playing around with things. ” Kevlar inventor, Stephanie Kwolek. Stephanie Kwolek (born July 31, 1923) is an American Chemist who discovered poly-paraphenylene terephtalamide&mdashbetter known as Kevlar ^[5] Childhood curiosity, experimentation and imagination can develop into a play instinct that is an inner need according to Carl Jung. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations. ^[6] Inventing is a passion that can be an obsession. “The state of mind which enables a man to do work of this kind is akin to that of the religious worshiper or the lover; the daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or program, but straight from the heart. ” Albert Einstein^[7]

Einstein also said, “To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old questions from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical ”^[8] and “Imagination is more important than knowledge. ”^[9] Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their mind. New ideas often come when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem, when you are focusing on something else, relaxing, at rest or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash - Eureka! For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream “like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision. EUREKA, often abbreviated as "E!" is a pan-European Research and development funding and coordination organisation ”^[10]

Inventing also takes insight. It may begin with questions, doubt or a hunch. It may begin by recognizing that something unusual or accidental may be useful or that it opens a new avenue for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding a thousand times too much catalyst led scientists to explore its metal-like properties, inventing electrically conductive plastic and light emitting plastic - invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 (see conductive polymer, and organic light-emitting diode or PLED). Semiconducting and metallic “organic” polymers are based on Sp2 Hybridized linear carbon chains An Organic Light Emitting Diode ( OLED) also Light Emitting Polymer ( LEP) and Organic Electro Luminescence ( OEL) is any An Organic Light Emitting Diode ( OLED) also Light Emitting Polymer ( LEP) and Organic Electro Luminescence ( OEL) is any ^[11]

“Inspiration exists, but it has to find us working. ” Picasso ^[12] No matter how complete the initial idea is as a spark, a hunch or a vision, inventions typically have to be worked. An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. Inventing is often an exploratory process, full of risk, with failures as well as successes, and it's outcome is not known or not fully known. “If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?” Einstein^[13] Inventors believe in their ideas and they do not give up in the face of one or many failures. Their perseverance, confidence and passion is famous. “If I find 10,000 ways something won't work, I haven't failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. ” Thomas A. Edison, who also declared, “I never did a day's work in my life, it was all fun. ” ^[14]

Inventors want to satisfy a need, they try to solve a problem or make something better, asking what if or, wouldn't it be great if. "Discontent is the first necessity of progress. " Edison ^[15] Inventors may for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more ecologically friendly, or aesthetically different, e. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called g. , lighter weight, more ergonomic, structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc. Ergonomics is the Scientific discipline concerned with Designing according to the human needs and the profession that applies theory principles data and methods ^[16] Or an entirely new invention may be created like the Internet, email, the telephone or electric light. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information " Electric Light " is a song by Infernal, scheduled to be their next single after " Whenever You Need Me " off their album Electric "Necessity, who is the mother of invention. " Plato ^[17] Yet invention is also the mother of necessity. Nobody needed a phonograph before Edision invented it, the need for it developed afterwards. Likewise, few ever imagined the telephone or the airplane prior to their invention, but many people cannot live without these inventions now. ^[18]

The idea for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by trial and error, by making models, by experimenting, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form. Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of Problem solving for obtaining Knowledge, both Propositional knowledge and Know-how In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or As the dialogue between Picasso and Braque brought about Cubism, collaboration has spawned many inventions. Brainstorming can spark new ideas. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents. Now it is easier than ever for people in different locations to collaborate. Many inventors keep records of their working process - notebooks, photos, etc. An inventor's notebook is used by Inventors Scientists and Engineers to record their ideas Invention process experimental tests and results and An inventor's notebook is used by Inventors Scientists and Engineers to record their ideas Invention process experimental tests and results and , including Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence ^[19] In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even morph into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too. There is only one country in the world that will grant patent rights for an invention that continues part of an invention in a previously filed patent, the United States.

The creation of an invention and its use can be effected by practical considerations. Some inventions are not created in the order that enables them to be most useful. For example, the parachute was invented before powered flight. A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Flight is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the Air (or movement beyond Earth's atmosphere, in the case of ^[20] There are inventions that are too expensive to produce and inventions that require scientific advancements that have not yet occurred. ^[21] These barriers can erode or disappear as the economic situation changes or as science develops. But history shows that turning an invention that is only an idea into reality can take any amount of time, even centuries as demonstrated by inventions originally conceived by Leonardo da Vinci which are now in physical form and commonplace in our lives. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer ^[22] Interestingly, some invention that exists as only an idea and has never been made in reality can obtain patent protection. ^[23]

An invention can serve many purposes, these purposes might differ significantly and they may change over time. An invention or a further developed version of it may serve purposes never envisioned by its original inventor(s) or even by others living at the time of its original invention. As an example, consider all the kinds of plastic developed, their innumerable uses, and the tremendous growth this material invention is still undergoing today. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products ^[24]

Artistic invention

Invention has a long and important history in the arts. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the creative process. Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts While some inventions in the arts are patentable, others are not because they cannot fulfill the strict requirements governments have established for granting them, (see patent). Within the context of a national or multilateral body of Law, an Invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an

In art, design and architecture

“A man paints with his brains and not with his hands. ” Michelangelo^[25]

Art is continuously reinvented. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Many artists, designers, and architects think like inventors. As they create, they may for example: explore beyond that which is known or obvious, push against barriers, change or discard conventions, and/or break into new territory. Some artists are inventors and among their inventions are important contributions to visual art as well as other fields.

Some visual artists like Picasso become inventors in the process of creating art. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Inventions by other artists are separate from their art, such as the scientific inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Some inventions in visual art employ prior developments in science or technology. For example, Picasso and Julio Gonzalez used welding to invent a new kind of sculpture, the form of which could be more open to light and air, and more recently, computer software has enabled an explosion of invention in visual art, including the invention of computer art, and invention in photography, film, architecture and design. Julio González ( 21 September, 1876 - 27 March, 1942) was a Spanish abstract, Cubist painter and Computer art is any Art Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Like the invention of welded sculpture, other inventions in art are new art forms, for example, the collage and the construction invented by Picasso, the Readymade invented by Marcel Duchamp, the mobile invented by Alexander Calder, the combine invented by Robert Rauschenberg, and the shaped painting invented by Frank Stella. A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole The term found art &mdashmore commonly found object (objet trouvé or readymade &mdashdescribes Art created from the undisguised but often modified Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Alexander Calder (22 July 1898 – 11 November 1976 also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and Artist most famous for inventing Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and Printmaker. A number of art movements were inventions often created collaboratively, such as Cubism invented by Picasso and Braque. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Georges Braque ( May 13, 1882 &ndash August 31, 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor Substantial inventions in art, design and architecture were made possible by inventions and improvements in the tools of the trade. The invention of Impressionist painting, for example, was possible because the prior invention of collapsible, resealable metal paint tubes facilitated spontaneous painting outdoors. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Inventions originally created in the form of artwork can also develop other uses, as Alexander Calder's mobile is commonly used over babies' cribs today. Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture can support the realization of the invention or other creative work. Frederic Auguste Bartholdi's 1879 patent on the Statue of Liberty helped fund the statue currently in New York harbor because it covered small replicas. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( August 2, 1834 – October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde commonly known as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté was presented ^[26].

Among other artists, designers and architects who are or were inventors are: Filippo Brunelleschi, Le Corbusier, Naum Gabo, Louis Comfort Tiffany, John La Farge, Buckminster Fuller, Jackson Pollock, Man Ray, Yves Klein, Henry N. Cobb, I. M. Pei, Kenneth Snelson, Helen Frankenthaler, Chuck (Charles) Hoberman and Ingo Maurer. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Naum Gabo KBE, born Naum Neemia Pevsner ( August 5 1890 - August 23 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts John La Farge ( March 31, 1835 &ndash November 14, 1910) was an American painter stained glass window maker decorator and Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller ( July 12, 1895 &ndash July 1, 1983) was an American Architect, Author Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28 1912 &ndash August 11 1956 was an influential American painter and a major force in the abstract expressionist movement Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Yves Klein ( 28 April 1928 - 6 June 1962) was a French artist and is considered an important figure in post-war European Henry N Cobb (born April 8, 1926 in Boston Massachusetts) is an American Architect and founding partner with I Ieoh Ming Pei ( (b April 26, 1917) commonly known by his initials I Kenneth Snelson (born June 29, Helen Frankenthaler (born December 12, 1928) is an American Post-painterly abstraction artist Chuck Hoberman is an inventor of folding Toys and structures most notably the Hoberman sphere. Some of their inventions have been patented. Others might have fulfilled the requirements of a patent, like the Cubist image. Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European There are also inventions in visual art that do not fit into the requirements of a patent. Examples are inventions that cannot be differentiated from that which has already existed clearly enough for approval by government patent offices, such as Duchamp's Readymade and other conceptual works. Invention whose inventor or inventors are not known cannot be patented, such as the invention of abstract art or abstract painting, oil painting, Process Art, Installation art and Light Art. Abstract art uses a Visual language of form color and line to create a composition which exists independently of visual references to the world Abstract art uses a Visual language of form color and line to create a composition which exists independently of visual references to the world Oil painting is the process of painting with Pigments that are bound with a medium of Drying oil — especially in early modern Europe Linseed oil Process art is an Artistic movement as well as a creative sentiment and world view where the end product of art and craft, the objet d’art Installation art uses sculptural materials and other media to modify the way a particular space is experienced Also, when it cannot or has not been determined whether something was a first in human history or not, there may not be a patentable invention even though it may be considered an invention in the realm of art. For example, Picasso is credited with inventing collage though this probably was done earlier in a culture outside of the western world.

Inventions in the visual arts that may be patentable might be new materials or mediums, they might be new kinds of images, they might be new processes, they might be novel designs, or they may be a combination of these. Inventions by Filippo Brunelleschi, Louis Comfort Tiffany, John La Farge, Chuck (Charles) Hoberman and others received patents. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. Louis Comfort Tiffany ( February 18, 1848 &ndash January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts John La Farge ( March 31, 1835 &ndash November 14, 1910) was an American painter stained glass window maker decorator and Chuck Hoberman is an inventor of folding Toys and structures most notably the Hoberman sphere. The color, International Klein Blue invented by Yves Klein was patented in 1960 and used two years later in his sculpture. The International Klein Blue ( IKB) is a deep Blue hue first mixed by the French Artist Yves Klein. Yves Klein ( 28 April 1928 - 6 June 1962) was a French artist and is considered an important figure in post-war European Inventions by Kenneth Snelson which are crucial to his sculptures are patented. Kenneth Snelson (born June 29, R. Buckminster Fuller's famous geodesic dome is covered in one of his 28 US patents (see them all at http://bfi.org/node/75). A geodesic dome is an almost spherical shell structure based on a network of Great circles ( Geodesics lying approximately on the surface of a Sphere Ingo Maurer known for his lighting design has a series of patents on inventions in these works. Many inventions created collaboratively by designers at IDEO Inc. IDEO is a Design consultancy based in Palo Alto California, United States with other offices in San Francisco, Chicago, have been patented. Countless other examples can easily be found by searching patents at the websites of the Patent Offices of various countries, such as http://www.USPTO.gov. Inventions in design can be protected in a special kind of patent called a "design patent. In the United States, a design patent is a Patent granted on the ornamental design of a functional item " The first design patent was granted in 1842 to George Bruce for a new font. See a database of patents in the arts at http://www.patenting-art.com/database/dbase1-e.htm. See images and text from some patents in the arts at http://www.patenting-art.com/images/images-e.htm. ^[27]

In music

Music has been expanded by invention over the course of thousands of years. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.

In literature

In the performing arts

The value of invention in acting was noted by Paul Newman when discussing his reasons for retiring, "You start to lose your memory, your confidence, your invention. Acting is the work of an Actor or Actress, which is a person in Theatre, Television, Film, or any other Storytelling Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award So that's pretty much a closed book for me. "^[28] Work by Martha Graham and many other artists is known for invention. ^[29]

In other arts

Invention is important in other arts.

Getting inventions out into the world

Inventions get out into the world in different ways. Some of them are sold, licensed or given away as products or services. Simply exhibiting visual art, playing music or having a performance gets many artistic inventions out into the world. Believing in the success of an invention can involve risk, so it can be difficult to obtain support and funding. Grants, inventor associations, clubs and business incubators can provide the mentoring, skills and resources some inventors need. Business incubators are programs designed to accelerate the successful development of Entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services developed Success at getting an invention out into the world often requires passion for it and good entrepreneural skills. Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new Organizations or revitalizing mature Organizations particularly new Businesses generally in response to identified ^[30]

"Make a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door. " -Ralph Waldo Emerson ^[31]

In economic theory, inventions are one of the chief examples of "positive externalities," a beneficial side-effect that falls on those outside a transaction or activity. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities should be internalized - unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the parties will be under-rewarded for their inventions, and systematic under-rewarding will lead to under investment in activities that lead to inventions. The patent system captures those positive externalities for the inventor or other patent owner, so that the economy as a whole will invest a more-closely-optimum amount of resources in the process of invention. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision

Invention and innovation

Main article: Innovation

Innovation is "something new or different introduced. The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations " www. Dictionary. com ^[32]

In the social sciences, an innovation is anything new to a culture, whether it has been adopted or not. The theory for adoption (or non-adoption) of an innovation called diffusion of innovations considers the likelihood that an innovation will ever be adopted and the taxonomy of persons likely to adopt it or spur its adoption. According to Rogers(2003 "Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social System This theory was first put forth by Everett Rogers. Everett M Rogers ( March 6, 1931 - October 21, 2004) communications scholar pioneer of Diffusion of innovations theory writer ^[33] Gabriel Tarde also dealt with the adoption of innovations in his Laws of Imitation. Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short ( March 12, 1843 in Sarlat, France &ndash May 13, 1904 ^[34]

Quotes

• "Every herd of wild cattle has its leaders, its influential heads. " Gabriel Tarde ^[35]

• “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short ( March 12, 1843 in Sarlat, France &ndash May 13, 1904 ” Albert Einstein^[36]

• “Why does the eye see a thing more clearly in dreams than the imagination when awake?” Leonardo da Vinci

• “Everything you can imagine is real. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer ” Pablo Picasso^[37]

• "Nearly every man who develops an idea works it up to the point where it looks impossible, and then gets discouraged. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 That's not the place to become discouraged. " Thomas A. Edison ^[38]

• "I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success. " Nikola Tesla, inventor ^[39]

• “Our imagination is stretched to the utmost, not, as in fiction, to imagine things which are not really there, but just to comprehend those things which are there. There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page ” Richard Feynman ^[40]

• “For example, if you're doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid — not only what you think is right about it. Richard Phillips Feynman (ˈfaɪnmən May 11 1918 – February 15 1988 was an American Physicist known for the Path integral formulation of quantum . . Details that could throw doubt on your interpretation must be given, if you know them. ” Richard Feynman ^[41]

• “What I cannot create, I do not understand. ” Richard Feynman^[42]

• “We absolutely must leave room for doubt or there is no progress and no learning. ” Richard Feynman ^[43]

• “When most people think that everything is working normally, an inventor will home in on the absurdity, the utter foolishness of the way everyone seems to accept the world as it is. Others won’t even see what’s wrong-until the inventor stumbles across it. By isolating a problem in a new way, by redefining it, by focusing it does to something more specific than meets the average eye, the inventor constructs a new possibility where none was though to have existed. ” Evan I. Schwartz^[44]

• “Wherever smart people work, doors are unlocked. ” Steve Wozniak^[45]

External links

• Smithsonian Institution, Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation http://www.invention.smithsonian.org/home/
• List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions (on the WIPO web site)
• http://www.patenting-art.com

See also

• Bayh-Dole Act
• Chindōgu
• Creativity
• Creativity techniques
• Cultural invention
• Design patent (US patent law)
• Diffusion of innovations
• EU Directive on the patentability of biotechnological inventions
• EU Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (proposed, then rejected)
• Discovery
• Edisonian approach
• Invention (musical composition)
• Invention promotion firm
• Inventive step and non-obviousness (patentability requirements)
• Inventor
• Inventor's Day
• Islamic inventions
• Kranzberg's laws of technology
• Lemelson-MIT Prize
• List of Chinese inventions
• List of United States inventions
• List of inventions named after people
• List of inventors
• Mad scientist
• Mind's eye
• National Inventors Hall of Fame
• Patent
• Technology
• The heroic theory of invention and scientific development
• Thinking outside the box
• Timeline of invention, for a detailed list of inventions, listed by date of invention
• TRIZ approach

Bibliography

• Asimov, Isaac. The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO) is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations. The Bayh-Dole Act or University and Small Business Patent Procedures Act is the United States legislation dealing with intellectual property arising from is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday Gadgets that on the face of it seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Creativity techniques are methods that encourage original thoughts and Divergent thinking. Cultural invention describes any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people but which does not exist as a physical object In the United States, a design patent is a Patent granted on the ornamental design of a functional item According to Rogers(2003 "Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social System Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions is a European Union directive in the The European Union (EU Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions ( 2002/0047/COD) was a proposal for an EU law which aimed to harmonise For the compulsory pre-trial disclosure of documents relevant to a case see Discovery (law Discovery Observations form acts of detecting The Edisonian approach to innovation is characterized by Trial and error discovery rather than a systematic theoretical approach In Music, an invention is a short composition (usually for a Keyboard instrument) with two-part Counterpoint. Invention promotion firms or invention submission firms provide services to Inventors to help them develop or market their Inventions These firms may offer The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a same general Patentability requirement present in most Patent Laws according to which an Within the context of a national or multilateral body of Law, an Invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means Inventor's Day is a day of the year set aside by a Country to recognise the contributions of Inventors Not all countries recognise Inventors's Day. Melvin Kranzberg 's six laws of technology state 1st - Technology is neither good nor bad nor is it neutral The $500000 Lemelson-MIT Prize, presented by the Lemelson-MIT Program (endowed in 1994 by Jerome H China has been the source of some of the world's most significant Inventions, including the Four Great Inventions of ancient China: Paper, the 1700s 1731 Sextant The sextant is an astronomical instrument that is used to determine latitude for navigation This is a list of Inventions followed by name of the Inventor (or whom it is named after This is a list of Inventors. See also List of scientists, Timeline of invention, List of inventions named after people, List The phrase " mind's eye " refers to the human ability for visual Perception, Imagination, Visualization, and Memory, or in other words The National Inventors Hall of Fame is an organization that recognizes Inventors and invention everywhere promotes creativity and advances the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt The timeline of TRIZ (triːz is a romanized Acronym for Russian “ru Теория решения изобретательских задач” () meaning Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery, Harper & Row, 1989. ISBN 0-06-015612-0
• De Bono, Edward, "Eureka! An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer", Thames & Hudson, 1974. Edward de Bono (born May 19, 1933, in Malta
• Gowlett, John. Ascent to Civilization, McGraw-Hill, Inc. , 1992. ISBN 0-07-544312-0
• Platt, Richard, "Eureka!: Great Inventions and How They Happened", 2003.
• Patenting Art and Entertainment by Gregory Aharonian and Richard Stim (2004)

References

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic