Interlingua
Logo:
Pronunciation:	/inteɾˈliŋɡwa/
Created by:	International Auxiliary Language Association	1951
Setting and usage:	Scientific registration of international vocabulary; international auxiliary language
Total speakers:	unknown
Category (purpose):	international auxiliary language  Interlingua
Writing system:	Latin alphabet
Category (sources):	French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, German, English, Russian and Latin
Regulated by:	no regulating body
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	ia
ISO 639-2:	ina
ISO 639-3:	ina
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Interlingua is an international auxiliary language (IAL) published in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment Despite no estimate of speakers, it is regarded as the most widely spoken naturalistic auxiliary language^[1]. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from Interlingua was developed to combine a simple, regular grammar^[2][3] with a vocabulary common to the widest possible range of languages,^[4] making it unusually easy to learn. ^[5] Conversely, it is used as a rapid introduction to many natural languages. ^[1] Interlingua is also unusual for being immediately understandable to hundreds of millions of people^[6] who speak a Romance language. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Rationale 3 History 3.1 International Auxiliary Language Association 3.2 Development of a new language 3.3 Success, decline, and resurgence 3.4 In the Soviet bloc 3.5 Interlingua today 4 Community 5 Phonology and orthography 5.1 Phonology 5.2 Orthography and pronunciation 5.2.1 Stress 5.2.2 Loanwords 5.3 Phonotactics 6 Vocabulary 6.1 Eligibility 6.2 Form 6.3 An illustration 6.4 Notes on Interlingua vocabulary 7 Grammar 8 Criticisms and controversies 9 Samples 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links

Etymology

The name Interlingua comes from the Latin words inter, meaning between, and lingua, meaning tongue or language. These morphemes are identical in Interlingua. Thus, Interlingua would be "between language".

Rationale

The expansive movements of science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and the arts, combined with the historical dominance of the Greek and Latin languages have resulted in a large common vocabulary among Western languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. With Interlingua an objective procedure is used to extract and standardize the most widespread word or words for a concept found in a set of control languages: English, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, with German and Russian as secondary references. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Words from any language are eligible for inclusion, so long as their internationality is shown by their presence in these control languages. Hence, Interlingua includes such diverse word forms as Japanese geisha and samurai, Arabic califa, Aboriginal kanguru, and Finnish sauna. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside ^[4]

Interlingua combines this pre-existing vocabulary with a minimal grammar based on the control languages. People with a good knowledge of a Romance language, or a smattering of a Romance language plus a good knowledge of the international scientific vocabulary can frequently understand it immediately on reading or hearing it. International Scientific Vocabulary (or ISV) is a form of vocabulary comprising scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain but which Educated speakers of English also enjoy this easy comprehension. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[7] The immediate comprehension of Interlingua, in turn, makes it unusually easy to learn. Speakers of other languages can also learn to speak and write Interlingua in a short time, thanks to its simple grammar and regular word formation using a small number of roots and affixes. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word ^[8]

Once learned, Interlingua can be used to learn other related languages quickly and easily, and in some studies, even to understand them immediately. Research with Swedish students has shown that, after learning Interlingua, they can translate elementary texts from Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the In one 1974 study, an Interlingua class translated a Spanish text that students who had taken 150 hours of Spanish found too difficult to understand. Gopsill^[1] has suggested that Interlingua's freedom from irregularities allowed the students to grasp the mechanisms of language quickly. ^[8]

Words in Interlingua retain their natural form; they are never distorted to fit a pre-existing grammar or set of rules. Each word retains its normal spelling, pronunciation, and meanings. For this reason, Interlingua is frequently termed a naturalistic IAL.

History

Main article: History of Interlingua

The American heiress Alice Vanderbilt Morris (1874–1950) became interested in linguistics and the international auxiliary language movement in the early 1920s, and in 1924, Morris and her husband, Dave Hennen Morris, established the non-profit International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) in New York City. Alice Vanderbilt Morris (1874-1950 born Alice Vanderbilt Shepard, was the daughter of Elliot Fitch Shepard (1833-1893 and Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt (1845-1924 Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. David Hennen Morris ( 24 April 1872 - 4 May 1944) was born in New Orleans to Cora Hennen and John A The City of New York Their aim was to place the study of IALs on a scientific basis. Morris developed the research program of IALA in consultation with Edward Sapir, William Edward Collinson, and Otto Jespersen. Edward Sapir (səˈpɪər ( January 26 1884 &ndash February 4 1939) was a Jewish German - American William Edward Collinson ( 4 January 1889 - 5 June 1969) was an eminent British linguist and from 1914 to 1954 Chair of German at the Jens Otto Harry Jespersen or Otto Jespersen ʌtˢo ˈjɛsb̥ɐsn̩ ( July 16, 1860 - April 30, 1943) was a Danish linguist ^[9]

International Auxiliary Language Association

The IALA became a major supporter of mainstream American linguistics, funding, for example, numerous studies by Sapir, Collinson, and Morris Swadesh in the 1930s and 1940s. Morris Swadesh ( January 22, 1909 - July 20, 1967) was an American linguist. Morris herself edited several of these studies and provided much of IALA's financial support. ^[10] IALA also received support from such prestigious groups as the Carnegie Corporation, the Ford Foundation, the Research Corporation, and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Carnegie Corporation of New York is a nonprofit organization in the United States. The Ford Foundation is a Private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by The Research Corporation is an organization in the United States devoted to the advancement of Science, funding research projects in the physical sciences The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. ^[11]

In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals; building a library of books about languages and interlinguistics; and comparing extant IALs, including Esperanto, Esperanto II, Ido, Latino Sine Flexione, Novial, and Occidental. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Interlinguistics is the study of various aspects of international Communication. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Esperanto II was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937 the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier Latino sine flexione ( Latin without Inflections is an Auxiliary language invented by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858 - 1932 Novial ("new" + ''IAL International Auxiliary Language'' is a constructed International auxiliary language (IAL intended to facilitate international The Language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl In pursuit of the last goal, it conducted parallel studies of these languages, with comparative studies of national languages, under the direction of scholars at American and European universities. ^[10] It also arranged conferences with proponents of these IALs, who debated features and goals of their respective languages. With a "concession rule" that required participants to make a certain number of concessions, early debates at IALA sometimes grew from heated to explosive. ^[1]

At the Second International Interlanguage Congress, held in Geneva in 1931, IALA began to break new ground; 27 recognized linguists signed a testimonial of support for IALA's research program. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An additional eight added their signatures at the third congress, convened in Rome in 1933. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[1] That same year, Professor Herbert N. Shenton and Dr. Herbert Newhard Shenton was a professor of Sociology at Columbia University and later at Syracuse University in New York Edward L. Thorndike became influential in IALA's work by authoring key studies in the interlinguistic field. Edward Lee Thorndike ( August 31, 1874 Williamsburg Mass – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who ^[10]

The first steps towards the finalization of Interlingua were taken in 1937, when a committee of 24 eminent linguists from 19 universities published Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the intended biannual meetings of the committee. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[1]

Development of a new language

Originally, the association had not set out to create its own language. Its goal was to identify which auxiliary language already available was best suited for international communication, and how to promote it most effectively. However, after ten years of research, more and more members of IALA concluded that none of the existing interlanguages were up to the task. An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a Second language (or L2 who has not become fully proficient yet but is By 1937, the members had made the decision to create a new language, to the surprise of the world's interlanguage community. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[12]

To that point, much of the debate had been equivocal on the decision to use naturalistic (e. g. , Novial and Occidental) or systematic (e. Novial ("new" + ''IAL International Auxiliary Language'' is a constructed International auxiliary language (IAL intended to facilitate international The Language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl g. , Esperanto and Ido) words. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier During the war years, proponents of a naturalistic interlanguage won out. The first support was Dr. Thorndike's paper; the second was a concession by proponents of the systematic languages that thousands of words were already present in many – or even a majority – of the European languages. Their argument was that systematic derivation of words was a Procrustian bed, forcing the learner to unlearn and re-memorize a new derivation scheme when a usable vocabulary was already available. "Damastes" redirects here For the huntman spider see Damastes or Sparassidae. This finally convinced supporters of the systematic languages, and IALA from that point assumed the position that a naturalistic language would be best. ^[1]

At the outbreak of World War II, IALA's research activities were moved from Liverpool to New York, where E. Clark Stillman established a new research staff. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ezra Clark Stillman (1907-1995 laid out the Criteria for extracting and standardizing the vocabulary of Interlingua. ^[10] Stillman, with the assistance of Dr. Alexander Gode, developed a prototyping technique – an objective methodology for selecting and standardizing vocabulary based on a comparison of control languages. Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von-Aesch or simply Alexander Gode ( October 30, 1906 in Bremen - August 10, 1970 ^[1]

In 1943 Stillman left for war work and Gode became Acting Director of Research. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[10] IALA began to develop models of the proposed language, the first of which were presented in Morris's General Report in 1945. ^[12]

From 1946 to 1948, renowned French linguist André Martinet was Director of Research. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. André Martinet ( Saint-Alban-des-Villards, 12 April 1908 - Châtenay-Malabry, 16 July 1999) was a French linguist During this period IALA continued to develop models and conducted polling to determine the optimal form of the final language. In 1946, IALA sent an extensive survey to more than 3,000 language teachers and related professionals on three continents. ^[1][13]

Four models were canvassed:^[1]

	Model P		highly naturalistic, with word forms unchanged from the prototypes
	Model M		moderately naturalistic, similar to Occidental
	Model C		slightly schematic, along the lines of Novial
	Model K		moderately schematic, similar to Ido (less schematic than Esperanto)

The results of the survey were striking. The two more schematic models were rejected – K overwhelmingly. Of the two naturalistic models, M received somewhat more support than P. IALA decided on a compromise between P and M, with certain elements of C. ^[13]

Martinet took up a position at Columbia University in 1948, and Gode took on the last phase of Interlingua's development. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ^[10] The vocabulary and grammar of Interlingua were first presented in 1951, when IALA published the finalized Interlingua Grammar and the 27,000-word Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED). Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Interlingua A Grammar of the International Language sometimes called the Interlingua Grammar is the first grammar of Interlingua. The Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA under the direction of Alexander Gode and published In 1954, IALA published an introductory manual entitled Interlingua a Prime Vista ("Interlingua at First Sight"). Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Interlingua a Prime Vista ( Interlingua at First Sight first published 1954 is a manual developed by Alexander Gode as a basic introduction to Interlingua

Success, decline, and resurgence

An early practical application of Interlingua was the scientific newsletter Spectroscopia Molecular, published from 1952 to 1980. ^[14] In 1954 Interlingua was used at the Second World Cardiological Congress, in Washington DC, for both written summaries and oral interpretation. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Within a few years, it found similar use at nine further medical congresses. Between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, some thirty scientific and especially medical journals provided article summaries in Interlingua. Science Service, the publisher of Science Newsletter at the time, published a monthly column in Interlingua from the early 1950s until Gode's death in 1970. Science Service was a Non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of science through its science education programs and publications including the weekly Science In 1967, the powerful International Organization for Standardization, which normalizes terminology, voted almost unanimously to adopt Interlingua as the basis for its dictionaries. ^[1]

The IALA closed its doors in 1953 but was not formally dissolved until 1956 or later. The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment ^[15] Its role in promoting Interlingua was largely taken on by Science Service,^[13] which hired Gode as head of its newly formed Interlingua Division. Science Service founded its Interlingua Division in 1953 The division made scientific research accessible to a wide audience by translating abstracts and several larger scientific ^[16] Hugh E. Blair, Gode's close friend and colleague, became his assistant. Hugh Edward Blair ( May 23 1909 &ndash February 28, 1967) was a recognized linguist and an able artist ^[17] A successor organization, the Interlingua Institute,^[18] was founded in 1970 to promote Interlingua in the US and Canada. The new institute supported the work of other linguistic organizations, made considerable scholarly contributions and produced Interlingua precis for scholarly and medical publications. One of its largest achievements was two immense volumes on phytopathology produced by the American Phytopathological Society in 1976 and 1977. ^[15]

Interlingua had attracted many former adherents of other international-language projects, notably Occidental and Ido. The Language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier The former Occidentalist Ric Berger founded The Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) in 1955,^[18] and by the late 1950s, interest in Interlingua in Europe had already begun to overtake that in North America. Richard "Ric" Berger (1894-1984 was a Swiss professor of design decoration and art history The Union Mundial Pro Interlingua (World Interlingua Union or UMI, is a global organization that promotes Interlingua, an International auxiliary Umi may refer to Umi, "sea" in Japanese language Umi Fukuoka, a town in Japan 'Umi-a-Liloa

Beginning in the 1980s UMI has held international conferences every two years (typical attendance at the earlier meetings was 50 to 100) and launched a publishing programme that eventually produced over 100 volumes. Other Interlingua-language works were published by university presses in Sweden and Italy, and in the 1990s, Brazil and Switzerland. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation ^[19][20] Several Scandinavian schools undertook projects that used Interlingua as a means of teaching the international scientific and intellectual vocabulary. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well ^[21]

In 2000, the Interlingua Institute was dissolved amid funding disputes with the UMI; the American Interlingua Society, established the following year, succeeded the institute and responded to new interest emerging in Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. ^[18]

In the Soviet bloc

Interlingua was spoken and promoted in the Soviet bloc, despite attempts to suppress the language. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. In East Germany, government officials confiscated the letters and magazines that the UMI sent to Walter Raédler, the Interlingua representative there. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state ^[22] In Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin received threatening letters after his first article on Interlingua was published. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Július Tomin (1915 - 2003 a high school teacher and well-known author from Czechoslovakia, was persecuted during the Soviet occupation for promoting Interlingua ^[23] Despite continuing persecution, he went on to become the Czech Interlingua representative, teach Interlingua in the school system, and author a long series of published articles and books. ^[24]

Interlingua today

See also: Community, below

Today, interest in Interlingua has expanded from the scientific community to the general public. Individuals, governments, and private companies use Interlingua for learning and instruction, travel, online publishing, and communication across language barriers. ^[25][21][26] Interlingua is promoted internationally by the Union Mundial pro Interlingua. The Union Mundial Pro Interlingua (World Interlingua Union or UMI, is a global organization that promotes Interlingua, an International auxiliary Periodicals and books are produced by many national organizations, such as the Societate American pro Interlingua, the Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua, and the Brazilian Union for Interlingua. The Societate American pro Interlingua ( SAI) is an Interlingua -speaking organization that covers the United States of America, Canada, and The Swedish Society for Interlingua (Societate Svedese pro Interlingua SSI) founded January 1 1964 is an agency that operates in Sweden to publicize Interlingua The Brazilian Union for Interlingua (União Brasileira pró Interlíngua UBI) is the national Interlingua organization in Brazil. ^[18]

Community

It's not certain how many people have an active knowledge of Interlingua, but their numbers have grown consistently over most of the past half-century. As noted above, Interlingua is the most widely spoken naturalistic auxiliary language. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from

Interlingua's greatest advantage is that it is the most widely understood international auxiliary language by virtue of its naturalistic (as opposed to schematic) grammar and vocabulary, allowing those familiar with a Romance language, and educated speakers of English, to read and understand it without prior study. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from ^[27]

Interlingua has active speakers on all continents, especially in South America and in Eastern and Northern Europe, most notably Scandinavia; also in Russia and Ukraine. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. In Africa, Interlingua has official representation in the Republic of the Congo. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville There are copious Interlingua web pages, including editions of Wikipedia and Wiktionary, and a number of periodicals, including Panorama in Interlingua from the Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) and magazines of the national societies allied with it. The Union Mundial Pro Interlingua (World Interlingua Union or UMI, is a global organization that promotes Interlingua, an International auxiliary There are several active mailing lists, and Interlingua is also in use in certain Usenet newsgroups, particularly in the europa. Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system * hierarchy. Interlingua is presented on CDs, radio, and television. ^[28] In recent years, samples of Interlingua have also been seen in music and anime.

Interlingua is taught in many high schools and universities, sometimes as a means of teaching other languages quickly, presenting interlinguistics, or introducing the international vocabulary. Interlinguistics is the study of various aspects of international Communication. ^[21][29][30] The prestigious University of Granada in Spain, for example, offers an Interlingua course in collaboration with the Centro de Formación Continua. The University of Granada is a University at Granada, Spain, first founded by the Moors in 1349 and then officially founded in 1531 by the Emperor Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[31]

Every two years, the UMI organizes an international conference in a different country. In the year between, the Scandinavian Interlingua societies co-organize a conference in Sweden. National organizations such as the Union Brazilian pro Interlingua also organize regular conferences. ^[21]

Phonology and orthography

Phonology

The following tables illustrate Interlingua's consonants and vowels respectively:

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Labial- velar		Velar		Glottal
Plosive	p	b			t	d							k	g
Nasal		m				n
Tap						ɾ
Fricative			f	v	s	z	ʃ	ʒ							h
Affricate					ʦ
Approximant										j		w
Lateral approximant						l

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Open	a

Orthography and pronunciation

Interlingua uses the standard Latin alphabet with all its 26 letters and no diacritics. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Labial-velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the Lips They are sometimes called " Labiovelar consonants quot a term which can also Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as ^[4] Despite its naturalistic appearance, Interlingua has a largely phonemic orthography. A phonemic orthography is a Writing system where the written Graphemes correspond to Phonemes the spoken sounds of the language For the most part, consonants are pronounced as in English, while the vowels are like Spanish. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Double consonants are pronounced as single. Interlingua has five falling diphthongs, /ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, and /oi/,^[32] although /ei/ and /oi/ are rare. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

Stress

The general rule is that stress falls on the vowel before the last consonant (e. g. , lingua, esser, requirimento, 'language', 'to be', 'requirement'), and where that isn't possible, on the first vowel (via, 'way', io crea, 'I create'). There are a few exceptions, and the following rules account for most of them:

• Adjectives and nouns ending in a vowel followed by -le, -ne, or -re are stressed on the third-last syllable (fragile, margine, altere 'other', but illa impone 'she imposes').
• Words ending in -ica/-ico, -ide/-ido and -ula/-ulo, are stressed on the third-last syllable (politica, scientifico, rapide, stupido, capitula, seculo 'century').
• Words ending in -ic are stressed on the second-last syllable (cubic).

Speakers may pronounce all words according to the general rule mentioned above. For example, kilometro is acceptable, although kilometro is more common. ^[33]

Loanwords

Unassimilated foreign loanwords, or borrowed words, are pronounced and spelled as in their language of origin. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Their spelling may contain diacritics, or accent marks. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation If the diacritics do not affect pronunciation, they are removed. ^[4]

Phonotactics

Interlingua has no explicitly defined phonotactics. Phonotactics (in Greek phone = voice and tactic = course is a branch of Phonology that deals with restrictions in a Language on the However, the prototyping procedure for determining Interlingua words, which strives for internationality, should in general lead naturally to words that are easy for most learners to pronounce. In the process of forming new words, an ending cannot always be added without a modification of some kind in between. A good example is the plural -s, which is always preceded by a vowel to prevent the occurrence of a hard-to-pronounce consonant cluster at the end. If the singular does not end in a vowel, the final -s becomes -es.

Vocabulary

See also: Free word-building in Interlingua

Words in Interlingua may be taken from any language,^[34] as long as their internationality is verified by their presence in seven control languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, and English, with German and Russian acting as secondary controls. Words can be included in Interlingua in either of two ways by establishing their internationality or by deriving them using Interling Free derivation and compounding Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages These are the most widely spoken Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages, respectively. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Because of their close relationship, Spanish and Portuguese are treated as one unit. The largest number of Interlingua words are of Latin origin, with the Greek and Germanic languages providing the second and third largest number. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The remainder of the vocabulary originates in Slavic and non-Western languages. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages ^[4]

Eligibility

Main article: Interlingua and eligibility of international words

A word, that is a form with meaning, is eligible for the Interlingua vocabulary if it is verified by at least three of the four primary control languages. Words can be included in Interlingua in either of two ways through regular derivation using roots and affixes or by establishing their eligibility as international words Either secondary control language can substitute for a primary language. Any word of Indo-European origin found in a control language can contribute to the eligibility of an international word. ^[35] In some cases, the archaic or potential presence of a word can contribute to its eligibility.

A word can be potentially present in a language when a derivative is present, but the word itself is not. In Linguistics, derivation is "Used to form new words as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from English proximity, for example, gives support to Interlingua proxime, meaning 'near, close'. This counts as long as one or more control languages actually have this basic root word. Potentiality also occurs when a concept is represented as a compound or derivative in a control language, the morphemes that make it up are themselves international, and the combination adequately conveys the meaning of the larger word. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. An example is Italian fiammifero (lit. flamebearer), meaning "match, lucifer", which leads to Interlingua flammifero, or "match". This word is thus said to be potentially present in the other languages although they may represent the meaning with a single morpheme. ^[4]

Words do not enter the Interlingua vocabulary solely because cognates exist in a sufficient number of languages. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from If their meanings have become different over time, they are considered different words for the purpose of Interlingua eligibility. In diachronic (or historical linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. If they still have one or more meanings in common, however, the word can enter Interlingua with this smaller set of meanings. ^[35]

If this procedure did not produce an international word, the word for a concept was originally taken from Latin (see below). This only occurred with a few grammatical particles. In Linguistics, the term particle is a word lacking a strict definition but has the function of changing the relation of the parts of the sentence to one another and is therefore

Form

The form of an Interlingua word is considered an international prototype with respect to the other words. On the one hand, it should be neutral, free from characteristics peculiar to one language. On the other hand, it should maximally capture the characteristics common to all contributing languages. As a result, it can be transformed into any of the contributing variants using only these language-specific characteristics. If the word has any derivatives that occur in the source languages with appropriate parallel meanings, then their morphological connection must remain intact; for example, the Interlingua word for 'time' is spelled tempore and not *tempus or *tempo in order to match it with its derived adjectives, such as temporal. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words ^[36]

The language-specific characteristics are closely related to the sound laws of the individual languages; the resulting words are often close or even identical to the most recent form common to the contributing words. Sound change includes any processes of Language change that affect pronunciation ( phonetic change) or sound system structures ( Phonological change This sometimes corresponds with that of Vulgar Latin. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin At other times, it is much more recent or even contemporary. It is never older than the classical period. ^[35]

An illustration

The French œil, Italian occhio, Spanish ojo, and Portuguese olho appear quite different, but they descend from a historical form oculus. German Auge and English eye (cf. Russian око) are related to this form in that all three descend from Indo-European ok^w. In addition, international derivatives like ocular and oculista occur in all of Interlingua's control languages. ^[27] Each of these forms contributes to the eligibility of the Interlingua word. ^[35] The German and English base words do not influence the form of the Interlingua word, because their Indo-European connection is considered too remote. ^[37] Instead, the remaining base words and especially the derivatives determine the form oculo found in Interlingua. ^[27]

Notes on Interlingua vocabulary

New words can be derived internally – that is, from existing Interlingua words – or extracted from the control languages in the manner of the original vocabulary. Internal word-building, though freer than in the control languages, is more limited than in schematic languages.

Originally, a word was taken from Latin if the usual procedure did not produce a sufficiently international word. More recently, modern alternatives have become generally accepted. For example, the southern Romance comprar, meaning 'to buy', has replaced emer, because the latter occurs only in derivatives in the control languages. Similarly, the modern form troppo, 'too' or 'too much', has replaced nimis, and ma 'but' has largely replaced sed.

Grammar

Main article: Interlingua grammar

Interlingua has been developed to omit any grammatical feature that is absent from even one control language. See also Interlingua This article is an informal outline of the grammar of Interlingua, an International auxiliary language first publicized Thus, Interlingua has no noun-adjective agreement by gender, case, or number (cf. In Languages agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase Spanish and Portuguese gatos negros, 'black cats'), since this is absent from English, and it has no progressive verb tenses (English I am reading), since they are absent from French. Conversely, Interlingua distinguishes singular nouns from plural nouns since all the control languages do. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" ^[33]

The definite article le is invariable, as in English. Nouns have no grammatical gender. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong ^[33][38] Plurals are formed by adding -s, or -es after a final consonant. ^[33] Personal Pronouns take one form for the subject and one for the direct object and reflexive. Personal pronouns are Pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common Nouns. In the third person, the reflexive is always se. ^[33][38] Most adverbs are derived regularly from adjectives by adding -mente, or -amente after a -c. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the An adverb can be formed from any adjective in this way. ^[39]

Verbs take the same form for all persons (io, tu, illa vive, 'I live', 'you live', 'she lives'). The indicative (pare, 'appear', 'appears') is the same as the imperative (pare! 'appear!'), and there is no subjunctive. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages ^[33] Three common verbs usually take short forms in the present tense: es for 'is', 'am', 'are;' ha for 'has', 'have;' and va for 'go', 'goes'. ^[38] A few irregular verb forms are available, but rarely used. ^[40]

There are four simple tenses (present, past, future, and conditional), three compound tenses (past, future, and conditional), and the passive voice. The compound structures employ an auxiliary plus the infinitive or the past participle (e. g. , Ille ha arrivate, 'He has arrived'). ^[33] Simple and compound tenses can be combined in various ways to express more complex tenses (e. g. , Nos haberea morite, 'We would have died'). ^[41]

Word order is Subject–Verb–Object, except that a direct object pronoun or reflexive pronoun comes before the verb (Io les vide, 'I see them')^[33][38] Adjectives may precede or follow the nouns they modify, but they most often follow it. In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object ^[33] The position of adverbs is flexible, though constrained by common sense. ^[38]

The grammar of Interlingua has been described as similar to that of the Romance languages, but greatly simplified, primarily under the influence of English. ^[33] More recently, Interlingua's grammar has been likened to the simple grammars of Japanese and particularly Chinese. ^[42]

Criticisms and controversies

While Interlingua is a successful auxiliary language, it has been criticised, often by proponents of other auxiliary languages. This may be partly because both supporters and opponents see Interlingua as a candidate for being the universal, neutral second language for the world to use. ^[43][5]

As early as 1945, Morris argued that Interlingua would be a "neutral" language "free from any suggestion of political dominance by any group of powers". ^[44] Its vocabulary would be "familiar to the largest possible number of people with different mother tongues", and its grammatical structure would possess "a high degree of simplicity and regularity". ^[45] Thus, it would have advantages for people all over the world. ^[46] In 1978, Dr. Stefano Bakonyi argued at length that Interlingua was the ideal candidate for universal language. ^[43] So, the modern view that Interlingua is a language "for the entire world"^[5] is longstanding.

Some opponents argue that Interlingua is European-based, and therefore better suited for Europe or the West than for the entire world. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Others contend that Interlingua has spelling irregularities that, while internationally recognizable in written form, increase the time needed to fully learn the language, especially for those unfamiliar with Indo-European languages. A related point of criticism is that Interlingua's credential as being Standard Average European is too weak outside the Romance languages. Standard Average European ( SAE) is a concept introduced by Benjamin Whorf to distinguish Indo-European and especially Western Indo-European languages from Some opponents see the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic languages, in particular, as having little influence. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family.

Proponents point out that Interlingua's source languages include not only Romance languages but English, German, and Russian as well. Moreover, the source languages are widely spoken internationally, and large numbers of their words also appear in other languages – still more when derivative forms and loan translations are included. In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word Tests had shown that if a larger number of source languages were used, the results would be about the same. ^[4] So, IALA selected a much simpler extraction procedure for Interlingua with little adverse effect on its internationality. In addition, the grammar of Interlingua is still simpler than most or all Indo-European languages, contributing to ease of learning.

Samples

The Lord's Prayer:

Nostre Patre, qui es in le celos,

que tu nomine sia sanctificate;

que tu regno veni;

que tu voluntate sia facite

super le terra como etiam in le celo. The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity.

Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian,

e pardona a nos nostre debitas

como nos pardona a nostre debitores,

e non duce nos in tentation,

sed libera nos del mal.

From an essay by Alexander Gode:

Interlingua se ha distachate ab le movimento pro le disveloppamento e le introduction de un lingua universal pro tote le humanitate. Si o non on crede que un lingua pro tote le humanitate es possibile, si o non on crede que interlingua va devenir un tal lingua es totalmente indifferente ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme. Le sol facto que importa (ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme) es que interlingua, gratias a su ambition de reflecter le homogeneitate cultural e ergo linguistic del occidente, es capace de render servicios tangibile a iste precise momento del historia del mundo. Il es per su contributiones actual e non per le promissas de su adherentes que interlingua vole esser judicate. ^[47]

Interlingua has detached itself from the movement for the development and introduction of a universal language for all humanity. Whether or not one believes that a language for all humanity is possible, whether or not one believes that Interlingua will become such a language is totally irrelevant from the point of view of Interlingua itself. The only fact that matters (from the point of view of Interlingua itself) is that Interlingua, thanks to its ambition of reflecting the cultural and thus linguistic homogeneity of the West, is capable of rendering tangible services at this precise moment in the history of the world. It is by its present contributions and not by the promises of its adherents that Interlingua wishes to be judged.

See also

• Internationalism (linguistics)
• Interlingua and eligibility of international words
• Esperanto and Interlingua compared
• Ido and Interlingua compared
• Interlingua dictionaries
• Irregularities and exceptions in Interlingua

References

Sources

• Falk, Julia S. Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century. Routledge, London & New York: 1999.
• Gode, Alexander; Hugh E. Blair [1951] (1955). Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von-Aesch or simply Alexander Gode ( October 30, 1906 in Bremen - August 10, 1970 Hugh Edward Blair ( May 23 1909 &ndash February 28, 1967) was a recognized linguist and an able artist Interlingua; a grammar of the international language, Second Edition, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ISBN 0-8044-0186-1. OCLC 147452. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2007-03-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a  
• Gopsill, F. P. Le historia antenatal de Interlingua.. (In Interlingua. ) Accessed 28 May 2005. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). General Report. IALA, New York: 1945.
• International Auxiliary Language Association [1951] (1971). The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment in Alexander Gode (ed. Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von-Aesch or simply Alexander Gode ( October 30, 1906 in Bremen - August 10, 1970 ): Interlingua-English; a dictionary of the international language, "Foreword" and "Acknowledgements" by Mary Connell Bray, Second Edition, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ISBN 0-8044-0188-8. OCLC 162319. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2007-03-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a  
• Pei, Mario. One Language for the World and How To Achieve It. Devin-Adair, New York; 1958.
• Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos (in Interlingua). Accessed 17 August 2006. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

External links

Interlingua organizations

• Union Mundial pro Interlingua, the official site of the UMI
• Union Interlinguiste de France
• Interlingua Italia
• Suomen Interlinguayhdistys, the Finnish Association for Interlingua
• Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua, the Swedish Society for Interlingua
• Societate American pro Interlingua, the American Society for Interlingua
• União Brasileira pró Interlíngua, the Brazilian organization
• Interlingua Brasil
• Dansk Interlingua Union, the Danish organization
• Interlingua, Lingua International, a Dutch website
• Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontieras, a Polish site
• Magyar Interlingua Weboldal, a Hungarian site
• Frank Esterhill on the Interlingua Institute

Dictionaries, grammars, and language study

• Full text of the Interlingua-English Dictionary
• Search the Interlingua-English Dictionary
• Concise Interlingua-English Dictionary
• Wikibooks Basic Interlingua-English Dictionary
• Additional Interlingua dictionaries at Babylon
• Comprehensive Interlingua dictionaries at Softbear
• The Ispell Interlingua dictionary
• Interlingua Grammar
• Text and sound samples of Interlingua
• Basic Interlingua-English search-translation page
• A new Interlingua course for English speakers
• An English Pocket Guide to Interlingua

Interlingua news and information

• Panorama
• Interlingua in Interlingua
• Internodio
• A brief history of Interlingua

Internet resources

• The Open Directory site at Open Directory Project
• The Google site
• The europa.* Usenet hierarchy uses Interlingua for the denomination of its newsgroups and for documentation
• Documents of the World Wide Web Consortium
• Search Engine for Interlingua Websites

Entertainment in Interlingua

• From MegaTokyo, an anime webcomic in Interlingua
• The Interlinguistic Eye, humor in Interlingua
• Games and quizzes in Interlingua, for children and adults
• Interlingua in The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

Government and public service sites

• The València Youth Hostel in Spain
• The City of Borno, northern Italy
• Tourism in Äskhult, Sweden
• Raven Run, a Kentucky animal, bird, and plant sanctuary
• Gotland, a Swedish province in the Baltic Sea

Religion and philosophy in Interlingua

• Christianismo Reformate, a site presenting Reformation Christianity
• The Tao Te Ching
• The Book of Mormon
• Egyptian religion
• The Humanist Manifesto at the Dutch website
• Rationalism

Documents and literature

• Manifesto de Interlingua (by Alexander Gode)
• Interlingua - Latino Moderne (by Alexander Gode)
• Interlittera: Interlingua and Literature
• Guide to the papers of Alexander Gode at SUNY-Albany
• E-Books in Interlingua
• Maliyat Journal, the site of an Iranian professional journal
• The Constitution of the European Union
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, presented by the United Nations

The Union Mundial Pro Interlingua (World Interlingua Union or UMI, is a global organization that promotes Interlingua, an International auxiliary Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory (anime in Japanese, Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Sanctuary has multiple meanings A sanctuary is the consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

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