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Interleukin 4
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| Crystal structure of human IL-4 (2INT) | ||
| Available structures: 1bbn, 1bcn, 1cyl, 1hij, 1hik, 1hzi, 1iar, 1iti, 1itl, 1itm, 1rcb, 2b8u, 2b8x, 2b8y, 2b8z, 2b90, 2b91, 2cyk, 2d48, 2int | ||
| Identifiers | ||
| Symbol(s) | IL4; BSF1; IL-4; MGC79402 | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 147780 MGI: 96556 HomoloGene: 491 | |
| RNA expression pattern | ||
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| Orthologs | ||
| Human | Mouse | |
| Entrez | 3565 | 16189 |
| Ensembl | ENSG00000113520 | ENSMUSG00000000869 |
| Uniprot | P05112 | Q5SV00 |
| Refseq | NM_000589 (mRNA) NP_000580 (protein) |
NM_021283 (mRNA) NP_067258 (protein) |
| Location | Chr 5: 132.04 - 132.05 Mb | Chr 11: 53.46 - 53.46 Mb |
| Pubmed search | [1] | [2] |
Interleukin-4, abbreviated IL-4, is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells. The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI website is run by The Jackson Laboratory. HomoloGene, a tool of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences Ensembl is a joint scientific project between the European Bioinformatics Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, which was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent UniProt is the uni versal prot ein resource a central repository of Protein data created by combining Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL PubMed is a free search engine for accessing the MEDLINE database of citations and abstracts of biomedical research articles Cytokines are a category of signalling Proteins and Glycoproteins that like Hormones and Neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular A naive T cell or Th0 cell is a T cell that has differentiated in Bone marrow, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or Th cells) are a sub-group of Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell or Upon activation by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4. The cell that initially produces IL-4, thus inducing Th0 differentiation, has not been identified.
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Functions
It has many biological roles, including the stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and the differentiation of CD4+ T-cells into Th2 cells. B cells are Lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells belong to a group of White blood cells known as Lymphocytes, and play a central role in Cell-mediated immunity. CD4 ( Cluster of differentiation 4 is a Glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, Regulatory T cells, Monocytes, T cells belong to a group of White blood cells known as Lymphocytes, and play a central role in Cell-mediated immunity.
It is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive immunity. The Humoral Immune Response (HIR is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted Antibodies (as opposed to Cell-mediated immunity which involves Immune system|Passive immunity|Innate immune system The adaptive immune system is composed of highly specialized systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent Pathogenic
IL-4 induces B-cell class switching to IgE, and up-regulates MHC class II production. Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching or isotypic commutation or class switch recombination) is a biological mechanism that changes In Biology, Immunoglobulin E ( IgE) is a class of Antibody (or Immunoglobulin " Isotype " that has only been found in MHC ( Major histocompatibility complex) Class II molecules are found only on a few specialized cell types including Macrophages Dendritic cells and
History
This cytokine was co-discovered by Maureen Howard and William Paul[1] and by Dr. Ellen Vitetta and her research group in 1982. Ellen Vitetta is the director of the Cancer Immunobiology Center at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar)
The nucleotide sequence for human IL-4 was isolated four years later confirming its similarity to a mouse protein called B-cell stimulatory factor-1 (BCSF-1). Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group [2]
See also
References
- ^ Howard M, Paul WE (1982). STAT6 is a human Gene. The Protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT family of Transcription factors In response to cytokines "Interleukins for B lymphocytes". Lymphokine Res. 1 (1): 1–4. PMID 6985399.
- ^ Yokota T et al. (1986). "Isolation and characterization of a human interleukin cDNA clone, homologous to mouse B-cell stimulatory factor 1, that expresses B-cell- and T-cell-stimulating activities". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83 (16): 5894–8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 3016727.
Further reading
- Kay AB, Barata L, Meng Q, et al. (1997). "Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated cytokines in allergic inflammation. ". Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 113 (1-3): 196–9. PMID 9130521.
- Marone G, Florio G, Petraroli A, de Paulis A (2001). "Dysregulation of the IgE/Fc epsilon RI network in HIV-1 infection. ". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107 (1): 22–30. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11149986.
- Marone G, Florio G, Triggiani M, et al. (2001). "Mechanisms of IgE elevation in HIV-1 infection. ". Crit. Rev. Immunol. 20 (6): 477–96. PMID 11396683.
- Maeda S, Yanagihara Y (2001). "[Inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13)]". Nippon Rinsho 59 (10): 1894–9. PMID 11676128.
- Izuhara K, Arima K, Yasunaga S (2003). "IL-4 and IL-13: their pathological roles in allergic diseases and their potential in developing new therapies. ". Current drug targets. Inflammation and allergy 1 (3): 263–9. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14561191.
- Copeland KF (2006). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines. ". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 5 (12): 1093–101. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16375755.
- Olver S, Apte S, Baz A, Kienzle N (2007). "The duplicitous effects of interleukin 4 on tumour immunity: how can the same cytokine improve or impair control of tumour growth?". Tissue Antigens 69 (4): 293–8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17389011.
External links
- Recombinant Human Interleukin-4 from Cornell University
- Interleukin-4 from Allergy Glossary at Health On the Net Foundation
- MeSH Interleukin-4