Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. In Philosophy, action has developed into a sub-field called Philosophy of action. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena. Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as Cybernetics, Biology, Ecology, Network theory, and Non-linear For other uses see Emergence (disambiguation, Emergent, and Emergency. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various sciences. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding All systems are related and interdependent. Every action has a consequence.

Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:

• communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or communication among groups, organisations, nations or states: trade, migration, foreign relations, transportation,
• the feedback during the operation of machines such as a computer or tool, for example the interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the road: by steering the driver influences this position, by observation this information returns to the driver. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way In Sociology, a group can be defined as two or more Humans that interact with one another accept expectations and obligations as members of the group and share a An organisation (or organization &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity

Contents 1 Chemistry and medicine 2 Communications 3 Media art 4 Physics 5 Sociology 6 Statistics 6.1 An example from statistics applied to psychology 7 Genetic interactions 8 See also 9 Reference

Chemistry and medicine

In medicine, most medications can be safely used with other medicines, but particular combinations of medicines need to be monitored for interactions, often by the pharmacist. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In combinatorial mathematics, a combination is an un-ordered collection of distinct elements usually of a prescribed size and taken from a given set Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. In molecular biology, the knowledge on gene/protein interaction among themselves and with their metabolites is referred to as molecular pathways. Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite In Biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

Interactions between medications (drug interactions) fall generally into one of two main categories:

1. pharmacodynamic : Involving the actions of the two interacting drugs. A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i Pharmacodynamics is the study of the Biochemical and Physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms
2. pharmacokinetic : Involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of one or both of the interacting drugs upon the other. Pharmacokinetics (in Greek: “pharmacon” meaning drug and “kinetikos” meaning putting in motion the study of time dependency sometimes abbreviated as “PK” is a

In terms of efficacy, there can be three types of interactions between medications: additive, synergistic, and antagonistic. Additive interaction means the effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately. This is usually due to the two chemicals acting on the body in the same way. Examples would be Aspirin and Motrin, Alcohol and Depressant, Tranquilizer and Painkiller. Synergistic interaction means that the effect of two chemicals taken together is greater than the sum of their separate effect at the same doses. An example is Pesticide and Fertilizer, the biological effect is devastating. Antagonistic interaction means that the effect of two chemicals is actually less than the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken independently of each other. This is because the second chemical increases the excretion of the first, or even directly blocks its toxic actions. Antagonism forms the basis for antidotes of poisonings. An example is Asparagus and birth control pills.

Communications

Main article: Interactivity

In communications, interactive communication occurs when sources take turns transmitting messages between one another. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of Communication and Information processing. In Telecommunications transmission is the process of sending propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. This should be distinguished from transactive communication, in which sources transmit messages simultaneously. In communications, transactive communication occurs when sources transmit Messages to one another simultaneously Included in this category are all new modes of communication such as cable video, teletext, videotext, teleshopping, video on demand, computers, Internet, tele-conferencing etc. Tele-communication also falls under this category. so cell phones, pagers, mobile phones, and electronic mail are interactive communications. these can be classified under three headings:

1. Interpersonal : Telephone and its allied services.
2. Group : Tele-conference. video-conference.
3. Mass : Internet, world wide web

Media art

In media, interactivity is a feature of the media in question and as digital technology becomes more accessible to the masses interest in interactivity is increasing and becoming a cultural trend especially in the arts. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"

Physics

Main article: Fundamental force

In physics, an interaction or force specifically refers to the action of one physical object upon another and results in a potential energy - the physical objects under consideration may range from point particles to quantum fields. In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. Potential energy can be thought of as Energy stored within a physical system In Geometry, Topology and related branches of mathematics a spatial point describes a specific point within a given space that consists of neither Volume In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made In quantum field theory (QFT the forces between particles are mediated by other particles For example, the interaction of charged particles takes place through the mediation of electromagnetic fields, whereas beta decay occurs by means of the weak interaction. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. The electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature There are believed to be four fundamental interactions in Nature. In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms

Sociology

Main article: Social interaction

In sociology, social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s). Social interaction is a dynamic changing sequence of Social actions between individuals (or groups who modify their actions and reactions according to the actions by their Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Social interaction is a dynamic changing sequence of Social actions between individuals (or groups who modify their actions and reactions according to the actions by their In Sociology, social actions refer to any action that takes into account the actions and reactions of other Individuals and is modified based on those events Social interactions can be differentiated into accidental, repeated, regular, and regulated. Social interactions form the basis for social relations. Social relation can refer to a multitude of Social interactions regulated by Social norms between two or more people with each having a Social position

Statistics

Main article: Interaction (statistics)

In statistics, an interaction is a term in a statistical model in which the effect of two, or more, variables is not simply additive. In Statistics, an interaction is a term in a Statistical model added when the effect of two or more variables is not simply additive. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Statistical models are used in Applied statistics. Three notions are sufficient to describe all statistical models

An example from statistics applied to psychology

If the two variables were sex and premature birth we would describe any difference in scores between sexes as a main effect. Premature birth (also known as preterm birth) is the Birth of a Baby before the standard period of Pregnancy is completed In the Design of experiments, a main effect is the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables Similarly any difference in scores of full term/premature birth would be described as a main effect. In the Design of experiments, a main effect is the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables When describing the scores of one variable compared to the other this is describing the interaction, as the sets of scores are in effect different variables interacting with one another.

Genetic interactions

Geneticists work with a number of different genetic interaction modes to characterize how the combination of two mutations affect (or does not affect) the phenotype:^[1] noninteractive, synthetic, asynthetic, suppressive, epistatic, conditional, additive, single-nonmonotonic and double-nonmonotonic. A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Further characterizations is enhancement interaction and nonadditive interaction.

The word epistasis is also used for genetic interaction in some contexts. Epistasis is the Interaction between genes Epistasis takes place when the action of one Gene is modified by one or several other genes which are sometimes called

See also

• InterAction: American Council for Voluntary International Action
• Connectivity
• Drug interaction
• Game semantics
• Gordon Pask Conversation and Interactions of Actors Theory
• Interaction design pattern
• Interaction Design
• Interactive computation
• Interconnectivity
• Transaction
• Dehydron

Reference

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