Intellectual virtues are character traits necessary for right action and correct thinking. They include: a sense of justice, perseverance, integrity, humility, empathy, intellectual courage, confidence in reason, and autonomy.
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Aristotle
Aristotle analyzed virtues into moral and intellectual virtues (or dianoetic virtues, from the Greek aretai dianoetikai). Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual In the Posterior Analytics and Nicomachean Ethics he identified five intellectual virtues as the five ways the soul arrives at truth by affirmation or denial. The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle 's Organon that deals with demonstration, Definition, and Scientific knowledge Nicomachean Ethics (sometimes spelled "Nichomachean" or Ta Ethika, is a work by Aristotle on Virtue and Moral character which He grouped them into three classes:
- Theoretical
- Sophia - wisdom of the eternal and unchangeable, philosophical wisdom.
- Episteme - scientific knowledge, empirical knowledge. Distinguished from Techne, the word ἐπιστήμη is Greek for Knowledge or Science, coming from the verb
- Nous - intuitive understanding. Nous (ˈnuːs Greek: or) is a philosophical term for Mind or Intellect.
- Practical
- Phronesis - practical wisdom/prudence. Phronesis ( Greek: φρόνησις in Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics is the virtue of moral thought usually translated "practical wisdom"
- Productive
- Techne - craft knowledge, art, skill. Techne, or techné, as distinguished from Episteme, is etymologically derived from the Greek word τέχνη (Ancient Greek tékʰ
Subjacent intellectual virtues in Aristotle are:
- Euboulia - deliberating well, deliberative excellence; thinking properly about the right end.
- Sunesis - understanding, sagacity, astuteness, consciousness of why something is as it is. For example, the understanding you have of why a situation is as it is, prior to having phronesis.
- Gnomê - judgement and consideration; allowing us to make equitable or fair decisions.
- Deinotes - cleverness; the ability to carry out actions so as to achieve a goal.
References
- Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Book VI.
- Thomas Hobbes On Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter VIII: Of the Virtues Commonly Called Intellectual, and Their Contrary Defects
- R. M. Paul Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world, (Rev. 2nd ed. ). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking, 1992.
- Michael DePaul et Linda Zagzebski, Intellectual Virtue, Oxford, Oxford U. Press. 2003.
See also
External links
- Virtue Epistemology, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Intellectual dishonesty is the advocacy of a position which the advocate knows or believes to be false or is the advocacy of a position which the advocate does not know to be true and Critical thinking consists of mental processes of discernment, Analysis and Evaluation. In Ancient Greek, the word Paideia (παιδεία means "education" or "instruction Virtue theory is a branch of Moral philosophy that emphasizes character rather than rules or consequences as the key element of ethical thinking The epistemic virtues as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process and thus susceptible to the intellectual Virtue
- Critical Thinking Glossary: An Educator's Guide to Critical Thinking Terms and Concept
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