| Intel i960 Central processing unit |
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 Intel i960CA microprocessor |
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| Produced: | From 1984 to late 1990s |
| Manufacturer: | Intel |
| Max CPU clock: | 10 MHz to 100 MHz |
| Cores: | 1 |
Intel's i960 (or 80960) was a RISC-based microprocessor design that became popular during the early 1990s as an embedded microcontroller, becoming a best-selling CPU in that field, along with the competing AMD 29000. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints A microcontroller (also MCU or µC is a functional Computer system-on-a- chip. AMD 29000, often simply 29k, was a popular family of RISC -based 32-bit Microprocessors and Microcontrollers from Advanced Micro Devices In spite of its success, Intel dropped i960 marketing in the late 1990s as a side effect of a settlement with DEC in which Intel received the rights to produce the StrongARM CPU. Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry The StrongARM Microprocessor is a faster version of the Advanced RISC Machines ARM design The processor continues to be used in a few military applications.
Contents |
Origin
The i960 design was started as a response to the failure of Intel's iAPX 432 design of the early 1980s. The Intel iAPX 432 was Intel 's first 32-bit Microprocessor design introduced in 1981 as a set of three Integrated circuits The iAPX 432 was intended The iAPX 432 was intended to directly support high-level languages that supported tagged, protected, garbage-collected memory — such as Ada and Lisp — in hardware. Ada is a structured, Statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level computer Programming language Lisp (or LISP) is a family of Computer Programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully parenthesized syntax Because of its instruction-set complexity, its multi-chip implementation, and other design flaws, the iAPX 432 was very slow in comparison to other processors of its time.
In 1984 Intel and Siemens started a joint project, ultimately called BiiN, to create a high-end fault-tolerant object-oriented computer system programmed entirely in Ada. BiiN was a company created out of a joint research project by Intel and Siemens to develop Fault tolerant high-performance Multi-processor Ada is a structured, Statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level computer Programming language Many of the original i432 team members joined this project, though a new lead architect was brought in from IBM, Glenford Myers. The intended market for the BiiN systems were high-reliability computer users such as banks, industrial systems and nuclear power plants.
Intel's major contribution to the BiiN system was a new processor design, influenced by the protected-memory concepts from the i432. The new design included a number of features to improve performance and avoid problems that had led to the downfall of the i432, which resulted in the i960 design. The first 960 processors entered the final stages of design, known as taping-out, in October 1985 and were sent to manufacturing that month, with the first working chips arriving in late 1985 and early 1986. In Electronics design, tape-out or tapeout is the final stage of the Design cycle of Integrated circuits or Printed circuit boards
The BiiN effort eventually failed, due to market forces, and the 960MX was left without a use. Myers attempted to save the design by outlining several subsets of the full capability architecture created for the BiiN system. He tried to convince Intel management to market the i960 (then still known as the "P7") as a general-purpose processor, both in place of the Intel 80286 and i386 (which taped-out the same month as the first i960), as well as the emerging RISC market for Unix systems, including a pitch to Steve Jobs's for use in the NeXT system. The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24 1955 is the Co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc and former CEO of Pixar Animation NeXT Computer Inc (later NeXT Software Inc) was an American Computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California that Competition within and outside of Intel came not only from the i386 camp, but also from the i860 processor, yet another RISC processor design emerging within Intel at the time. The Intel i860 (also 80860) was a RISC Microprocessor from Intel, first released in 1989.
Myers was unsuccessful at convincing Intel management to support the i960 as a general-purpose or Unix processor, but the chip found a ready market in early high-performance 32-bit embedded systems. The protected-memory architecture was considered proprietary to BiiN and wasn't mentioned in the product literature, leading many to wonder why the i960MX was so large and had so many pins labeled "no connect".
Architecture
To avoid the performance issues that plagued the i432, the central i960 instruction-set architecture was a RISC design, only implemented in full in the i960MX, and the memory subsystem was made 33-bits wide — for a 32-bit word and a "tag" bit to indicate protected memory. In many other ways the i960 followed the original Berkeley RISC design, notably in its use of register windows, an implementation-specific number of caches for the per-subroutine registers, allowing for fast routine calls. Berkeley RISC was one of two seminal research projects into RISC -based Microprocessor design taking place under ARPA 's VLSI project. In Computer engineering, the use of register windows is a technique to improve the performance of a particularly common operation the Procedure call. The competing Stanford University design, commercialized as MIPS, did not use this system, relying on the compiler to generate optimal subroutine call and return code instead. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in MIPS (originally an acronym for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) is a RISC microprocessor architecture developed by MIPS Technologies Unlike the i386, but in common with most 32-bit designs, the i960 has a flat 32-bit memory space, with no memory segmentation. In computing memory segmentation is one of the most common ways to achieve Memory protection; another common one is Paging. The i960 architecture also anticipated a superscalar implementation, with instructions being simultaneously dispatched to more than one unit within the processor. A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor
i960 variants
The "full" i960MX was never released for the non-military market, but the otherwise identical i960MC was used in high-end embedded applications. The i960MC included all of the features of the original BiiN system, but these were simply not mentioned in the literature, leading many to wonder why the i960MC was so large and had so many pins labeled "no connect". A version of the RISC core without memory management or an FPU became the i960KA, and the RISC core with the FPU became the i960KB. A floating point unit (FPU is a part of a Computer system specially designed to carry out operations on Floating point numbers The versions were, however, all identical internally — only the labeling was different. This meant the CPUs were much larger than necessary for the "actually supported" feature sets, and as a result, more expensive to manufacture than they needed to be.
The i960KA became successful as a low-cost 32-bit processor for the laser-printer market, as well as for early graphics terminals and other embedded applications. Its success paid for future generations, which removed the complex memory sub-system. The i960CA, first announced in July 1989, was the first pure RISC implementation of the i960 architecture. It featured a newly-designed superscalar RISC core and added an unusual addressable on-chip cache, but lacked an FPU and MMU, as it was intended for high-performance embedded applications. The i960CA is widely considered to have been the first single-chip superscalar RISC implementation. A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor The C-series only included one ALU, but could dispatch and execute an arithmetic instruction, a memory reference, and a branch instruction at the same time, and sustain two instructions per cycle under certain circumstances. The first versions released ran at 33 MHz, and Intel promoted the chip as capable of 66 MIPS. The i960CA microarchitecture was designed in 1987–1988 and formally announced on September 12, 1989. Later, the i960CF included a floating-point unit, but continued to omit an MMU.
Demise
Intel attempted to bolster the i960 in the I/O device controller market with the I2O standard, but this had little success and the design work was eventually ended. Intelligent Input/Output (I2O is a defunct computer input/output (I/O specification By the mid-90's its price/performance ratio had fallen behind competing chips of more recent design, and Intel never produced a reduced power-consumption version that could be used in battery-powered systems. In Economics and Engineering, the price/performance ratio refers to a product's ability to deliver performance of any sort for its price
In 1990 the i960 team was redirected to be the "second team" working in parallel on future i386 implementations — specifically the P6 processor, which later became the Pentium Pro. The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation X86 -based Microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1995 The i960 project was sent to another, smaller development team, essentially ensuring its ultimate demise.
Current status
Because of its high performance in calculating XOR values, the Intel 960 processor family is often used to control higher-end, RAID capable SCSI disk array host adapter cards. RAID — which stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks,or alternatively Redundant Array of Independent Disks (a less specific name and thus now the An i960RS chip also powers Adaptec's AAR-2400A controller, which uses four commodity parallel ATA drives to build an affordable RAID-5 protected fault tolerant storage system for small PC servers and workstations. Adaptec is a Computer hardware company based in Milpitas California that primarily produces Host adapters for connecting storage devices AT Attachment with Packet Interface ( ATA/ATAPI) is a standard interface used to connect storage devices such as Hard disks Solid-state See also RAID The standard RAID levels are a basic set of RAID configurations and employ striping, mirroring or parity
The Intel 960 architecture is also used in slot machines and will continue to be used until the processors can no longer be bought. A slot machine ( American) fruit machine ( British) or poker machine ( Australian) is a Casino gambling machine with three Currently they are found in IGT's Stepper S2000 family and i960 video family.
The indigenously developed Indian "HAL Tejas" light combat aircraft's MMR (Multi-mode radar) is said to use the i960. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Full adoption of "HAL Tejas" into Indian Air Force service might only occur around 2010. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Indian Air Force (Devanāgarī भारतीय वायु सेना IAST Bhartiya Vāyu Senā is the air arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the
Intel 960 processor is also used in ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) interfacing boards of RADARs from Kelvin Hughes. A maritime Radar with Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA capability can create tracks using radar Contacts The system can calculate the tracked object's Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships KELVIN HUGHES is a major player in the design and manufacture of marine navigation systems and the supply of navigational data to both the merchant marine and naval marketplace
External links
- i960 homepage at Intel
- i960 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de
- BiiN CPU Architecture Reference Manual (describes i960MX instruction set), authored by Randal L. Schwartz
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