Intel Corporation
Type	Public (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335)
Founded	1968 1
Headquarters	Santa Clara, California  United States
Key people	Paul S. Otellini, CEO Craig Barrett, Chairman
Industry	Semiconductors
Products	Microprocessors Flash memory Motherboard Chipsets Network Interface Card Bluetooth Chipsets
Revenue	▲ $38. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange ( also 港交所 abbreviated as HKEX;) is the Stock exchange of Hong Kong. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Paul S Otellini (born October 12, 1950) is Intel Corporation 's fifth Chief Executive Officer. Craig R Barrett (born August 29 1939) is the Chairman of the Board of the Intel Corporation since May 2005 For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed A motherboard is the central or primary Printed circuit board (PCB making up a complex electronic system such as a modern Computer or Laptop A chipset is a group of Integrated circuits or chips that are designed to work together and are usually marketed as a single product A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card is a piece of Computer hardware designed to allow computers Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless A chipset is a group of Integrated circuits or chips that are designed to work together and are usually marketed as a single product In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 3 billion USD (2007)[1][2]
Operating income	▲ $8. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been In financial and business Accounting, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT is a measure of a firm's profitability that excludes interest and income tax expenses 2 billion USD (2007)
Net income	▲ $7. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. 0 billion USD (2007)
Employees	86,300 (2007)[3]
Website	www.intel.com
1Incorporated in California in 1968, reincorporated in Delaware in 1989. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Incorporation (abbreviated Inc in US and Canadian business names is the forming of a new Corporation (a corporation being a legal entity California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) [4]

Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC; SEHK: 4335) is the world's largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange ( also 港交所 abbreviated as HKEX;) is the Stock exchange of Hong Kong. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated Founded on July 18th, 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation and based in Santa Clara, California, USA, Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network cards and ICs, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A motherboard is the central or primary Printed circuit board (PCB making up a complex electronic system such as a modern Computer or Laptop A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card is a piece of Computer hardware designed to allow computers Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Robert Norton Noyce ( December 12, 1927 &ndash June 3, 1990) nicknamed " the Mayor of Silicon Valley " co-founded Gordon Earle Moore (born 3 January 1929 in San Francisco, California) is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author Andrew Stephen Grove (Gróf András István (born 2 September 1936) is a Hungarian - American Businessman and scientist Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel's successful "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names. The Pentium brand refers to Intel 's single-core x86 Microprocessor based on the P5 fifth-generation Microarchitecture.

Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until the early 1990s. Static random access memory (SRAM is a type of Semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that unlike ''dynamic'' RAM (DRAM, it does not While Intel created the first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the creation of the personal computer (PC) that this became their primary business. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs and in fostering the rapid growth of the PC industry. During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes controversial tactics in defense of its market position, as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry. Market dominance is a measure of the strength of a Brand, product, service, or firm, relative to competitive offerings Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer ^[5][6] The 2007 rankings of the world's 100 most powerful brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed the company's brand value falling 10 places – from number 15 to number 25. Millward Brown, one of the world's leading research agencies with headquarters in the US is expert in advertising effectiveness communications assessment media evaluation brand ^[7]

Contents 1 Corporate history 1.1 Origin of the name 1.2 Company's evolution 1.3 Sale of XScale processor business 2 Market history 2.1 SRAMS and the microprocessor 2.2 From DRAM to microprocessors 2.3 Intel, x86 processors, and the IBM PC 2.3.1 386 microprocessor 2.3.2 486, Pentium, and Itanium 2.3.3 Pentium flaw 2.3.4 Intel Inside, Intel Systems Division, and Intel Architecture Labs 2.4 Competition, antitrust and espionage 2.5 Partnership with Apple 2.6 Core 2 Duo advertisement controversy 3 Corporate affairs 3.1 Leadership and corporate structure 3.2 Employment 3.2.1 Diversity Initiative 3.3 Finances 3.4 Advertising and brand management 3.4.1 Sonic logo 3.5 Open source support 4 Competition 4.1 Lawsuits 4.2 Anti-competitive allegations by regulatory bodies 5 Quotes 6 Environmental record 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Corporate history

Intel was founded in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (a chemist and physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left Fairchild Semiconductor. Gordon Earle Moore (born 3 January 1929 in San Francisco, California) is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Robert Norton Noyce ( December 12, 1927 &ndash June 3, 1990) nicknamed " the Mayor of Silicon Valley " co-founded Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Present day Fairchild Semiconductor International Inc is a spin-off company resulting from reconstitution of assets in National Semiconductor A number of other Fairchild employees also went on to participate in other Silicon Valley companies. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. Intel's third employee was Andy Grove,^[8] (a chemical engineer), who ran the company through much of the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s. Andrew Stephen Grove (Gróf András István (born 2 September 1936) is a Hungarian - American Businessman and scientist In the field of Engineering, a chemical engineer is the profession in which one works principally in the Chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety Grove is now remembered as the company's key business and strategic leader. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to A Strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading By the end of the 1990s, Intel was one of the largest and most successful businesses in the world.

Origin of the name

At its founding, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce wanted to name their new company "Moore Noyce". The name, however, sounded remarkably similar to "more noise" — an ill-suited name for an electronics company, since noise is typically associated with bad interference. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern They then used the name NM Electronics for almost a year, before deciding to call their company INTegrated ELectronics or "Intel" for short. However, Intel was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so they had to buy the rights for that name at the beginning. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis ^[9]

Company's evolution

Intel has grown through several distinct phases. At its founding, Intel was distinguished simply by its ability to make semiconductors, and its primary products were static random access memory (SRAM) chips. Static random access memory (SRAM is a type of Semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that unlike ''dynamic'' RAM (DRAM, it does not Intel's business grew during the 1970s as it expanded and improved its manufacturing processes and produced a wider range of products, still dominated by various memory devices.

While Intel created the first microprocessor in 1971 and one of the first microcomputers in 1972,^[10][11] by the early 1980s its business was dominated by dynamic random access memory chips. The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit Central processing unit (CPU released by Intel Corporation in 1971 microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had by 1983 dramatically reduced the profitability of this market, and the sudden success of the IBM personal computer convinced then-CEO Grove to shift the company's focus to microprocessors, and to change fundamental aspects of that business model. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated By the end of the 1980s this decision had proven successful, and Intel embarked on a 10-year period of unprecedented growth as the primary (and most profitable) hardware supplier to the PC industry.

After 2000, growth in demand for high-end microprocessors slowed and competitors garnered significant market share, initially in low-end and mid-range processors but ultimately across the product range, and Intel's dominant position was reduced. In the early 2000s then-CEO Craig Barrett attempted to diversify the company's business beyond semiconductors, but few of these activities were ultimately successful.

In 2005, CEO Paul Otellini reorganized the company to refocus its core processor and chipset business on platforms (enterprise, digital home, digital health, and mobility) which led to the hiring of over 20,000 new employees. In September of 2006 due to falling profits, the company announced a restructuring that resulted in layoffs of 10,500 employees or about 10 percent of its workforce by July of 2006. Its research lab located at Cambridge University was closed at the end of 2006.

Sale of XScale processor business

On June 27, 2006, the sale of Intel's XScale assets was announced. The XScale, a microprocessor core, is Marvell 's (formerly Intel 's implementation of the fifth generation of the ARM architecture, and consists Intel agreed to sell the XScale processor business to Marvell Technology Group for an estimated $600 million in cash and the assumption of unspecified liabilities. Marvell ( is an American producer of Storage, communications and consumer Semiconductor products The move is intended to permit Intel to focus its resources on its core x86 and server businesses. The acquisition was completed on November 9, 2006. ^[12]

Market history

SRAMS and the microprocessor

The company's first products were shift register memory and random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. In Digital circuits a shift register is a group of flip flops set up in a linear fashion which have their inputs and outputs connected together in such a way that the Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to Computer components devices and recording media that retain digital Static random access memory (SRAM is a type of Semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that unlike ''dynamic'' RAM (DRAM, it does not Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented the first microprocessor. Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff Jr (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester New York) is one of the inventors of the Microprocessor. Federico Faggin (born December 1 1941) is an Italian -born Physicist / Electrical engineer, principally responsible for the design of Masatoshi Shima (嶋正利 Shima Masatoshi, born on August 22[[ 943]] in Shizuoka, Japan) was one of the designers of the world's first Microprocessor A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace a number of ASICs in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. Busicom ( Nippon Calculating Machine Corp changed its name to Business Computer Corporation) was a Japanese company that owned the rights to the first The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit Central processing unit (CPU released by Intel Corporation in 1971 Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor. Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA )

From DRAM to microprocessors

In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus on microprocessors. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. Andrew Stephen Grove (Gróf András István (born 2 September 1936) is a Hungarian - American Businessman and scientist A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor. The 8086 is a 16-bit Microprocessor chip designed by Intel and introduced on the market in 1978 which gave rise to the X86 architecture

Until then, manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically distinct factories, and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. Zilog Inc, often seen as ZiLOG (the official company denotation in 1998 through Jun 2007 is a manufacturer of 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit When the PC industry exploded in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one of the primary beneficiaries.

Intel, x86 processors, and the IBM PC

Despite the ultimate importance of the microprocessor, the 4004 and its successors the 8008 and the 8080 were never major revenue contributors at Intel. The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit Central processing unit (CPU released by Intel Corporation in 1971 The Intel 8008 was an early byte-oriented Microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and introduced in April 1972 The Intel 8080 was an early Microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. As the next processor, the 8086 (and its variant the 8088) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush", and intended to win as many customers for the processor as possible. The 8086 is a 16-bit Microprocessor chip designed by Intel and introduced on the market in 1978 which gave rise to the X86 architecture The Intel 8088 is an Intel X86 Microprocessor based on the 8086, with 16- Bit registers and an 8-bit external Data bus One design win was the newly-created IBM PC division, though the importance of this was not fully realized at the time.

IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, and it was rapidly successful. In 1982, Intel created the 80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used in the IBM PC/AT. The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual Compaq, the first IBM PC "clone" manufacturer, in 1985 produced a desktop system based on the faster 80286 processor and in 1986 quickly followed with the first 80386-based system, beating IBM and establishing a competitive market for PC-compatible systems and setting up Intel as a key component supplier. Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual

In 1975 the company had started a project to develop a highly-advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432. The Intel iAPX 432 was Intel 's first 32-bit Microprocessor design introduced in 1981 as a set of three Integrated circuits The iAPX 432 was intended The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead. ^[13][14]

386 microprocessor

During this period Andy Grove dramatically redirected the company, closing much of its DRAM business and directing resources to the microprocessor business. Of perhaps greater importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically insisted that multiple manufacturers produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably Zilog and AMD. Zilog Inc, often seen as ZiLOG (the official company denotation in 1998 through Jun 2007 is a manufacturer of 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit Grove made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead producing it in three geographically distinct factories in Santa Clara, CA; Hillsboro, OR; and the Phoenix, Arizona suburb of Chandler; and convincing customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. As the success of Compaq's Deskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.

486, Pentium, and Itanium

Intel introduced the 486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 formally established a second design team, designing the processors code-named "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committing to a major new processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken. The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design The P5 was earlier known as "Operation Bicycle" referring to the cycles of the processor. The P5 was introduced in 1993 as the Intel Pentium, substituting a trademarked name for the former part number (numbers, like 486, cannot be trademarked). The Pentium brand refers to Intel 's single-core x86 Microprocessor based on the P5 fifth-generation Microarchitecture. The P6 followed in 1995 as the Pentium Pro and improved into the Pentium II in 1997. The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation X86 -based Microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1995 The Pentium II brand refers to Intel 's sixth-generation Microarchitecture (" Intel P6 " and x86 -compatible Microprocessors New architectures were developed alternately in Santa Clara, California and Hillsboro, Oregon. Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U Hillsboro is a city in and the County seat of Washington County, Oregon, United States

The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later, but quickly revived in a cooperative program with Hewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not achieve expectations, and it failed to effectively compete with 64-bit extensions to the original x86 architecture, first from AMD (the AMD64), then from Intel itself (the Intel 64 architecture, formerly known as EM64T). x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. As of November 2007, Intel continues to develop and deploy the Itanium.

The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processor (code-named P67 and P68) which was marketed as the Pentium 4, and later developed the 64-bit extensions to the x86 architecture, present in some versions of the Pentium 4 and in the Intel Core 2 chips. The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel 's line of single- core mainstream desktop and Laptop Central processing units (CPUs introduced The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set Many chip variants were developed at an office in Haifa, Israel. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with

Pentium flaw

Main article: Pentium FDIV bug

In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the floating-point math subsection of the Pentium microprocessor. The Pentium FDIV bug was a bug in Intel 's original Pentium Floating point unit. In Computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a string of digits (or Bits represents a Real number. Under certain data dependent conditions, low order bits of the result of floating-point division operations would be incorrect, an error that can quickly compound in floating-point operations to much larger errors in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, but nonetheless declined to disclose it.

In October 1994, Dr. Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College independently discovered the bug, and upon receiving no response from his inquiry to Intel, on October 30 posted a message on the Internet. Lynchburg College is a private college in Lynchburg, Virginia, USA, related by covenant to the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ with approximately ^[15] Word of the bug spread quickly on the Internet and then to the industry press. Because the bug was easy to replicate by an average user (there was a sequence of numbers one could enter into the OS calculator to show the error), Intel's statements that it was minor and "not even an erratum" were not accepted by many computer users. During Thanksgiving 1994, the New York Times ran a piece by journalist John Markoff spotlighting the error. John Markoff (born October 24, 1949) is a Journalist best known for his work at the The New York Times, and a book and series of articles Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-user support organization. This resulted in a $500 million charge against Intel's 1994 revenue.

Ironically, the "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered by some to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding (for most users) a lasting negative impression.

Intel Inside, Intel Systems Division, and Intel Architecture Labs

During this period, Intel undertook two major supporting programs that helped guarantee their processor's success. The first is widely-known: the 1990 "Intel Inside" marketing and branding campaign. This campaign established Intel, which had been a component supplier little-known outside the PC industry, as a household name. The second program is little-known: Intel's Systems Group began, in the early 1990s, manufacturing PC "motherboards", the main board component of a personal computer, and the one into which the processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips are plugged. A motherboard is the central or primary Printed circuit board (PCB making up a complex electronic system such as a modern Computer or Laptop Shortly after, Intel began manufacturing fully-configured "white box" systems for the dozens of PC clone companies that rapidly sprang up. At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel manufactured over 15% of all PCs, making it the third-largest supplier at the time. By manufacturing leading-edge PC motherboards systems, Intel enabled smaller manufacturers to compete with larger manufacturers, accelerating the adoption of the newest microprocessors and system architecture, including the PCI bus, USB and other innovations. The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI) specifies a Computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a Computer This led to more rapid adoption of each of its new processors in turn.

During the 1990s, Intel's Architecture Lab (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations of the personal computer, including the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus, the Universal Serial Bus (USB), Bluetooth wireless interconnect, and the now-dominant architecture for multiprocessor servers. Intel Architecture Labs, also known as IAL, was the Personal Computer system research and development arm of Intel Corporation during the 1990s A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI) specifies a Computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a Computer Not to be confused with PCI-X, a different bus architecture Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, officially abbreviated as PCI-E Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video, but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony by IAL Vice-President Steven McGeady at the Microsoft antitrust trial. Steven McGeady is a former Intel executive best known as a witness in the Microsoft Antitrust Trial. United States v Microsoft There were many civil actions taking place in May 18 1998

Another factor contributing to rapid adoption of Intel's processors during this period were the successive release of Microsoft Windows operating systems, each requiring significantly greater processor resources. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. The releases of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows 2000 provided impetus for successive generations of hardware. Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented Graphical user interface -based Operating system. Windows 98 ( codenamed Memphis) is a graphical Operating system released on 25 June 1998 by Microsoft and the successor to Windows 95 Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K) is a preemptive, interruptible graphical and business-oriented Operating system designed to work with

Competition, antitrust and espionage

Two factors combined to end this dominance: the slowing of PC demand growth beginning in 2000 and the rise of the low-cost PC. By the end of the 1990s, microprocessor performance had outstripped software demand for that CPU power. Aside from high-end server systems and software, demand for which dropped with the end of the "dot-com bubble", consumer systems ran effectively on increasingly low-cost systems after 2000. The " dot-com bubble " (or sometimes the " IT bubble " was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 (with a climax on March 10 Intel's strategy of producing ever-more-powerful processors and obsoleting their predecessors stumbled, leaving an opportunity for rapid gains by competitors, notably AMD. This in turn lowered the profitability of the processor line and ended an era of unprecedented dominance of the PC hardware by Intel.

Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges of antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry Intergraph Corporation is a software company with 3879 employees worldwide (2008 Intel's market dominance (at one time it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit PC microprocessors) combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent suit versus PC manufacturers)^[16] made it an attractive target for litigation, but few of the lawsuits ever amounted to anything.

A case of industrial espionage arose in 1995 that involved both Intel and AMD. Industrial espionage or corporate espionage is Espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of National security purposes Guillermo Gaede, an Argentine formerly employed both at AMD and at Intel's Arizona plant, was arrested for attempting in 1993 to sell the i486 and Pentium designs to AMD and to certain foreign powers. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chandler is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, and is a prominent suburb of the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design The Pentium brand refers to Intel 's single-core x86 Microprocessor based on the P5 fifth-generation Microarchitecture. ^[17] Gaede videotaped data from his computer screen at Intel and mailed it to AMD, which immediately alerted Intel and authorities, resulting in Gaede's arrest. Gaede was convicted and sentenced to 33 months in prison in June of 1996. ^[18][19]

Partnership with Apple

For more details on this topic, see Apple Intel transition. The Apple Intel transition was the process of changing the CPU of Macintosh Computers from PowerPC processors to Intel X86

On June 6, 2005, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be transitioning from its long favored PowerPC architecture to the Intel x86 architecture, because the future PowerPC road map was unable to satisfy Apple's needs. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24 1955 is the Co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc and former CEO of Pixar Animation PowerPC is a RISC Instruction set architecture created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola alliance known as AIM See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal The first Macintosh computers containing Intel CPUs were announced on January 10, 2006, and Apple had its entire line of consumer Macs running on Intel processors by early August 2006. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Apple Xserve server was updated to Intel Xeon processors from November 2006, and is offered in a configuration similar to Apple's Mac Pro. The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel 's x86 Multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP and multi-processor (MP configuration ^[20]

Core 2 Duo advertisement controversy

In 2007, the company released a print advertisement for its Core 2 Duo processor featuring six African American runners appearing to bow down to a Caucasian male inside of an office setting (due to the posture taken by runners on starting blocks). According to Nancy Bhagat, Vice President of Intel Corporate Marketing, the general public found the ad to be "insensitive and insulting". ^[21] The campaign was quickly pulled and several Intel executives made public apologies on the corporate website. ^[22]

Corporate affairs

In September 2006, Intel had nearly 100,000 employees and 200 facilities world wide. Its 2005 revenues were $38. 8 billion and its Fortune 500 ranking was 49th. Please do not add the complete list of fortune 500 companies The list is copyrighted by Fortune which makes money by selling the content Its stock symbol is INTC, listed on the NASDAQ. The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange.

Leadership and corporate structure

Robert Noyce was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1968, followed by co-founder Gordon Moore in 1975. Robert Norton Noyce ( December 12, 1927 &ndash June 3, 1990) nicknamed " the Mayor of Silicon Valley " co-founded A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator Gordon Earle Moore (born 3 January 1929 in San Francisco, California) is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author Andy Grove became the company's President in 1979 and added the CEO title in 1987 when Moore became Chairman. Andrew Stephen Grove (Gróf András István (born 2 September 1936) is a Hungarian - American Businessman and scientist President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. In 1997 Grove succeeded Moore as Chairman, and Craig Barrett, already company president, took over. Craig R Barrett (born August 29 1939) is the Chairman of the Board of the Intel Corporation since May 2005 President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. On May 18, 2005, Barrett handed the reins of the company over to Paul Otellini, who previously was the company president and was responsible for Intel's design win in the original IBM PC. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paul S Otellini (born October 12, 1950) is Intel Corporation 's fifth Chief Executive Officer. The board of directors elected Otellini CEO, and Barrett replaced Grove as Chairman of the Board. Grove stepped down as Chairman, but is retained as a special adviser.

Current members of the board of directors of Intel are Craig Barrett, Charlene Barshefsky, Susan Decker, James Guzy, Reed Hundt, Paul Otellini, James Plummer, David Pottruck, Jane Shaw, John Thornton, and David Yoffie. Charlene Barshefsky ( Russian: Баршевский or Barshevskiy served as United States Trade Representative, the country's top trade negotiator from 1997 to 2001 Susan (Sue Lynne Decker (born 1963 is the President of Yahoo! Inc Reed E Hundt (born March 3 1948 in Ann Arbor Michigan) was chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission from 1993 to ^[23]

Employment

Intel is not typical of its Silicon Valley counterparts. Its culture is not as relaxed and informal as companies such as Google or Sun Microsystems. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services It has a fairly strict meritocracy that rewards work generously and does not keep underrated employees around for very long. ^[25][26]

The firm promotes very heavily from within, most notably in its executive suite. The company has resisted the trend toward outsider CEOs. Paul Otellini was a 30-year veteran of the company when he assumed the role of CEO. All of his top lieutenants have risen through the ranks after many years with the firm. In many cases, Intel's top executives have spent their entire working careers with Intel, a very rare occurrence in volatile Silicon Valley.

Intel has a mandatory retirement policy for its CEO when they reach age 65, but only one CEO, Barrett, has actually retired at 65. Previous CEOs all retired before reaching that age; Grove retired at 62, while both Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore retired at 58. At 57, Otellini has a long career at the helm ahead of him, assuming he goes until age 65 and performs satisfactorily.

No one has an office; everyone, even Otellini, sits in a cubicle. "Cubicle" is also used to refer to a toilet stall in a Washroom. This is designed to promote egalitarianism among employees, but some new hires have difficulty adjusting to this change. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Intel is not alone in this policy. Hewlett-Packard has a similar no-office policy, as does NVIDIA. The multinational NVIDIA Corporation ( (ɪnˈvɪdiə specializes in the manufacture of graphics-processor technologies for Workstations

Outside of California, the company has facilities in China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, Israel, Ireland, India, Philippines, and Russia internationally. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In the U. S. Intel employs significant numbers of people in Colorado, Massachusetts, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Utah. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. ^[27] In Oregon, Intel is the state's largest employer with over 16,000 employees, primarily in Hillsboro. ^[28] The company is the largest industrial employer in New Mexico while in Arizona the company has over 10,000 employees. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America.

Diversity Initiative

Intel has a Diversity Initiative, including employee diversity groups as well as supplier diversity programs. ^[29] Like many companies with employee diversity groups, they include groups based on race and nationality as well as sexual identity and religion. In 1994, Intel sanctioned one of the earliest corporate Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender employee groups,^[30] and supports a Muslim employees group,^[31] a Jewish employees group,^[32] and a Bible-based Christian group. ^[33][34]

Intel received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign in 2002. It has maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the company was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2005 by Working Mother magazine. However, Intel's working practices still face criticism, most notably from Ken Hamidi,^[35] a former employee who has been subject to multiple unsuccessful lawsuits from Intel.

Finances

Intel's market capitalization is $153. Market capitalization/capitalisation (aka market cap, mkt cap or capitalized/capitalised value) is a measurement of Corporate or Economic 42 billion (October 31, 2007). It publicly trades on NASDAQ with the symbol INTC, and is a member of the following indices: Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, NASDAQ-100, SOX (PHLX Semiconductor Sector), and GSTI Software Index. The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. The Dow Jones Industrial Average ( also called the DJIA, Dow 30, INDP, or informally the Dow Jones or The Dow) is one of several The S&P 500 is a Stock market index containing the stocks of 500 Large-Cap Corporations all of which are from the United States. The NASDAQ-100 is a Stock market index of 100 of the largest domestic and international non-financial companies listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange it is a modified The PHLX Semiconductor Sector ( SOX) is a Price-weighted Stock market index composed of 19 companies primarily involved in the design GSTI Software Index stands for Goldman Sachs Technology Index (GSTI Software Index.

INTC is a widely-held stock then, it reached a low closing price of $14. 62 on September 23, 2002.

Advertising and brand management

Intel has become one of the world's most recognizable computer brands following its long-running "Intel Inside" campaign. The campaign, which started in 1991,^[36] was created by Intel marketing manager Dennis Carter. ^[37] The five-note jingle was introduced the following year and by its tenth anniversary was being heard in 130 countries around the world.

The Intel Inside program was very lucrative for advertisers and further served to broaden the company's awareness as a key ingredient inside PCs. Intel paid half the advertising costs for any ad that used the "Intel Inside" logo. If the ads didn't meet these requirements, Intel did not pay half the cost, and the advertiser was prohibited from using the "Intel Inside" logo. PC companies advertising products containing Intel chips are required to include the jingle in their film and television advertisements in order to receive the reimbursement.

The Centrino advertising campaign has been hugely successful, leading to the ability to access wireless internet from a laptop becoming linked in consumers' minds to Intel chips. Centrino is a platform- Marketing initiative from Intel. It is not a mobile CPU - rather the term covers a particular combination of mainboard Chipset In the UK this has caused some controversy, as the ASA upheld complaints that this was a misleading advert. ^[38]

In December 2005, Intel phased out the "Intel Inside" campaign in favor of a new logo and the slogan, "Leap ahead". The new logo is clearly inspired by the "Intel Inside" logo.

In 2006, Intel expanded its promotion of open specification platforms beyond Centrino, to include the Viiv media centre PC and the business desktop Intel vPro. Viiv (ˈvaɪv rhymes with five was a platform initiative from Intel similar to Intel's Centrino and vPro. Relationships between Intel vPro Intel AMT Intel Centrino 2 and Intel Core 2 The numerous Intel brands can be confusing

In mid January 2006, Intel announced that they were dropping the long running Pentium name from its processors. The Pentium name was first used to refer to the P5 core Intel processors (Pent refers to the 5 in P5,) and was done to circumvent court rulings that prevent the trademarking of a string of numbers, so competitors could not just call their processor the same name, as had been done with the prior 386 and 486 processors. (Both of which had copies manufactured by both IBM and AMD). They phased out the Pentium names from mobile processors first, when the new Yonah chips, branded Core Solo and Core Duo, were released. The Core brand refers to Intel 's 32-bit mobile Dual-core X86 CPUs that derived from the Pentium M branded processors The desktop processors changed when the Core 2 line of processors were released.

In March 2007, the Intel logo was shown briefly in one of the scenes of the movie, "The Last Mimzy. The Last Mimzy is a 2007 Science fiction family film directed by Bob Shaye and adapted from the acclaimed 1943 science fiction short "

As from 2008, Intel plans to shift the emphasis of its "Intel Inside" campaign from traditional media such as television and print to newer media such as the Internet. Intel will require that a minimum of 35% of the money it provides to the companies in its co-op program be used for online marketing. ^[39]

Intel's "Intel Inside" campaign has generally been considered to be world class marketing. However, over the years there have been several plays on the Intel branding scheme which have appeared on the web. While such jabs at Intel are obviously beyond the company's ability to control, they do tend to show that not everyone believes that Intel's programs and policies are always world class. For example, there is the popular "evil inside" logo,^[40] the ubiquitous picture of a tombstone with "R. I. P Intel Inside"^[41]

Sonic logo

The famous "D♭  D♭  G♭  D♭  A♭" jingle, sonic logo, tag, audio mnemonic (MP3 file of sonic logo) was written by Walter Werzowa from the Austrian 1980s sampling band Edelweiss. A jingle is a memorable Slogan, set to an engaging Melody, mainly broadcast on Radio and sometimes on Television commercials. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember Walter Werzowa (born December 15 1960 is an Austrian composer producer and owner of Musikvergnuegen most noted for composing the "Intel bong" Jingle Edelweiss was an Austrian Electronica / Dance band The act consisted of remixers Martin Gletschermayer, Walter Werzowa and Matthias ^[42]

Open source support

Intel has a significant participation in the open source communities. Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge For example, in 2006 Intel released MIT-licensed X.org drivers for their integrated graphics cards of the i965 family of chipsets. The MIT License is a Free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT used by the MIT X Consortium. The XOrg Server (officially the XOrg Foundation Open Source Public Implementation of X11) is the X server in the official reference implementation of the X On other occasions, Intel released FreeBSD drivers for some networking cards,^[43] available under a BSD-compatible licence, which were also ported to OpenBSD. FreeBSD is a Unix-like free Operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD branch through OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer Operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD a Unix derivative developed at the Intel also released its EFI core named as EDK under a BSD-compatible licence. Intel runs Moblin project and LessWatts. Moblin is an Open source project focused on developing software for Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs and other new categories of devices such as Netbooks and org campaigns. ^[44]

However, after the release of the wireless products called Intel Pro/Wireless 2100, 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG and 3945ABG in 2005, Intel was criticized for not granting free redistribution rights for the firmwares that are necessary to be included in the operating systems for the wireless devices to operate. ^[45] As a result of this, Intel became a target of campaigns to allow free operating systems to include binary firmwares on terms acceptable to the open source community. Linspire-Linux creator Michael Robertson outlined the difficult position that Intel was in releasing to Open Source, as Intel did not want to upset their large customer Microsoft. Linspire, previously known as LindowsOS, was a commercial Operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux and later Ubuntu. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Michael Robertson may refer to Michael Robertson (tennis player 1963 (born 1963 South African born U Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer ^[46] Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD also claimed that Intel is being "an Open Source fraud" after an Intel employee presented a distorted view of the situation on an open-source conference. Theo de Raadt, (ˈθiːoʊ dεˈrɔːt born May 19, 1968 in Pretoria, South Africa, is a Software engineer who lives in OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer Operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD a Unix derivative developed at the ^[47] In spite of the significant negative attention Intel received as a result of the wireless dealings, the binary firmware still has not gained a license compatible with free software principles.

Competition

During the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten worldwide semiconductor sales leaders (10th in 1987), dominated by Japanese chip makers. In 1991, Intel achieved the number one ranking and has held it ever since. Other top semiconductor companies include AMD, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. STMicroelectronics (,)is an franco-italian Electronics and Semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in in Geneva, Switzerland.

Further information: Semiconductor sales leaders by year

Competitors in PC chipsets include VIA Technologies, SiS, ATI, and Nvidia. This article lists the top 20 largest semiconductor companies by sales leaders over the past 20 years VIA Technologies ( is a Taiwanese manufacturer of Integrated circuits mainly Motherboard Chipsets CPUs, and memory, and Silicon Integrated Systems (SiS Traditional Chinese: 矽統科技) is a company that manufactures among other things motherboard chipsets The multinational NVIDIA Corporation ( (ɪnˈvɪdiə specializes in the manufacture of graphics-processor technologies for Workstations Intel's competitors in networking include Freescale, Infineon, Broadcom, Marvell Technology Group and AMCC, and its competitors in flash memory include Spansion, Samsung, Qimonda, Toshiba, STMicroelectronics, and Hynix. Freescale Semiconductor Inc is an American Semiconductor manufacturer Infineon Technologies AG () was founded in April 1999 when the Semiconductor operations of parent company Siemens AG, were spun off to form a separate Broadcom Corporation is an American supplier of Integrated circuits (ICs for broadband communications Marvell ( is an American producer of Storage, communications and consumer Semiconductor products Applied Micro Circuits Corporation ( is a Fabless semiconductor company designing network and embedded Power Architecture (including a Power Spansion Inc is a joint-venture between AMD and Fujitsu that trades on NASDAQ under the symbol SPSN The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate Qimonda AG ( (pronounced "key-MON-duh" is a Memory company split out of Infineon Technologies AG on May 1 2006 to form the second ( is a multinational conglomerate manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. STMicroelectronics (,)is an franco-italian Electronics and Semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in in Geneva, Switzerland. Hynix Semiconductor Inc of South Korea is a memory Semiconductor supplier of Dynamic random access memory ('DRAM' chips and Flash memory

The only major competitor to Intel on the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's patented technological innovations without charge after a certain time. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an ^[48] However, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. ^[49] Some smaller competitors such as VIA and Transmeta produce low-power processors for small factor computers and portable equipment. VIA Technologies ( is a Taiwanese manufacturer of Integrated circuits mainly Motherboard Chipsets CPUs, and memory, and Transmeta Corporation ( is a US -based Corporation that licenses low power semiconductor IP

Lawsuits

In September 2005, Intel filed its response to an AMD lawsuit,^[50] disputing AMD's claims, and stating that its business practices are fair and lawful. In its rebuttal, Intel laid out the skeleton of its legal defense, which included a deconstruction of AMD's offensive strategy and levied the charge that AMD's long-struggling market position is largely a result of bad business decisions and management incompetence, including underinvestment in essential manufacturing capacity and over-reliance on contracting out chip foundries. ^[51]

Legal experts predict the lawsuit will most likely drag out for a number of years, since Intel's response indicates they are not likely to try to settle with AMD. ^[52][53] A court date has been granted in 2010. ^[54]

In October 2006, a Transmeta lawsuit was filed against Intel for patent infringement covering computer architecture and power efficiency technologies. Transmeta Corporation ( is a US -based Corporation that licenses low power semiconductor IP ^[55] In October 2007, the Transmeta-Intel lawsuit was settled, with Intel agreeing to pay an initial US$150 million and US$20 million per year for the next 5 years. Both companies agreed to drop lawsuits against each other while Intel was granted a perpetual non-exclusive license to use current and future patented Transmeta technologies in its chips for 10 years. ^[56]

Anti-competitive allegations by regulatory bodies

In July 2007, the European Commission formally accused Intel of anti-competitive practices, mostly against its main competitor AMD. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ^[57] The allegations, going back to 2003, include giving preferential prices to computer makers getting most or all CPU chips from Intel, paying computer makers to delay or cancel the launch of products using AMD chips and providing CPU chips at below cost to governments and educational institutions. ^[58] Intel responded that the allegations were unfounded and instead qualified its market behavior as consumer-friendly. ^[59] General counsel Bruce Sewell also responded that the Commission had misunderstood some factual assumptions concerning price and manufacturing costs. ^[60]

In February 2008, a spokesman for the company announced that Intel's office in Munich had been "raided" by European Union competition regulators investigating its business practices. Intel reported that it was cooperating with investigators. ^[61]

If found guilty of stifling competition, Intel could be fined up to 10% of its annual revenue. ^[59] Rival AMD also subsequently launched a website focusing on these allegations. ^[62][63]

In September 2007, South Korean regulators formally accused Intel of breaking antitrust law. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The inquiry began in February 2006 when officials raided Intel's South Korean offices. If found guilty, the company risks being fined up to 3% of its annual sales. ^[64]

A verbal decision from South Korea's antitrust regulator said on Thursday 6th June 2008 it will order Intel Corp. to pay US$25. 4 million for violating fair trade rules. ^[65]

Quotes

Bad companies are destroyed by crisis, Good companies survive them, Great companies are improved by them

—Andy Grove, after the Pentium Processor flaw in December 1994

Environmental record

During the months of June and July in 2006 Intel's facilities were responsible for the release of more than 1580 lbs of VOC emissions. ^[66] In 2003 there was 1. 4 tons of carbon tetrachloride measured from just one of Intel's acid scrubbers. Intel used a different way to calculate their emissions instead of the proper way and reported for the whole year that there was zero emissions being released in their compounds and the release of carbon tetrachloride. ^[67] Intel has a facility located in Rio Ranche that overlooks a village. The hills of its location allow for emissions to travel at ground level. The heavy emissions the facility gives off stays trapped in the same air that animals and humans are breathing, instead of evaporating into the air. In the village next to the Intel facility there were reports of dogs dying. The dogs were examined after their deaths and high levels of the dangerous toxic, Silica, were found in their lungs. Silica is one just of many hazardous chemicals released into the air by Intel's factories. ^[68]

See also

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Cyrix x86 architecture Transmeta Intel graphics media accelerator Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units Intel Museum Intel Science Talent Search ASCI Red Justin Rattner List of Intel microprocessors

List of Intel chipsets List of Intel Pentium 4 microprocessors List of Intel Pentium D microprocessors List of Intel Celeron microprocessors List of Intel Pentium M microprocessors List of Intel Pentium Dual-Core microprocessors List of Intel Xeon microprocessors List of Intel Core microprocessors List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors List of Intel codenames List of Intel manufacturing sites

References

External links

• Intel website
• blogs.intel.com
• Open Port
• Andy Grove interview by iinnovatecast
• YouTube Intel Channel
• Intel Corporation at the Open Directory Project
• Intel Organizational Chart Wiki

Business data

• INTEL CORP. at Google Finance
• INTEL CORP. at Yahoo Finance
• INTEL CORP. at Hoover's
• INTEL CORP. at Reuters
• INTEL CORP. SEC filings at EDGAR Online
• INTEL CORP. SEC filings at the Securities and Exchange Commission

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Google Finance is a website launched on March 21, 2006 by Google. Hoover's Inc is a business research company that has provided information on U This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U EDGAR, the Electronic Data-Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system performs automated collection validation indexing acceptance and forwarding of submissions by companies An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility

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