Core Central processing unit
Produced:	2006 -
Manufacturer:	Intel
Max CPU clock:	533 MHz to 2. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. 33 GHz
FSB speeds:	337 MT/s to 800 MT/s
Min feature size:	0.065 Âµm
Instruction set:	x86
Microarchitecture:	P6 (Pentium M) derivative
Cores:	1 or 2
Socket:	Socket M
Core name:	Yonah

The Core brand refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs that derived from the Pentium M branded processors. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. In Personal computers the Front Side Bus ( FSB) is the bus that carries data between the CPU and the northbridge. Gigatransfer (GT and Megatransfer (MT are terms used in computer technology referring to a number of data transfers (or operations Gigatransfer (GT and Megatransfer (MT are terms used in computer technology referring to a number of data transfers (or operations The 65 nanometer (65 nm process is an advanced lithographic node used in volume CMOS Semiconductor fabrication. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central The P6 Microarchitecture is the sixth generation Intel X86 Microprocessor architecture released in 1995. A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated Socket M is a CPU interface introduced by Intel in 2006 for the Intel Core line of mobile processors. The range of Integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4294967295 or −2147483648 through 2147483647 using Two's complement encoding A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal Overview The Pentium M represented a new and radical departure for Intel as it was not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified The Core's microarchitecture was a more advanced version of the Intel P6 architecture, that was eventually superseded by the new Core 2 microarchitecture. In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central The P6 Microarchitecture is the sixth generation Intel X86 Microprocessor architecture released in 1995. The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Intel Next-Generation Micro-Architecture, or NGMA is a multi-core processor It emerged in parallel with the NetBurst (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Intel NetBurst Microarchitecture, called P68 inside Intel was the successor to the P6 microarchitecture in the X86 family of CPUs The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel 's line of single- core mainstream desktop and Laptop Central processing units (CPUs introduced '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. The Core comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

The Core brand was launched on January 5, 2006 by the release of the 32-bit Yonah core CPU - Intel's first dual-core mobile (low-power) processor. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The range of Integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4294967295 or −2147483648 through 2147483647 using Two's complement encoding A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated Its dual-core closely resembled two interconnected Pentium M branded CPUs packaged as a single die (piece) silicon chip (IC). Overview The Pentium M represented a new and radical departure for Intel as it was not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified A die in the context of Integrated circuits is a small block of semiconducting material on which a given functional circuit is fabricated Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the following 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Intel Next-Generation Micro-Architecture, or NGMA is a multi-core processor The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set Despite a major rebranding effort by Intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M. Rebranding is the process by which a product or service developed with one Brand, company or Product line affiliation is marketed or distributed

In 2007, Intel began branding the Yonah core CPUs as Pentium Dual-Core intended for lower-end mobile only computers, unlike the 64-bit Core microarchitecture CPUs branded as Intel Core 2 Duo (for higher-end computers) and also as Pentium Dual-Core (for lower-end desktops only). The Pentium Dual-Core brand refers to mainstream X86 -architecture Microprocessors from Intel. '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Intel Next-Generation Micro-Architecture, or NGMA is a multi-core processor The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set In short, the Core brand refers to processors with the "mobile" derivative of 32-bit Intel P6 microarchitecture (preceding the Core microarchitecture), whereas the Intel Core 2 Duo brand refers to CPUs with the 64-bit Core microarchitecture. The range of Integer values that can be stored in 32 bits is 0 through 4294967295 or −2147483648 through 2147483647 using Two's complement encoding The P6 Microarchitecture is the sixth generation Intel X86 Microprocessor architecture released in 1995. In Computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch is a description of the Electrical circuitry of a Computer, Central The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set

September 2006 and January 4, 2008 mark a discontinuation of many Core branded CPUs. ^[1][2]

Yonah

Yonah was the code name for (the core of) Intel's first generation of 65 nm process mobile microprocessors, based on the Banias/Dothan-core Pentium M microarchitecture. The 65 nanometer (65 nm process is an advanced lithographic node used in volume CMOS Semiconductor fabrication. A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. Overview The Pentium M represented a new and radical departure for Intel as it was not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified SIMD performance has been improved through the addition of SSE3 instructions and improvements to SSE and SSE2 implementations, while integer performance decreased slightly due to higher latency cache. In Computing, SIMD ( S ingle I nstruction M ultiple D ata is a technique employed to achieve data level parallelism as in a Vector SSE3, also known by its Intel code name Prescott New Instructions (PNI, is the third iteration of the SSE instruction set for the IA-32 architecture S treaming '''S'''IMD E xtensions ( SSE) is a SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data Instruction set extension to the X86 SSE2, Streaming SIMD Extensions 2, is one of the IA-32 SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data Instruction sets SSE2 was first introduced by Additionally, Yonah includes support for the NX bit. The NX bit, which stands for No eXecute, is a technology used in CPUs to segregate areas of memory for use by either storage of processor instructions (or code

The Intel Core Duo brand refers to the world's first low-power (less than 25 watts) Yonah dual-core microprocessor, with the previous low being AMD's Opteron 260 and 860 HE at 55 watts. A multi-core processor (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP) combines two or more independent cores into a single package composed of a single Integrated The Opteron is AMD 's X86 server processor line and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 Instruction set architecture (known Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006, with the other components of the Napa platform. Centrino is a platform- Marketing initiative from Intel. It is not a mobile CPU - rather the term covers a particular combination of mainboard Chipset It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Macintosh products (although the Apple Developer Transition Kit machines, non-production units distributed to some developers, used Pentium 4 processors). The Apple Intel transition was the process of changing the CPU of Macintosh Computers from PowerPC processors to Intel X86 Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel 's line of single- core mainstream desktop and Laptop Central processing units (CPUs introduced ^[3]

Contrary to early reports, the Intel Core Duo supports Intel VT x86 virtualization technology, except in the T2300E model and proprietary T2050/T2150/T2250 mounted by OEMs (cf. x86 virtualization is the method by which X86 -based "guest" operating systems are run under another "host" x86 operating system with little or no modification the Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology Performance Brief and Intel's Processor Number Feature Table). The Intel Pentium Dual Core processors may or may not have this feature. However, it seems some vendors, like HP, have chosen to disable this feature,^[4][5] with others making it available through a BIOS option.

Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation) is not supported by Yonah. x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. However, Intel 64 support is integrated in Yonah's successor, the mobile version of Core 2, code-named Merom. The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set

Intel Core processor family
Logo	Laptop			Remarks
	Code-named	Core	Date released
	Yonah	dual (65 nm)	Jan 2006	Intel Core Duo (product code 80539) consists of two cores on one die, a 2 MB L2 cache shared by both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls both L2 cache and FSB access. A megabyte is a unit of Information or Computer storage equal to either 106 (1000000 Bytes or 220 (1048576 bytes depending on Upcoming steppings of Core Duo processors will also include the ability to disable one core to conserve power.
	Yonah	solo (65 nm)	Jan 2006	Intel Core Solo (product code 80538) uses the same two-core die as the Core Duo, but features only one active core. This allows Intel to sell dies that have a manufacturing defect in one but not both of the cores. Depending on demand, Intel may also simply disable one of the cores to sell the chip at the Core Solo price -- this requires less effort than launching and maintaining a separate line of CPUs that physically only have one core. Intel used the same strategy previously with the 486 CPU in which early 486SX CPUs were in fact manufactured as 486DX CPUs but the FPU failed quality control and the connection was physically severed. For the processor see Intel 80486. Events By Place Europe Roman rule in Gaul ends with the defeat at Soissons The Intel 's i486SX was a modified Intel 486DX Microprocessor with its Floating-point unit (FPU disconnected The Intel 486, otherwise known as the 80486 i486 or just 486 was the first tightly pipelined X86 design A floating point unit (FPU is a part of a Computer system specially designed to carry out operations on Floating point numbers
List of Intel Core microprocessors

Technical specifications

Core Duo contains 151 million transistors, including the shared 2 MB L2 cache. The Core brand of Intel 's 32-bit dual-core mobile Microprocessor of P-M ( Intel P6 mobile derivative Microarchitecture refers to mobile In Electronics, a transistor is a Semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals Yonah's execution core contains a 12 stage pipeline, forecast to eventually be able to run at a maximum frequency of 2. In Computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series so that the output of one element is the input of the next one 33–2. 50 GHz. The communication between the L2 cache and both execution cores is handled by a bus unit controller through arbitration, which reduces cache coherency traffic over the FSB, at the expense of raising the core-to-L2 latency from 10 clock cycles (in the Dothan Pentium M) to 14 clock cycles. In Computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a Computer or between computers In Personal computers the Front Side Bus ( FSB) is the bus that carries data between the CPU and the northbridge. The increase in clock frequency offsets the impact of the increased clock cycle latency. The power management components of the core features improved grained thermal control, as well as independent scaling of power between the two cores, resulting in very efficient management of power.

Core processors communicate with the system chipset over a 667 MT/s front side bus (FSB), up from 533 MT/s used by the fastest Pentium M. In Personal computers the Front Side Bus ( FSB) is the bus that carries data between the CPU and the northbridge. New T2050 & T2250 have also appeared in OEM systems as a low-cost option with a lower 533 MHz FSB and no Virtualization Technology. x86 virtualization is the method by which X86 -based "guest" operating systems are run under another "host" x86 operating system with little or no modification No official data on these processors is yet available from Intel.

Yonah is supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT system chipsets. Core Duo and Core Solo use Socket M, but due to pin arrangement and new chipset functions are not compatible with any previous Pentium M motherboard. Socket M is a CPU interface introduced by Intel in 2006 for the Intel Core line of mobile processors. Overview The Pentium M represented a new and radical departure for Intel as it was not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified

The T2300E was later introduced as a replacement for the T2300. It has dropped support for Virtualization Technology. x86 virtualization is the method by which X86 -based "guest" operating systems are run under another "host" x86 operating system with little or no modification Early Intel specifications mistakenly claimed a halving of the Thermal Design Power. The Thermal Design Power (TDP (sometimes called Thermal Design Point) represents the maximum amount of power the cooling system in a computer is required to dissipate

Advantages and shortcomings

The Duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) includes two computational cores, providing performance per watt almost as good as any previous single core Intel processors. In battery-operated devices such as notebook computers, this translates to getting as much total work done per battery charge as with older computers, although the same total work may be done faster. When parallel computations and multiprocessing are able to utilize both cores, the Intel Core Duo delivers much higher peak speed compared to the single-core chips previously available for mobile devices.

The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:

• The same or even slightly worse "performance per watt" in single threaded or non-parallel applications compared to its predecessor.
• 32-bit processes only. 64-bit processes are not supported. '64-bit' CPUs have existed in Supercomputers since the 1960s and in RISC -based workstations and servers since the early 1990s. (See the Intel Core 2 successor, which is a 64-bit processor. The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set )
• High memory latency due to the lack of on-die memory controller (further aggravated by system-chipset's use of DDR-II RAM)
• Limited Floating Point Unit (multiply/divide) throughput for non-parallel computations or single-threaded processes; this is due to the smaller number of floating-point units in each CPU core compared to some previous designs. A floating point unit (FPU is a part of a Computer system specially designed to carry out operations on Floating point numbers

The Yonah platform requires all main-memory transactions to pass through the Northbridge of the chipset, increasing latency compared to the AMD's Turion platform. The northbridge, also known as the memory controller hub ( MCH) in Intel systems (AMD VIA SiS and others usually use 'northbridge' is traditionally one Turion 64 is the Brand name AMD applies to its 64- Bit low-consumption ( mobile) processors However, application tests showed Intel Core's L2-cache system is quite effective at overcoming main-memory latency; despite this limitation, Intel Core (Yonah) sometimes managed to outperform AMD's Turion.

The Sossaman processor for servers, which is based on Yonah, also lacks Intel 64-bit support. The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel 's x86 Multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP and multi-processor (MP configuration For the server market, this had more severe consequences, since all major server operating systems already supported x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

According to Mobile Roadmaps from 2005, Intel's Yonah project originally focused more on reducing the power consumption of its p6+ Pentium M-based processor and aimed to reduce it by 50% for Intel Core (Yonah). Intel continued recommending Pentium NetBurst-based processors for mobile high performance applications (although these were less power efficient) until the Yonah project succeeded in extracting higher performance from its lower-power-consumption design. The Intel Core Duo's inclusion of two highly-efficient cores on one chip can provide better performance than a Pentium NetBurst core, but with much better power-efficiency. Intel no longer recommends its Pentium Netburst-based processors for mobile devices.

On July 27, 2006, Intel's Core 2 processors were released. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set By 2Q 2007, Intel expected 90% of its laptop CPU production to be converted to the heavily-revised Intel Core 2 processors. The original Intel Core (Yonah) product had an unusually short lifespan as a stepping stone to the 64-bit Intel Core 2.

Non-Core Yonah variants

Main articles: Xeon, Intel Pentium Dual-Core, and Celeron

There were two variants and one derivative of the Yonah, which did not bear the "Intel Core" brand name. The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel 's x86 Multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP and multi-processor (MP configuration The Pentium Dual-Core brand refers to mainstream X86 -architecture Microprocessors from Intel. The Celeron brand is a range of X86 CPUs from Intel targeted at budget/value Personal computers €”with the motto "delivering great quality A dual-core (server) derivative, code-named Sossaman, was released on 14 March 2006 as the Xeon (branded) LV (low-voltage). The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel 's x86 Multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP and multi-processor (MP configuration Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel 's x86 Multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP and multi-processor (MP configuration The Sossaman differed from the Yonah only in its support for dual-socket configurations (two CPUs - i.e. four cores - on board, like AMD Quad FX), and implementation of 36-bit memory addressing (PAE mode). F G H I L The AMD Quad FX platform is an AMD platform targeted at enthusiasts which allows users to plug two Socket F Athlon 64 FX or 2-way Opteron In Computing, Physical Address Extension ( PAE) refers to a feature of X86 and X86-64 processors that allows more than 4 Gigabytes ( A single-core variant, code-named Yonah-1024, was released as the Celeron (branded) M 400 series CPUs. The Celeron brand is a range of X86 CPUs from Intel targeted at budget/value Personal computers €”with the motto "delivering great quality It was largely identical to the Core Solo branded Yonah, except that it only had half the L2 cache and did not support SpeedStep. SpeedStep is a Trademark for a series of technologies (including SpeedStep SpeedStep II and SpeedStep III built into some Intel Another dual-core variant of the Core Duo branded Yonah was released as the Intel Pentium Dual-Core branded T2060, T2080, and T2130 mobile CPUs. The Pentium Dual-Core brand refers to mainstream X86 -architecture Microprocessors from Intel.

Core successor

Main article: Intel Core 2

The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel 's consumer 64-bit dual-core and 2x2 MCM quad-core CPUs with the X86-64 instruction set The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Intel Next-Generation Micro-Architecture, or NGMA is a multi-core processor Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks (although some small form factor and all-in-one desktops, like the iMac, also used Core processors). The iMac is a desktop Macintosh computer designed and built by Apple Inc

Unlike the Intel Core, Intel Core 2 is a 64-bit processor, supporting Intel 64. Another difference between the original Core Duo and the new Core 2 Duo is an increase in the amount of Level 2 cache. The new Core 2 Duo has doubled the amount of on-board cache to 4 MB. Both chips have a 65 nm process technology architecture and support a 667-1333 MHz front-side-bus (FSB).

See also

• Centrino
• List of Intel Core microprocessors

External links

• Intel Core Duo Web page
• Intel Core Solo Web page
• Processor comparison table
• Intel Core technical specifications
• techPowerUp! CPU Database
• Tested against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M
• Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology papers

References