The 80186 architecture. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal

The 80186 is a microprocessor that was developed by Intel circa 1982. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The 80186 was an improvement on the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The 8086 is a 16-bit Microprocessor chip designed by Intel and introduced on the market in 1978 which gave rise to the X86 architecture The Intel 8088 is an Intel X86 Microprocessor based on the 8086, with 16- Bit registers and an 8-bit external Data bus As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit external bus and was also available as the Intel 80188, with an 8-bit external data bus. The Intel 80188 is a version of the Intel 80186 microprocessor with an 8 bit external Data bus, instead of 16 bit Eight-bit CPUs normally use an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus which means that their Address space is limited to 64 KBs This is not a "natural In Computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a Computer or between computers The initial clock rate of the 80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz, but due to more hardware (in place of microcode) some of the individual instructions ran 10-20 times faster than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Microprogramming (ie writing microcode) is a method that can be employed to implement Machine instructions in a CPU relatively easily often using less On the average, it ran at 1 million instructions per second. Instructions per second (IPS is a measure of a Computer 's processor speed [1]

They were generally used as embedded processors (roughly comparable to microcontrollers). An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints A microcontroller (also MCU or µC is a functional Computer system-on-a- chip. They were not used in many personal computers, but there were some notable exceptions: the Mindset, the Siemens PC-D (the first DOS PC line of Siemens, with MS-DOS v2. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated The Mindset was sold around 1984 as a high-end graphics workstation which was somewhat PC compatible. MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. 11), the Compis (a Swedish school computer), the RM Nimbus (a British school computer), the Unisys ICON (a Canadian school computer), ORB Computer by ABS, the HP 200lx, the Tandy 2000 desktop (a somewhat PC-compatible workstation featuring particularly sharp graphics for its day) and the Philips "Yes". Compis ( Swedish name Scandis ( Norwegian name was a computer system designed and sold to schools beginning 1984 "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The ICON was a computer built specifically for use in schools to fill a standard created by the Ontario Ministry of Education. The HP 200LX (also known as Project Felix is a Personal digital assistant introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1994 The Tandy 2000 was a Personal computer introduced by Radio Shack in late 1983 which used the 8 MHz Intel 80186 Microprocessor. Another British computer manufacturer, Acorn, created a plug-in second processor that contained the 80188 chip along with assorted support chips and 512 KB of RAM – hence the Master 512 system. Acorn Computers was a British Computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978

One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the number of chips required by including features such as a DMA controller, interrupt controller, timers, and chip select logic. Direct memory access ( DMA) is a feature of modern Computers and Microprocessors that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system Chip select ( CS) or slave select ( SS) is the name of a control line in Digital electronics used to select one chip out of several connected

New instructions were introduced as follows:

ENTER  Make stack frame for procedure parameters
LEAVE  High-level procedure exit
PUSHA  Push all general registers
POPA   Pop all general registers
BOUND  Check array index against bounds
UD2    Generate invalid opcode exception
INS    Input from port to string
OUTS   Output string to port

External links

• Intel's Official Page for the 80186
• Intel 80186/80188 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de
• Scan of the Intel 80186 data book at datasheetarchive.com
• Intel Microprocessor History

This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing ( FOLDOC) is an online searchable encyclopedic Dictionary of Computing subjects The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software