An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution. Its use is subject to heavy political bias. It should not be confused with, or interchanged with the term "resistance. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation " Complicating matters and blurring the definition of the term, it is frequently used as a label for the violent conflict in Iraq, which involves elements of insurgency and an armed resistance movement.

The following discussion illustrates how the definition becomes blurred under political influence.

The French expert on Indochina and Vietnam, Bernard Fall, entitled one of his major books Street without joy: insurgency in Indochina, 1946-63. Bernard B Fall ( November 19, 1926 - February 21, 1967) was a prominent War correspondent, Historian, political scientist ^[1] Fall himself, however, wrote later on that "revolutionary warfare" might be a more accurate term. ^[2] Insurgency has been used for years in professional military literature. Under the British, the situation in Malaya (now Malaysia) was often called the "Malayan insurgency". ^[3], or "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Insurgencies have existed in many countries and regions, including the Philippines, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Kashmir, Yemen, Djibouti, Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, the American colonies of Great Britain, and the Confederate States of America. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 ^[4] Each had different specifics but share the property of an attempt to disrupt the central government by means considered illegal by that government. North points out, however, that insurgents today need not be part of a highly organized movement:

"Some are networked with only loose objectives and mission-type orders to enhance their survival. Most are divided and factionalized by area, composition, or goals. Strike one against the current definition of insurgency. It is not relevant to the enemies we face today. Many of these enemies do not currently seek the overthrow of a constituted government. . . weak government control is useful and perhaps essential for many of these “enemies of the state” to survive and operate. "^[5]

The term Iraqi insurgency has been used to describe the guerilla resistance to the US-led coalition forces and the new Iraqi Government in Iraq^[6]) |Francis Fukuyama^[7]}}

A variety of terms, none precisely defined, all fall under the category of insurgency: rebellion, uprisings, etc. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I, is a military command, led by the United States that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants Iraqi sovereignty was interrupted by the multinational forces which overthrew Saddam Hussein in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Iraq War|2007 in Iraq|2008 in IraqThe post-invasion period in Iraq Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author The value of the formal models discussed below is to have a taxonomy to categorize insurgencies. No two insurgencies are identical. The basis of the insurgency can be political, economic, religious, or ethnic, or a combination of factors. For example, "The Troubles" of Northern Ireland are most often described as Protestant versus Catholic, but there was significant economic disparity that contributed to the conflict. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Fall ^[2] as well as the United States Marine Corps have used "small wars"; the Marine Small Wars Manual was a pre-World War II classic reference. ^[8] The Northern Irish situation has been called terrorism,^[9] an ethnic conflict,^[10] a guerrilla war,^[11] a low intensity conflict, and sometimes a civil war. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion An ethnic conflict or ethnic war is a war between Ethnic groups often as a result of Ethnic nationalism. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Low intensity conflict (LIC is the use of Military forces applied selectively and with restraint to enforce compliance with the policies or objectives of the political The term Irish Civil War is, however, more often used for the 1922-1923 conflict. The Irish Civil War ( June 28 1922 &ndash May 24 1923) pitted supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty against its opponents

Iraq is not unique in having only a government and multiple sets of insurgents. Historic insurgencies, such as the Russian Civil War, have been multipolar rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed While the Angolan Civil War had two main sides, MPLA and UNITA. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho is an Angolan political party The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest Political party in Angola. FLEC, however, was a simultaneous separatist movement for the independence of the Cabinda region. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda FLEC is a Separatist Guerrilla and political movement in Multipolarity extends the definition of insurgency to situations where there is no recognized authority, as in the Somali Civil War, especially the period, from 1998 to 2006, where it broke into quasi-autonomous smaller states, fighting among one another in changing alliances. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988

Contents 1 Working toward definition 2 Tactics 2.1 Terrorism 2.2 Subversion 2.2.1 Overt and covert wings 2.2.2 Coups 2.2.3 Civil War 3 Potential for insurgency and historical examples 4 Political rhetoric, myths and models 4.1 Kilcullen's Pillars 4.2 Eizenstat and closing gaps 4.3 McCormick Magic Diamond 4.4 Barnett and connecting to the core 4.5 Cordesman and Security 5 National Problems and Transnational Spillover 5.1 Blood diamonds 5.2 Illicit drug trade 5.3 Piracy 5.4 Disease 5.5 Terrorism 5.6 Ethnic cleansing 6 Counterinsurgency 7 National doctrines 8 See also 9 References

Working toward definition

Insurgency is most commonly used to describe a movement's unlawfulness by virtue of not being authorized by or in accordance with the law of the land. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society When used by a state or an authority under threat, "insurgency" implies an illegitimacy of cause upon those rising up, whereas those rising up will see the authority itself as being illegitimate. The term "insurgency" is still neutral. In cases of rebellions, the term insurgents refers to those who are not part of the decision-making entity that has the ability to make laws, but it is still an insurgency. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance In coups, the insurgents are largely or exclusively part of the existing government.

The Third Geneva Convention, as well as the other Geneva Conventions, are oriented to conflict involving nation-states, and only loosely address irregular forces:

"Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements. The Third Geneva Convention (or GCIII) of 1949 one of the Geneva Conventions, is a treaty agreement that primarily concerns the treatment of Prisoners of . . "^[12]

Again, the Geneva Convention definition is inadequate, since many factions began with what might have been considered a small violent act. For example, a seemingly small act, such as a group of rebels firing on Fort Sumter, starting the insurgency called the American Civil War. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The United States Department of Defense (DOD) defines it as "An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and armed conflict. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government " ^[13] The new United States counterinsurgency Field Manual,^[14] proposes a structure that includes both insurgency and counterinsurgency[COIN]. (italics in original)

Insurgency and its tactics are as old as warfare itself. Joint doctrine defines an insurgency as an organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict. ^[13] These definitions are a good starting point, but they do not properly highlight a key paradox: though insurgency and COIN are two sides of a phenomenon that has been called revolutionary war or internal war, they are distinctly different types of operations. In addition, insurgency and COIN are included within a broad category of conflict known as irregular warfare.

This definition, however, does not consider the morality of the conflict, or the different viewpoints of the government and the insurgents. It is focused more on the operational aspects of the types of actions taken by the insurgents and the counterinsurgents.

The Department of Defense’s (DOD) definition focuses on the type of violence employed (unlawful) towards specified ends (political, religious or ideological). 3 This characterization fails to address the argument from moral relativity that “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter. ” In essence, this objection to a suitable definition submits that while violence may be “unlawful” in accordance with a victim’s statutes, the cause served by those committing the acts may represent a positive good in the eyes of neutral observers. The Department of Defense’s (DOD) definition focuses on the type of violence employed (unlawful) towards specified ends (political, religious or ideological). This characterization fails to address the argument from moral relativity that “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter. ” In essence, this objection to a suitable definition submits that while violence may be “unlawful” in accordance with a victim’s statutes, the cause served by those committing the acts may represent a positive good in the eyes of neutral observers.

– Michael F. Morris^[15]

Tactics

Insurgencies differ in their use of tactics. Some elements of an insurgency may use bombs, kidnappings, hostage-taking, hijackings, shootings and other terrorist techniques to target the establishment's power structure and other facilities, often with little regard for civilian casualties or collateral damage. A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Civilian casualties is a Military term describing Civilian or Non-combatant persons killed or injured by military action Collateral damage is damage that is unintended or incidental to the intended outcome Other elements may restrict their attacks to military objectives and avoid the targeting of civilians. Many times, insurgent groups conduct violent attacks but do not reveal the group's identity or leader.

As an example of a definition that does not cover all insurgencies, consider that of Tomes, and then consider the French Revolution (e. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an g. , no cell system), American Revolution (e. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" g. , little to no attempt to terrorize civilians), or consecutive coups in 1977 and 1999 Pakistan (e. g. , initial actions focused internally to the government rather than seeking broad support). Tomes spoke of four requisites:^[16] in a 2004 article, identifies four elements that "typically encompass an insurgency":

1. cell-networks that maintain secrecy
2. terrorism used to foster insecurity among the population and drive them to the movement for protection
3. multifaceted attempts to cultivate support in the general population, often by undermining the new regime
4. attacks against the government

This definition fits well with Mao's Phase I ^[17], but does not deal well with larger civil wars. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Mao does assume terrorism is usually part of the early phases, but it is not always present in revolutionary insurgency.

Tomes offers an indirect definition of insurgency, drawn from Trinquier's definition of counterinsurgency: "an interlocking system of actions—political, economic, psychological, military—that aims at the [insurgents’ intended] overthrow of the established authority in a country and its replacement by another regime" ^[18]

Metz ^[19] observes that past models of insurgency do not perfectly fit modern insurgency, in that current instances are far more likely to have a multinational or transnational character than those of the past. Several insurgencies may belong to more complex conflicts, involving "third forces (armed groups which affect the outcome, such as militias) and fourth forces (unarmed groups which affect the outcome, such as international media), who may be distinct from the core insurgents and the recognized government. While overt state sponsorship becomes less common, sponsorship by transnational groups is more common. "The nesting of insurgency within complex conflicts associated with state weakness or failure. . . " [see the discussion of failed states below] Metz suggests that contemporary insurgencies have far more complex and shifting participation than traditional wars, where discrete belligerents seek a clear strategic victory.

General dictionary definitions^{[20][21][22][23][24]} are rarely adequate, as the reality is that there is no simple definition that will fit into the few paragraphs available in such references. Unfortunately, public statements by politicians and media, for a variety of reasons, tend to oversimplify conflicts to a point where major issues and tactics are lost.

Terrorism

Not all insurgencies include terrorism, with the caveat that there is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. While there is no accepted definition in international law, a United Nations-sponsored working definitions include one drafted by Alex P. Schmid for the Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Alex P Schmid is an internationally renowned Dutch scholar in Terrorism Studies and former Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations. Reporting to the Secretary-General in 2002, the Working Group stated the following:

Without attempting a comprehensive definition of terrorism, it would be useful to delineate some broad characteristics of the phenomenon. Terrorism is, in most cases, essentially a political act. It is meant to inflict dramatic and deadly injury on civilians and to create an atmosphere of fear, generally for a political or ideological (whether secular or religious) purpose. Terrorism is a criminal act, but it is more than mere criminality. To overcome the problem of terrorism it is necessary to understand its political nature as well as its basic criminality and psychology. The United Nations needs to address both sides of this equation. ”^[25]

Yet another conflict of definitions involves insurgency versus terrorism. The winning essay of the 24th Annual United States Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Essay Contest, by Michael F. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed Morris, said [A pure terrorist group] "may pursue political, even revolutionary, goals, but their violence replaces rather than complements a political program. "^[15] Morris made the point that the use, or non-use, of terrorism does not defined insurgency, "but that organizational traits have traditionally provided another means to tell the two apart. Insurgencies normally field fighting forces orders of magnitude larger than those of terrorist organizations. " Insurgencies have a political purpose, and may provide social services and have an overt, even legal, political wing. Their covert wing carries out attacks on military forces with tactics such as raids and ambushes, as well as acts of terror such as attacks that cause deliberate civilian casualties.

Mao considered terrorism a basic part of his first part of the three phases of revolutionary warfare. ^[17] Several insurgency models recognize that completed acts of terrorism widen the security gap; the Marxist guerrilla theoretician Carlos Marighella specifically recommended acts of terror, as a means of accomplishing something that fits the concept of opening the security gap. ^[26] Mao considered terrorism to be part of forming a guerilla movement.

Subversion

While not every insurgency involves terror, most involve an equally hard to define tactic, subversion. "When a country is being subverted it is not being outfought; it is being out-administered. Subversion is literally administration with a minus sign in front. " ^[2] The exceptional cases of insurgency without subversion are those when there is no accepted government that is providing administrative services.

While it is less commonly used by current U. S. spokesmen, that may be due to the hyperbolic way it was used in the past, in a specifically anticommunist context. U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk did in April 1962, when he declared that urgent action was required before the “enemy’s subversive politico-military teams find fertile spawning grounds for their fish eggs. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs David Dean Rusk ( February 9, 1909 &ndash December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents ” ^[27]

In a Western context, Rosenau cites a British Secret Intelligence Service definition as "a generalized intention to (emphasis added) “overthrow or undermine parliamentary democracy by political, industrial or violent means. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. ” While insurgents do not necessarily use terror, it is hard to imagine any insurgency meeting its goals without undermining aspects of the legitimacy or power of the government or faction it opposes. Rosenau mentions a more recent definition that suggests subversion includes measures short of violence, which still serve the purposes of insurgents. ^[27] Rarely, subversion alone can change a government; this arguably happened in the liberalization of Eastern Europe. To the Communist government of Poland, Solidarity appeared subversive but not violent. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Overt and covert wings

An insurgency often splits its programs into a covert armed faction and an overt "front group", denying connections between them. ^[27] One example would be the appropriate incarnation of the Irish Republican Army coupled with the overt political party, Sinn Fein. The Irish Republican Army ( IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann was a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 See the Green Book for the training manual for new IRA recruits. The IRA Green Book is a training and induction manual issued by the Irish Republican Army to new volunteers Groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas provide overt social services as well as having armed wings, the latter sometimes with a different name. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Vietnamese National Liberation Front,^[28] the FMLN in El Salvador, and the Tamil Eelam separatists in Sri Lanka all use a dual political/social and armed approach. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (in Spanish: Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN) is a Left-wing political El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Tamil Eelam ( Tamil: தமிழ் ஈழம் tamiḻ īḻam) is the name given by certain Tamil groups in Sri Lanka to the state which they aspire Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

Coups

A coup is a special case of subversion, in which the group in opposition to the established government may be partially or exclusively a faction within that government. ^[29] It is not at all uncommon to have a coup, by members of the government, while that government is simultaneously fighting an insurgency against a group outside the government. For example, the 1963 South Vietnamese coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem came principally from military officers displeased less with the government's fight with the National Liberation Front and more with repression of the nation's Buddhist majority (see Buddhist Crisis). On November 1, 1963, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam was deposed by a group of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN officers primarily Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Buddhist crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam from May 1963 to November 1963 which was sparked by the shootings of nine unarmed civilians

Civil War

There is no single accepted definition of "civil war", but it is a manifestation of insurgency, widely considered to meet two definitions:^[30]

• The major warring groups must be from the same country and fighting for control of the political center, control over a separatist state or to force a major change in policy. There may be volunteers from other countries under the command of one or more of the warring groups.
• The second says that at least 1,000 people must have been killed in total, with at least 100 from each side.

The Third Geneva Convention speaks of the "armed conflict not of an international character",^[12] interpreted by the International Committee of the Red Cross to include civil wars. The Third Geneva Convention (or GCIII) of 1949 one of the Geneva Conventions, is a treaty agreement that primarily concerns the treatment of Prisoners of "ICRC" redirects here For other uses see ICRC (disambiguation. Among those conditions listed are these four basic requirements.

• The party in revolt must be in possession of a part of the national territory.
• The insurgent civil authority must exercise de facto authority over the population within the determinate portion of the national territory.
• The insurgents must have some amount of recognition as a belligerent.
• The legal Government is “obliged to have recourse to the regular military forces against insurgents organized as military. ”

Potential for insurgency and historical examples

Two broad categories of country are likely candidates for insurgency. The obvious category is of weak and failed states, but there are also needs in generally strong states that face specific problems such as terrorism, piracy and illegal drugs. A special case is that of resistance movements in occupied areas, even when there a new government has formed and has international recognition.

There is much media and political focus on transnational terrorism, but insurgency can be national, or at least separatist within one nation and not involve terror. There is also a widespread and incorrect assumption, based on equating terror and insurgency, that insurgency is usually Islamic. Such an assumption can easily be challenged by examples, of which those marked with an asterisk clearly fall into more than one category, and the categories themselves are arbitrary. If a categorization seems incorrect, that reflects the difficulty in analyzing movements.

Religion and region codes in table below

Abbreviation	Religion	Abbreviation	Region
C	Christian	PK	Pakistan
Cc	Christian Catholic	BQ	Basque
Cp	Christian Protestant	PL	Palestine
H	Hindu	Ka	Kashmir
J	Jewish	IN	India
M	Muslim	IL	Israel
-	-	JP	Japan
-	-	PI	Philippines

Examples of motivations of insurgencies (see table of religions and regions above)

Anticolonialist	Resistance to occupation	Nationalist or separatist	Civil war	Marxist	Religious and Racist
American colonists	American colonists	Confederate States of America	Confederate States of America	Weather Underground	Ku Klux Klan
Irish nationalists prior to 1922	Armia Krajowa Polish Home Army	Irish nationalists prior to 1922	Spanish Loyalists	26th of July Movement (Cuba)	al-Qaeda
Viet Minh*	French Resistance[	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam	Viet Minh*	Viet Minh*	Hezbollah
Provisional IRA, Real IRA, Official IRA	Provisional IRA, Real IRA, Official IRA	Free Thai Movement	Anbar Salvation Council (IN)	National Liberation Army (Bolivia)(ELN)	Lord's Resistance Army (C)(UG,SD)
National Liberation Front/Viet Cong*	Yugoslav Partisans	Sudan People's Liberation Army	National Liberation Front/Viet Cong*	National Liberation Front/Viet Cong*	Jaish-e-Mohammed (M)(PK/KS)
Mau Mau (Kenya)	Baathists (Iraq)	Baathists (Iraq)	National Liberation Front	pro-Patrice Lumumba Simba (DRC)	al-Qaeda in Iraq, Islamic State of Iraq
Boxer Rebellion	Badr Organization	Badr Organization	Badr Organization	Khmer Rouge	Gush Emunim Underground(J)(IL)
Boers	Hukbalahap (WWII)	Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Caucasian Emirate	African National Congress	Hukbalahap (post-WWII)*	Armed Islamic Group (Algeria)
Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)	Norwegian Resistance (WWII)	Front de Liberation Quebecois	Irish Republican Army 1922-1927	Red Brigades	Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)
Shining Path (Peru)	July 20 plot (Germany)	Mahdi Army (SD)	Spanish Nationalists	Indian Communist Party	Mahdi Army (SD)
FRELIMO (Angolan)	Chinese Communist Party*	Caprivi Liberation Army	Chinese Communist Party*	Chinese Communist Party*	Lashkar-e-Toiba (M) (Pak/Kash)
National Liberation Front (Algeria)(FLN)	Holger Danske (Denmark)	Bolsheviks* (Russia)	Bolsheviks* (Russia)	Bolsheviks* (Russia)	Army of God (C) (US)
EOKA (Greek Cypriot)	Soviet Partisans	Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) (Peru)*	Chetniks	Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) (Peru)*	Hizbul Mujahideen (M)(PK/Ka)
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (BQ)	Czech Resistance movement	Republic of Biafra	Satsuma domain (JP)	Malayan National Liberation Army*	Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Hungarian Revolution of 1956*	Hamas (Palestine)	Hungarian Revolution of 1956*	Albigensians	Red Army Faction	Orthodox Serbs (C)
Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan	Mahdi Army(Iraq) (M)	Moro Islamic Liberation Front (PI)	Mahdi Army(Iraq)(M)	Japanese Red Army	Moro Islamic Liberation Front (PI)
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (BQ)	Czech Resistance movement	Malayan National Liberation Army*	Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)*	Malayan National Liberation Army*	Babbar Khalsa(S)(IN)

In the U. 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The Islamic State of Iraq or Dawlat al-'Iraq al-Islamiyya ( Arabic دولة العراق الإسلامية) is an Umbrella organization The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence Badr Organization (منظمة بدر (previously known as Badr Brigade or Bader Corps -- not to be confused with the Badr Brigade in the Jordanian Army Badr Organization (منظمة بدر (previously known as Badr Brigade or Bader Corps -- not to be confused with the Badr Brigade in the Jordanian Army Badr Organization (منظمة بدر (previously known as Badr Brigade or Bader Corps -- not to be confused with the Badr Brigade in the Jordanian Army The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed Gush Emunim Underground was a terrorist militant organization formed by prominent members of the Israeli political movement Gush Emunim, that existed from 1979 Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans The Hukbalahap was the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire 's occupation of the Philippines The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ɪʧˈkɛriə ( Chechen Latin: Noxçiyn Respublika Noxçiyçö Chechen Cyrillic: Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self proclaimed Successor state to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was announced on The African National Congress (ANC has been South Africa 's governing party supported by its Tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions The Hukbalahap was the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire 's occupation of the Philippines The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. Norwegian Resistance Movement (Norske Motstandsbevegelsen is a militant offshoot of the Swedish Resistance Movement, with its base in Norway The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois This article is about the Italian group "Red Brigade" may also refer to the Japanese Red Army/Anti-Imperialist International Brigade. "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Communist Party of Peru (Spanish Partido Comunista del Perú) more commonly known as the Shining Path ( Sendero Luminoso) is a Maoist In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth Indian Communist Party was a small communist group in India, led by U In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA /fɾeˈlimo/ The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Caprivi Liberation Army ( CLA) is a Namibian rebel and separatist group which was established in 1994 to separate the Caprivi Strip The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba The National Liberation Front ( Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني transliterated: Jabhat al-Taḩrīr al-Waţanī French: Front Holger Danske was a Danish resistance group during World War II. 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The Satsuma domain ( 薩摩藩 Satsuma Han) was one of the most powerful feudal domains in Tokugawa Japan, and played a major role in the The Malayan Races Liberation Army ( MRLA) was the name given by British security forces to a combatant in the Malayan Emergency, an insurrection and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami ( Urdu: حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی (abbreviated HUM is a Pakistani Islamic militant group The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The Red Army Faction or RAF ( German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group ''Gang'' was one Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, This page describes the Shia Mahdi Army of contemporary Iraq for the Sunni Mahdi Army of Nineteenth Century Sudan see Muhammad Ahmad. 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The was a Terrorist group founded by Fusako Shigenobu in February 1971 after she broke away from the Japanese Communist League-Red Army Faction The Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF) is a Muslim Separatist rebel group located in Southern Philippines. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist Czech resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II is a scarcely documented subject by and large a result of little formal resistance and an effective German The Malayan Races Liberation Army ( MRLA) was the name given by British security forces to a combatant in the Malayan Emergency, an insurrection and The Greek People's Liberation Army ( Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, Ellinikos Laïkos Apeleftherotikos Stratos) abbreviated The Malayan Races Liberation Army ( MRLA) was the name given by British security forces to a combatant in the Malayan Emergency, an insurrection and Babbar Khalsa (ਬੱਬਰ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ bəbːəɾ kʰɑlsɑ is a among group of Sikh Jathebandis calling for the formation of an independent Sikh state S. , there tends to be an incorrect assumption that insurgencies are Islamic. A general point here is not only that they are not always Islamic, but not always religious. It is well to expand on Cordesman/s point that

[the US] must show that the US focus on counterterrorism is not anti-Islamic and anti-Arab, and does not put counterterrorism before the same values in the rule of law and human rights that the US seeks to encourage throughout the world. The US should build on its very real successes in quiet bilateral cooperation in counterterrorism, and publicly recognize regional successes as well as point out occasional delays and failures. It must also recognize that every country in the region has a different set of threat perceptions than the US, defines terrorism and terrorist in different ways. Cooperation means partnership, not imposing a US view or issuing threats, sanctions, and demands. ^[31]

Political rhetoric, myths and models

In arguing against the term Global War on Terror, Fukuyama went on to point out that the United States was not fighting terrorism generically, as in Chechnya or Palestine. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The slogan "war on terror" is directed at "radical Islamism, a movement that makes use of culture for political objectives. " He suggested it might be deeper than the ideological conflict of the Cold War, but it should not be confused with Huntington's "clash of civilizations". Addressing Huntington's thesis,^[32] Fukuyama stressed that the United States and its allies need to focus on specific radical groups, rather than clash with global Islam.

While modern transnational terrorists are utterly determined, and have the potential of obtaining and using weapons of mass destruction, the appropriate description of that which is being opposed is an insurgency, "like other insurgencies in the past. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e " Political means, rather than direct military measures, are the most effective ways to defeat that insurgency. ^[7] David Kilcullen wrote "We must distinguish Al Qa’eda and the broader militant movements it symbolises – entities that use terrorism – from the tactic of terrorism itself. "^[33]

There may be utility in examining a war not specifically on the tactic of terror, but in coordination among multiple national or regional insurgencies. It may be politically infeasible to refer to a conflict as an "insurgency" rather than by some more charged term, but military analysts, when concepts associated with insurgency fit, should not ignore those ideas in their planning. Additionally, the recommendations can be applied to the strategic campaign, even if it is politically unfeasible to use precise terminology^[34]

While it may be reasonable to consider transnational insurgency. Cordesman points out some of the myths in trying to have a worldwide view of terror:^[31]

• Cooperation can be based on trust and common values: One man’s terrorist is another man’s terrorist.
• A definition of terrorism exists that can be accepted by all.
• Intelligence can be freely shared.
• Other states can be counted on to keep information secure, and use it to mutual advantage.
• International institutions are secure and trustworthy.
• Internal instability and security issues do not require compartmentation and secrecy at national level.
• The “war on terrorism” creates common priorities and needs for action.
• Global and regional cooperation is the natural basis for international action.
• Legal systems are compatible enough for cooperation.
• Human rights and rule of law differences do not limit cooperation.
• Most needs are identical.
• Cooperation can be separated from financial needs and resources

Social scientists, soldiers, and sources of change have been modeling insurgency for nearly a century, if one starts with Mao. ^[17] Counterinsurgency models, not mutually exclusive from one another, come from Kilcullen, McCormick, Barnett and Eizenstat. Kilcullen describes the "pillars" of a stable society, while Eizenstat addresses the "gaps" that form cracks in societal stability. McCormick's model shows the interplay among the actors: insurgents, government, population and external organizations. Barnett discusses the relationship of the country with the outside world, and Cordesman focuses on the specifics of providing security.

Kilcullen's Pillars

Kilcullen gives a useful visual overview^[35] of the actors in the models

, which generally agrees with a model represents home as a box defined by geographic, ethnic, economic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Inside

the box are governments, counterinsurgent forces, insurgent leaders, insurgent forces, and the general population, which is made up of three groups:

1. those committed to the insurgents
2. those committed to the counterinsurgents
3. those who simply wish to get on with their lives.

Often, but not always, states or groups that aid one side or the other are outside the box. Outside-the-box intervention has dynamics of its own. ^[36]

The three pillar model repeats later as part of the gaps to be closed to end an insurgency.

"Obviously enough, you cannot command what you do not control. Therefore, unity of command (between agencies or among government and non-government actors) means little in this environment. " Unity of command is one of the axioms of military doctrine^[37] that change with the use of swarming:^[38]. In Edwards' swarming model, as in Kilcullen's mode, unity of command becomes "unity of effort at best, and collaboration or deconfliction at least. ^[35].

As in swarming, Kilcullen "depends less on a shared command and control hierarchy, and more on a shared diagnosis of the problem (i. Swarming is a behavior in which autonomous or semi-autonomous units of action attack an enemy from several different directions and then regroup e. , the distributed knowledge of swarms), platforms for collaboration, information sharing and deconfliction. Each player must understand the others’ strengths, weaknesses, capabilities and objectives, and inter-agency teams must be structured for versatility (the ability to perform a wide variety of tasks) and agility (the ability to transition rapidly and smoothly between tasks). "

Eizenstat and closing gaps

Insurgencies, according to Eizenstat et al. grow out of "gaps". ^[39] To be viable, a state must be able to close three "gaps", of which the first is most important:

• security: protection "against internal and external threats, and preserving sovereignty over territory. If a government cannot ensure security, rebellious armed groups or criminal nonstate actors may use violence to exploit this security gap—as in Haiti, Nepal, and Somalia. "
• capacity: The most basic are the survival needs of water, electrical power, food and public health, closely followed by education, communications and a working economic system. ^[40] "An inability to do so creates a capacity gap, which can lead to a loss of public confidence and then perhaps political upheaval. In most environments, a capacity gap coexists with—or even grows out of—a security gap. In Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, segments of the population are cut off from their governments because of endemic insecurity. And in postconflict Iraq, critical capacity gaps exist despite the country’s relative wealth and strategic importance. "
• legitimacy: closing the legitimacy gap is more than an incantation of "democracy" and "elections", but a government that is perceived to exist by the consent of the governed, has minimal corruption, and has a working law enforcement and judicial system that enforce human rights.

Note the similarity between Eizenstat's gaps and Kilcullen's three pillars. ^[35] In the table below, do not assume that a problematic state is not able, while closing its own gaps, is unable to assist other less developed states

Rough Classification of States

State type	Needs	Representative examples
Militarily strong but weak in other institutions	Lower tensions before working on gaps	Cuba, North Korea
Good performers	Continuing development of working institutions. Focused private investment	El Salvador, Ghana, Mongolia, Senegal, Nicaragua, Uganda
Weak states	Close one or two gaps	Afghanistan, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe
Failed states	Close all gaps	Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Palestine, Somalia

McCormick Magic Diamond

McCormick’s model^[41] is designed as a tool for counterinsurgency (COIN), but develops a symmetrical view of the required actions for both the Insurgent and COIN forces to achieve success. In this way the counterinsurgency model can demonstrate how both the insurgent and COIN forces succeed or fail. The model’s strategies and principle apply to both forces, therefore the degree the forces follow the model should have a direct correlation to the success or failure of either the Insurgent or COIN force.

The model depicts four key elements or players:

1. Insurgent Force
2. Counterinsurgency force (i. e. , the government)
3. Population
4. International community.

All of these interact, and the different elements have to assess their best options in a set of actions:

1. Gaining Support of the Population
2. Disrupt Opponent’s Control Over the Population
3. Direct Action Against Opponent
4. Disrupt Opponent’s Relations with the International Community
5. Establish Relationships with the International Community

Barnett and connecting to the core

In Thomas Barnett's paradigm,^[42] the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate -- that communication can be likened to swarm coordination. If the state is occupied, or in civil war, another paradigm comes into play: the leviathan, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive swarming at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established group of the core such as NATO or ASEAN. Swarming is a behavior in which autonomous or semi-autonomous units of action attack an enemy from several different directions and then regroup The North Atlantic Treaty The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language

Cordesman and Security

Other than brief "Leviathan" takedowns, security building appears to need to be regional, with logistical and other technical support from more developed countries and alliances (e. g. , ASEAN, NATO). Noncombat military assistance in closing the security gap begins with training, sometimes in specialized areas such as intelligence. More direct, but still noncombat support, includes intelligence, planning, logistics and communications.

Anthony Cordesman notes that security requirements differ by region and state in region. Writing on the Middle East, he identified different security needs for specific areas, as well as the US interest in security in those areas. ^[31]

• In North Africa, the US focus should be on security cooperation in achieving regional stability and in counterterrorism. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan
• In the Levant, the US must largely compartment security cooperation with Israel and cooperation with friendly Arab states like Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon, but can improve security cooperation with all these states. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
• In the Gulf, the US must deal with the strategic importance of a region whose petroleum and growing gas exports fuel key elements of the global economy. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the

It is well to understand that counterterrorism, as used by Cordesman, does not mean using terrorism against the terrorism, but an entire spectrum of activities, nonviolent and violent, to disrupt an opposing terrorist organization. The French general, Joseph Gallieni, observed, while a colonial administrator in 1898,

A country is not conquered and pacified when a military operation has decimated its inhabitants and made all heads bow in terror; the ferments of revolt will germinate in the mass and the rancours accumulated by the brutal action of force will make them grow again^[43]

Both Kilcullen and Eizenstat define a more abstract goal than does Cordesman. Kilcullen's security pillar is roughly equivalent to Eizenstat's security gap:

• Military security (securing the population from attack or intimidation by guerrillas, bandits, terrorists or other armed groups)
• Police security (community policing, police intelligence or “Special Branch” activities, and paramilitary police field forces).
• Human security, building a framework of human rights, civil institutions and individual protections, public safety (fire, ambulance, sanitation, civil defense) and population security.

"This pillar most engages military commanders’ attention, but of course military means are applied across the model, not just in the security domain, while civilian activity is critically important in the security pillar also . . . all three pillars must develop in parallel and stay in balance, while being firmly based in an effective information campaign. "^[35]

Anthony Cordesman, while speaking of the specific situation in Iraq, makes some points that can be generalized to other nations in turmoil. ^[44] Cordesman recognizes some value in the groupings in Samuel Huntington's idea of the clash of civilizations,^[32] but, rather assuming the civilizations must clash, these civilizations simply can be recognized as actors in a multinational world. Samuel Huntington is a human name and may refer to Samuel Huntington (statesman (1731-1796 American jurist statesman and revolutionary leader The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P In the case of Iraq, Cordesman observes that the burden is on the Islamic civilization, not unilaterally the West, if for no other reason that the civilization to which the problematic nation belongs will have cultural and linguistic context that Western civilization cannot hope to equal.

The heart of strengthening weak nations must come from within, and that heart will fail if they deny that the real issue is the future of their civilization, if they tolerate religious, cultural or separatist violence and terrorism when it strikes at unpopular targets, or if they continue to try to export the blame for their own failures to other nations, religions, and cultures.

National Problems and Transnational Spillover

Developed and stable countries have their own reasons for helping weak states deal with insurgency, because insurgencies can have direct (e. g. , terrorism, epidemic disease) or indirect (e. g. , drug trade, economic instability in resources) effects on them. While ideological or religious terrorism is most frequently mentioned, it is, by no means, the only multinational problem that FID addresses, starting at the national level. When one of these problems is present in a state, it is likely to cause transnational spillover effects. ^[45] Problems include:

• Blood diamonds
• Piracy
• Disease
• Illicit drugs
• Terrorism
• Ethnic cleansing
• Economic instability

Not only HN, but regional conflicts threaten to widen gaps. "Pretending that the conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Darfur, Iraq, Palestine and Sri Lanka are the problems of others or are going to solve themselves is not a solution. It should be noted that some states, especially in the ASEAN group, can be quite strong, but still have difficulties with piracy, terrorism, and drug traffic. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language There are a number of intelligence-sharing arrangements among countries in this area and the US FID assistance needs can involve economically strong countries in other regions. "Nigeria is among the top ten exporters of crude oil to the United States. . . . when rebel leaders in the oil-rich Niger delta vowed to launch an “all-out war on the Nigerian state,” instability helped propel global oil prices to more than $50 per barrel. ^[39]

Blood diamonds

These effects are not limited to terrorism, but include displaced population, often bearing disease. Transnational criminal networks may use weak nations as sanctuaries for high-value, low-volume commodities such as diamonds^[46]

Illicit drug trade

Drugs also are high-value and low-volume. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODOC) observes

Drug cultivation thrives on instability, corruption and poor governance. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC is a United Nations agency that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention The world's biggest drug producing centres are in regions beyond the control of the central government, like South Afghanistan, South-West Colombia and East Myanmar. Until government control, democracy and the rule of law are restored, these regions will remain nests of insurgency and drug production - and represent the biggest challenge to containment. ^[47]

When a country's legitimate government is weak compared to its drug trade infrastructure, part of FID may be defeating that infrastructure, or, minimally, reducing its ability to corrupt or destroy government institutions. ^[48].

Piracy

Piracy is very real in the international waters of weak and failed states, such as Somalia. ^[49] When pirates are active, providing FID supplies by water is impractical unless the transport vessels are armed, or travel in convoy.

Piracy also may feed into security violations at ports, and as a means by which terrorists transport personnel and materials. ^[50] An Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) study on the ownership and control of ships reports that anonymous ownership is more the rule than the exception. ^[51]. There are reports that 15 cargo ships are linked to al-Qaeda. ^[52] The reputed strongholds in Pakistan hardly will be bases for ships, and weak and failed states become the logical ports.

Disease

Bad health is a very real problem, especially from domestic conflict that displaces refugees across borders. HIV is the most obvious, especially in Africa, but it is not the only major concern. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ^[53]

Military health specialists, as distinct from special operations forces, can have an enormous impact. Training and equipping health and education facilities are key FID capabilities.

Terrorism

Organized transnational terrorists can flourish in weak states. A globally-oriented group using terrorist methods can coexist with a local insurgency, or perhaps in the country that offers sanctuary to a border-crossing insurgency in a neighboring state. Developed country terrorism programs can benefit from FID in weak states, by strengthening those states, with due regard to human rights and the rule of law. FID can complement the global war on terrorism by reducing these contributing factors. The defensive measures of anti-terrorism (AT) and offensive counterterrorism efforts can be part of the FID program developed for a HN.

In many cases, measures increasing the capacity of a state to fight terrorism also will strengthen its overall IDAD program. These measures can include the following:

(a) Developing the ability of the HN to track illicit financial transactions, break funding streams for criminal and insurgent groups, and prosecute their members. This may involve greater USHN cooperation in developing regulated financial institutions. See financial intelligence (FININT)

(b) Ensuring that HN security personnel have access to appropriate equipment and training to conduct all phases of combating terrorism operations. Financial intelligence ( FININT) is the gathering of information about the financial affairs of entities of interest to understand their nature and capabilities and predict

(c) Training personnel at entry and exit points (including airports, seaports, and border crossings) to identify and apprehend individuals and materials being used by international terrorist groups. ^[50]

(d) Assisting HN security and intelligence agencies to be included into international networks that can share information on terrorist activities.

(e) Developing effective judicial systems, and minimizing corruption and intimidation of HN officials. ^[54]

Ethnic cleansing

FID specialists in Information Operations can help reduce the intensity of ethnic struggle. Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent They have a range of techniques, from presenting things advantageous to all sides, to shutting down inflammatory propaganda outlets.

Counterinsurgency

See the articles on counter-insurgency, or, for U. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat S. doctrine and historical French and British methods, see foreign internal defense. Foreign internal defense ( FID) is used by a number of Western militaries explicitly by the United States but sharing ideas with countries including France Before one counters an insurgency, however, one must understand what one is countering.

National doctrines

• Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)
• Foreign internal defense

See also

• Counter-insurgency
• Global Islamic insurgency theory
• Insurrectionary anarchism
• List of revolutions and rebellions
• Guerilla warfare, which needs to split, at least, into doctrines from China and Cuba
• Revolutionary warfare
• Foreign internal defense, which needs to split into French, U. See also Insurgency, United States Special Operations Command, United States Army Special Forces In US doctrine unconventional warfare (abbreviated Foreign internal defense ( FID) is used by a number of Western militaries explicitly by the United States but sharing ideas with countries including France See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat Global Islamic Insurgency is a Hypothesis formulated by David Kilcullen contending that various non-state Islamist groups are dedicated to political outcomes Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and This is a list of Revolutions and Rebellions BC 499 BC - 493 BC: Ionian Revolt. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Foreign internal defense ( FID) is used by a number of Western militaries explicitly by the United States but sharing ideas with countries including France K. , and U. S. national doctrine

References

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