Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher

The word Inquisition (with a capitalized I) occurs in broad use in reference to the judgment of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief It can mean an ecclesiastical tribunal or the institution of the Roman Catholic Church for combating or suppressing heresy; a number of historical expurgation movements against heresy (orchestrated by the Roman Catholic Church); or the trial of an individual accused of heresy. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Expurgation is a form of Censorship by way of purging anything noxious offensive sinful or erroneous usually from an artistic work ^[1]

Inquisition tribunals and institutions

Before the twelfth century, the Catholic Church gradually suppressed heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription and imprisonment. Although many states allowed the Church to use the death penalty, initially it was not frequently imposed, as this form of punishment had many ecclesiastical opponents. ^[2][3]

In the 12th century, in order to counter the spread of Catharism, prosecutions against heresy became more frequent. The Church charged councils composed of bishops and archbishops with establishing inquisitions. (see Episcopal Inquisition)

In the 13th century, the pope assigned the duty of carrying out inquisitions to the Dominican Order. The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Inquisitors acted in the name of the Pope and with his full authority. They used inquisitorial procedures, a legal practice commonly used at the time. They judged heresy alone, using the local authorities to establish a tribunal and to prosecute heretics. After the end of the fifteenth century, a Grand Inquisitor headed each Inquisition. Grand Inquisitor ( Latin: Inquisitor Generalis) is the lead official of an Inquisition. Inquisition in this way persisted until the 19th century. ^[4]

In the 16th century, Pope Paul III established a system of tribunals, ruled by the "Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Universal Inquisition", and staffed by cardinals and other Church officials. Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman This system would later become known as the Roman Inquisition. The Roman Inquisition was a system of Tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century responsible for prosecuting individuals accused In 1908 Saint Pope Pius X renamed the organisation: it became the "Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office". Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the This in its turn became the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith^[5] in 1965, which name continues to this day. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF ( Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) previously known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Purpose

A 1578 handbook for inquisitors spelled out the purpose of inquisitorial penalties: . . . quoniam punitio non refertur primo & per se in correctionem & bonum eius qui punitur, sed in bonum publicum ut alij terreantur, & a malis committendis avocentur. [Translation from the Latin: ". . . for punishment does not take place primarily and per se for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit. "]^[6]

Historic Inquisition movements

Historians distinguish between four different manifestations of the Inquisition: the Medieval Inquisition (1184- ), the Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834), the Portuguese Inquisition (1536-1821) and the Roman Inquisition (1542- ). The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. The Roman Inquisition was a system of Tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century responsible for prosecuting individuals accused

Because of its objective — combating heresy — the Inquisition had jurisdiction only over baptized members of the Church (which, however, encompassed the vast majority of the population in Catholic countries). Secular courts could still try non-Christians for blasphemy. Blasphemy is the disrespectful use of the name of one or more gods. Most of the witch trials went through secular courts. "Witch trial" redirects here For the song by Rush, see Fear series.

Different areas faced different situations with regard to heresies and suspicion of heresies. Most of Medieval Western and Central Europe had a long-standing veneer of Catholic standardization, with intermittent localized outbreaks of new ideas and periodic anti-Semitic/anti-Judaic activity. Origins of religious antisemitism Father Edward Flannery in his The Anguish of the Jews Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism, traces the first clear examples Anti-Judaism has been called "a total or partial opposition to Judaism &mdashand to Jews as adherents of it&mdashby persons who accept a competing system Exceptionally, Portugal and Spain in the late Middle Ages consisted largely of territories fairly recently conquered from a sophisticated and tolerant Arab civilization, and the new overlords could not assume that all their newer subjects would suddenly become and remain compliant true-believer orthodox Catholics. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or So the Inquisition in Iberia had a special socio-political basis as well as more conventional religious motives. — With the rise of Protestantism and other heretical ideas of the Renaissance, the extirpation of heretics became a much larger and more complex enterprise, complicated by the politics of territorial Protestant powers, especially in northern Europe: war, massacres and the educational and propagandistic work of the Counter-Reformation became more common than a judicial approach to heresy in these circumstances. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the

Medieval Inquisition

Main article: Medieval Inquisition

Historians use the term 'Medieval Inquisition" to describe the various inquisitions that started around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184-1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the These inquisitions comprised the legal response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular the Cathars and Waldensians in southern France and northern Italy. Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings General description The earliest Waldensians believed in poverty and austerity promoting true poverty public preaching and the personal study of the scriptures Other Inquisitions followed after these first inquisition movements.

Spanish Inquisition

Representation of an Auto de fe, (around 1495^[7]). The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition
Many artistic representations depict torture and the burning at the stake as occurring during the auto da fe. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

Main article: Spanish Inquisition

King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 with the approval of Pope Sixtus IV. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 In contrast to the previous inquisitions, it operated completely under royal authority, though staffed by secular clergy and orders, and independently of the Holy See. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic It targeted primarily converts from Judaism (Maranos or secret Jews) and from Islam (Moriscos or secret Moors) — both formed large groups still residing in Spain after the end of the Moorish control of Spain — who came under suspicion of either continuing to adhere to their old religion (often after having converted under duress) or of having fallen back into it. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Somewhat later the Spanish Inquisition took an interest in Protestants of virtually any sect. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In the Spanish possessions of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples in southern Italy, which formed part of the Spanish Crown's hereditary possessions, it also targeted Greek Orthodox Christians. Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches After the intensity of religious disputes waned in the 17th century, the Spanish Inquisition developed more and more into a secret police force working against internal threats to the state. Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal

The Spanish Inquisition would subsequently operate in certain Spanish colonies: see for example the Peruvian Inquisition and the Mexican Inquisition. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The Peruvian Inquisition was established on January 9, 1570 and ended in 1820 The Mexican Inquisition was the extension of the Spanish Inquisition to Mexico in 1571 The Spanish Inquisition also operated in the Philippines, Guatemala, New Granada, and the Canary Islands. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish It continued to function in the Americas until the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821). The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 In South America Bolívar abolished the Inquisition; in Spain survived until 1834. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash

Portuguese Inquisition

Main article: Portuguese Inquisition

Copper engraving intitled "Die Inquisition in Portugall", by Jean David Zunner from the work Description de L'Univers, Contenant les Differents Systemes de Monde, Les Cartes Generales & Particulieres de la Geographie Ancienne & Moderne by Alain Manesson Mallet, Frankfurt, 1685. The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III.

The Portuguese Inquisition formally started in Portugal in 1536 at the request of the King of Portugal, João III. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese John III ( Portuguese: João III ʒuˈɐ̃ũ ( June 7, 1502 &ndash June 11, 1557) nicknamed o Piedoso Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition in 1515, but only after his death did the pope acquiesce. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port However, many place the actual beginning of the Portuguese Inquisition during the year of 1497, when many Jews were expelled from Portugal and others were forcibly converted to Catholicism. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The major target of the Portuguese Inquisition were mainly the Sephardic Jews that had been expelled from Spain in 1492 (see Alhambra decree); after 1492 many of these Spanish Jews left Spain for Portugal but were eventually targeted there as well. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of

The Inquisition came under the authority of the King. It was headed by a Grand Inquisitor, or General Inquisitor, named by the Pope but selected by the king, and always from within the royal family. Grand Inquisitor ( Latin: Inquisitor Generalis) is the lead official of an Inquisition. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. Generally the head of a royal family is a king or queen regnant The Grand Inquisitor would later nominate other inquisitors. In Portugal, the first Grand Inquisitor was Cardinal Henry, who would later become King. For the Count of Portugal see Henry Count of Portugal; for the Prince see Henry the Navigator Henry Cardinal-King of Portugal or There were Courts of the Inquisition in Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra, and Évora. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Évora (ˈɛvuɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The city proper has 41159 inhabitants and the municipality has a total area of 1307

The Portuguese Inquisition held its first auto da fé in Portugal in 1540. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition It concentrated its efforts on rooting out converts from other faiths (overwhelmingly Judaism) who did not adhere to the strictures of Catholic orthodoxy; the Portuguese inquisitors mostly targeted the Jewish "New Christians," "conversos," or "marranos. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For other uses see New Christian (Swedenborgian. New Christian ( Spanish: cristianos nuevos; Portuguese, Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or "

The Portuguese Inquisition expanded its scope of operations from Portugal to Portugal's colonial possessions, including Brazil, Cape Verde, and Goa, where it continued as a religious court, investigating and trying cases of breaches of the tenets of orthodox Roman Catholicism until 1821. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

João III extended the activity of the courts to cover book-censorship, divination, witchcraft and bigamy. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Book-censorship proved to have a strong influence in Portuguese cultural evolution, keeping the country uninformed and culturally backward. Sociocultural evolution(ism is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and Social evolution, describing how Cultures and societies Originally oriented for a religious action, the Inquisition had an influence in almost every aspect of Portuguese society: politically, culturally and socially.

The Goa Inquisition, another inquisition rife with antisemitism and anti-Hinduism that mostly targeted Jews and Hindus, started in Goa in 1560. The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Inquisition acting in the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Anti-Hindu prejudice is a negative perception or Religious intolerance against the practice and practitioners of Hinduism. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Aleixo Dias Falcão and Francisco Marques set it up in the palace of the Sabaio Adil Khan.

According to Henry Charles Lea^[8] between 1540 and 1794 tribunals in Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra and Évora resulted in the burning of 1,175 persons, the burning of another 633 in effigy, and the penancing of 29,590. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a But documentation of fifteen out of 689^[9] Autos-da-fé has disappeared, so these numbers may slightly understate the activity. The phrase auto de fe refers to the ritual of public Penance of condemned heretics and Apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition

The "General Extraordinary and Constituent Courts of the Portuguese Nation" abolished the Portuguese inquisition in 1821. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

Roman Inquisition

Main article: Roman Inquisition

In 1542, Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a permanent congregation staffed with cardinals and other officials. The Roman Inquisition was a system of Tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century responsible for prosecuting individuals accused Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. It had the tasks of maintaining and defending the integrity of the faith and of examining and proscribing errors and false doctrines;^[10] it thus became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions. Arguably the most famous case tried by the Roman Inquisition was that of Galileo Galilei in 1633. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Because of Rome's power over the Papal States, Roman Inquisition activity continued until the mid-1800s. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

In 1908 the name of the Congregation became "The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office", which in 1965 was further changed to "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", as retained to the present day. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF ( Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) previously known as the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Congregation is presided by a cardinal appointed by the Pope, and usually includes ten other cardinals, as well as a prelate and two assistants all chosen from the Dominican Order. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The Holy Office also has an international group of consultants, experienced scholars of theology and canon law, who advise it on specific questions.

Recent investigations into the Inquisition

In 2000 Pope John Paul II called for an "Inquisition Symposium", and opened the Vatican to 30 external historians. Pope Their findings discounted certain long-held beliefs. It emerged that more women accused of witchcraft died in the Protestant countries than under the Inquisition. For example, the Inquisition burned 59 women in Spain, 36 in Italy and 4 in Portugal, while in Europe civil justice put to trial close to 100,000 women and burned 50,000 of them. ^[11][12] 26,000 condemned "witches" died in Germany. ^[13]

Derivative works

The Inquisitions appear in many cultural works. Some include:

• The Spanish Inquisition, the subject of a classic Monty Python sketch ("Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!"), became referenced conspicuously in the film Sliding Doors. " The Spanish Inquisition " was a series of sketches in Monty Python's Flying Circus, Series 2 Episode 2 Parodying the Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television Sliding Doors is a 1998 Film written and directed by former actor Peter Howitt.
• The short story by Edgar Allan Poe, The Pit and the Pendulum takes place against the background of the Spanish Inquisition. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Pit and the Pendulum " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842
• In the alternative history novel The Two Georges by Harry Turtledove and Richard Dreyfuss, the Spanish Inquisition remains active, in Spain itself and throughout Latin America, during the whole of the twentieth century. The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by Science fiction Author Harry Turtledove and Oscar -winning Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and Richard Stephen Dreyfuss (born October 29 1947 is an Academy Award -winning American Actor, known for a number of film television and theater roles such The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
• A body known as the Inquisition exists in the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe. The Inquisition ( The Holy Orders of the Emperor's Inquisition) is an organisation in the fictional Warhammer 40000 universe Warhammer 40000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K or just 40K) is a tabletop miniature wargame in a Science
• Mel Brooks's 1981 film The History of the World, Part I contains a musical number about the Spanish Inquisition. Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist History of the World Part I is a 1981 Film written produced and directed by Mel Brooks.
• In Terry Pratchett's Small Gods, the Omnian church has a Quisition, with sub-sections called Inquisition and Exquisition. Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author. Small Gods is the thirteenth of Terry Pratchett 's popular Discworld Novels, published in 1992
• In J.K. Rowling's 2003 book Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Professor Dolores Umbridge sets up an Inquisition at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, with herself as the High Inquisitor. Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The following Fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a setting in J K
• The "Dark Ages" setting in the World of Darkness (WoD) fantasy universe makes heavy use of the Inquisition: that particular setting takes place during the early 13th century. This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The World of Darkness (or WoD) is the name given to three related but distinct Fictional universes The first was conceived by Mark Rein-Hagen, while the
• The computer game "Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader" made by the former Black Isle Studios uses the Spanish Inquisition as a key plot for the storyline and development of the game. Lionheart Legacy of the Crusader is a Action role-playing game, developed for the PC by Reflexive Entertainment, and released in August 13, Black Isle Studios was a division of the computer and video game developer and publisher Interplay Entertainment, created specifically for the development
• Man of La Mancha, a Broadway musical, tells the story of the classic novel Don Quixote as a play-within-a-play performed by prisoners as they await a hearing with the Spanish Inquisition. Man of La Mancha is a musical with a book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion and music by Mitch Leigh. es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don A story within a story is a Literary device or Conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain
• Starways Congress forms an element of the Ender-verse by Orson Scott Card. Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a bestselling American Author, Critic, political writer and speaker. In the latter books, they play an important part in determining the fate of Lusitania. In Speaker for the Dead, Ender Wiggin threatens to become an Inquisitor and revoke the catholic licence of Lusitania, thus ruining the fragile catholic culture there. Speaker for the Dead (1986 is a Science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card and a sequel to the novel Ender's Game. Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is a Fictional character from Orson Scott Card 's Science fiction story Ender's Game and its sequels
• The 2006 film The Fountain features elements of the Spanish Inquisition. The Fountain is a 2006 American science fiction / Fantasy film directed by Darren Aronofsky that follows three interwoven
• Voltaire's satire Candide has a scene featuring the Portuguese Inquisition, with the title-character and Dr. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which Pangloss both found guilty of heresy.
• Dave Sim's award-winning independent comic book Cerebus the Aardvark featured Inquisition-inspired characters in the High Society issues of the series. David Victor Sim (born May 17 1956 in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian Comic book Writer and Artist, best known as the A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Cerebus the Aardvark, or simply Cerebus ( IPA: ˈsɛrəbʌs is an award-winning independent comic book, written and illustrated by
• The 2006 film Goya's Ghosts starring Stellan Skarsgård, Natalie Portman, and Javier Bardem features the Spanish Inquisition. Goya's Ghosts is a 2006 Spanish Film directed by Miloš Forman ( Amadeus, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (ˈstɛlːan ˈskɒːʂgɔɖ in Swedish or "Skashgord" born 13 June 1951 is a Swedish Film Actor, known for his roles in Breaking Natalie Portman (נטלי פורטמן born Natalie Hershlag June 9 1981 is an Israeli American Actress. Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (born 1 March 1969 is an Academy Award -winning and critically acclaimed Spanish Actor who has starred in over two dozen In the film, the painter Goya (Skarsgård) attempts to save his muse, Ines (Portman), from persecution by the Holy Office. He turns to Brother Lorenzo (Bardem) for help who, unknown to Goya, has an agenda of his own.

See also

• Historical revision of the Inquisition
• Witchhunt
• Inquisitorial system
• Marian Persecutions: Roman Catholic heretic-hunting in Tudor England
• Vatican Secret Archives

Documents and works

• Directorium Inquisitorum
• Histoire de l'Inquisition en France
• Malleus Maleficarum

Notable inquisitors

• List of Grand Inquisitors
• Konrad von Marburg
• Tomás de Torquemada

Notable cases involving the Inquisition

• Trial of Joan of Arc
• Trial of Galileo Galilei
• Edgardo Mortara's abduction

Notes

References

• Foxe's Book of Martyrs by John Foxe (Bridge-Logos Publishers) ISBN 0-88270-672-1
• Edward Burman, The Inquisition: The Hammer of Heresy (Sutton Publishers, 2004) ISBN 0-7509-3722-X
  • A new edition of a book first published in 1984, a good, well-written and objective general history based on the main primary sources. The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of Edward Burman (born May 6, 1947) is an English author born in Cambridge.
• Edward M. Peters, Inquisition. (University of California Press, 1989). ISBN 0-520-06630-8
  • A brief, balanced inquiry, with an especially good section on the 'Myth of the Inquisition' (see The Inquisition Myth). This is particularly valuable because much of the history available in English of the Inquisition was written in the 19th century by Protestants interested in documenting the dangers of Catholicism or Catholic apologists demonstrating that the Inquisition had been an entirely reasonable judicial body without flaws. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described
• Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. (Yale University Press, 1999). ISBN 0-300-07880-3
  • This revised edition of his 1965 original contributes to the understanding of the Spanish Inquisition in its local context.
• Cecil & Irene Roth, A history of the Marranos, Sepher-Hermon Press, 1974.
• Simon Whitechapel, Flesh Inferno: Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (Creation Books, 2003). ISBN 1-84068-105-5
  • "A good example of how uncritical acceptance of disjointed historical data helps inform contemporary notions of the black legend"
• William Thomas Walsh, Characters of the Inquisition (TAN Books and Publishers, Inc, 1940/97). William Thomas Walsh ( September 11, 1891 - January 22, 1949) born in Waterbury, Connecticut, was a prominent historian ISBN 0-89555-326-0
• Parker, Geoffrey “Some Recent Work on the Inquisition in Spain and Italy” Journal of Modern History 54:3 1982
• Given, James B Inquisition and Medieval Society New York, Cornell University Press, 2001
• Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (4 volumes), (New York and London, 1906–1907). Henry Charles Lea ( September 19, 1825 - October 24, 1909) was an American Historian, civic reformer and political activist
• Antonio Puigblanch, La Inquisición sin máscara (Cádiz, 1811-1813). Antonio Puigblanch ( Mataró, Spain 1775- Somers Town London 1840 [The Inquisition Unmasked (London, 1816)]
• Juan Antonio Llorente, “Historia Critica de la Inquisicion de Espana”
• W. Juan Antonio Llorente (born March 30, 1756 in Rincón de Soto ( La Rioja) Spain; died February 5, 1823 in Madrid T. Walsh, “Isabella of Spain,” (1931).
• Genaro Garcia, “Autos de fe de la Inquisicion de Mexico,” (1910).
• F. Garau, “La Fee Triunfante,” (1691-reprinted 1931).
• V. Vignau, “Catalogo. . . de la Inquisicion de Toledo,” (1903).
• J. Baker, “History of the Inquisition,” (1736).
• J. Marchant, “A Review of the Bloody Tribunal,” (1770).
• E. N Adler, “Autos de fe and the Jew,” (1908).
• Ludovico a Paramo, “De Origine et Progressu Sanctae Inquisitionis,” (1598).
• J. M. Marin, “Procedimientos de la Inquisicion” (2 volumes), (1886).
• R. Cappa, “La Inquisicion Espanola,” (1888).
• A. Paz y Mellia, “Catalogo Abreviado de Papeles de Inquisicion,” (1914).
• M. Jouve, “Torquemada,” (1935).
• Sir Alexandr G. Cardew, “A Short History of the Inquisition,” (1933).
• G. G. Coulton, “The Inquisition,” (1929). George Gordon Coulton ( October 15, 1858 – March 4, 1947) was a British Historian, known for numerous works on Medieval history
• Ramon de Vilana Perlas, “La Verdadera Practica Apostolica de el S. Tribunal de la Inquisicion,” (1735).
• H. B. Piazza, “A Short and True Account of the Inquisition and its Proceeding,” (1722).
• A. L. Maycock, “The Inquisition,” (1926).
• H. Nickerson, “The Inquisition,” (1932).
• L. Tanon, “Histoire des Tribunaux de l’Inquisition,” (1893).
• A. Herculano, “Historia da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisicao em Portugal,” (English translation, 1926).
• Miranda Twiss, The Most Evil Men And Women In History (Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. , 2002).
• Warren H. Carroll, "Isabel: the Catholic Queen" Front Royal, Virginia, 1991 (Christendom Press)
• Emile van der Vekene: Bibliotheca bibliographica historiae sanctae inquisitionis. Dr Warren H Carroll is a leading Catholic historian and author and the founder of Christendom College. Bibliographisches Verzeichnis des gedruckten Schrifttums zur Geschichte und Literatur der Inquisition. Vol. 1 - 3. Topos-Verlag, Vaduz 1982-1992, ISBN 3-289-00272-1, ISBN 3-289-00578-X (7110 titres sur le thème de l'Inquisition)
• Emile van der Vekene: La Inquisición en grabados originales. Exposición realizada con fondos de la colección Emile van der Vekene de la Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Aranjuez, 4-26 de Mayo de 2005, Madrid: Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 2005. ISBN 84-96144-86-0

Online works

• Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources, 40 vols. Ludwig Pastor, later Freiherr von Campersfelden ( January 31, 1854 – September 30, 1928) was a German historian and a diplomat St. Louis,
• B. Herder 1898
• Joseph de Maistre, tr. Joseph-Marie Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753- 26 February 1821 was a French-speaking Savoyard lawyer diplomat writer and philosopher John Fletcher, Letters on the Spanish Inquisition, London: Printed by W. Hughes, 1838 (composed 1815):— late defense of the Inquisition by the principal author of the Counter-Enlightenment. "Counter-Enlightenment" is a term used to refer to a movement that arose in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries in opposition to the eighteenth century
• Sister Antoinette Marie Pratt, A. M. , The attitude of the Catholic Church towards witchcraft and the allied practices of sorcery and magic, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Philosophy of The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. The Catholic University of America ( CUA) located in Northeast Washington D C. June 1915, reprinted 1982, New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-18429-4 - Google Books

External links

• The Inquisition by Jewish Virtual Library
• Frequently Asked Questions About the Inquisition by James Hannam
• Catholic Encyclopedia: "Inquisition"
• The Secret Files of The Inquistion. PBS
• The Protestant Inquisition:"Reformation" Intolerance and Persecution by Dave Armstrong
• "The Immeasurable Curiousity of Edward Peters", p.4 as found in the Pennsylvania Gazzette, a publication of the University of Pennsylvania
• "One Cheer for the Inquisition" online copy of the Catholic Dossier article by Gerard Bradley, Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame.
• Spain and the Spaniard
• Scholarly studies including Lea's History
• Jewish Virtual Library on the Spanish Inquisition
• Galileo Project: Christianity: Inquisition
• Spanish Inquisition (1478-1813) (in Spanish language)
• Index of the court proceedings and other documents of the Portuguese Inquisition (in Portuguese)
• Clandestine Judaism in the Shadow of the Inquisition, Dr. Google Book Search is a tool from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans OCRs, and stores in its digital database David Armstrong may refer to David Armstrong (English footballer (b Rivkah Shafek Lissak
• The paths of Cathars by the philosopher Yves Maris.
• L. D. Barnett, "Two Documents of the Inquisition", in The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Ser., Vol. 15, No. 2 (Oct., 1924), pp. 213-239
• Inquisition against the Jews 1481-1834 (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)