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Innu

Flag of the Innu Nation of Québec and Labrador

Flag of the Kawawachikamach Band of the Naskapi Nation

Flag of the Matimekush Band of the Innu-Montagnais Nation
Total population

18,000
Regions with significant populations
Canada (Québec, Labrador)
Languages
Innu-aimun, English, French
Religions
Christianity, other
Related ethnic groups
-
Innu communities of Québec and Labrador
Innu communities of Québec and Labrador

The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Nitassinan is the ancestral homeland of the Innu, an Aboriginal people of Eastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Their population in 2003 includes about 18,000 persons, of which 15,000 live in Quebec. They are known to have lived on these lands as hunter-gatherers for several thousand years, living in tents made of animal skins. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Their subsistance activities were historically centred on hunting and trapping caribou, moose, deer and small game. The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Some coastal clans also practised agriculture, fished, and managed maple sugarbush. Their language, Innu-aimun or Montagnais, is spoken throughout Nitassinan, with certain dialect differences. Innu-aimun is related to the language spoken by the Cree of the James Bay region of Quebec and Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec

Contents

Montagnais, Naskapi or Innu

The Innu people are frequently categorized into two groups, the Montagnais who live along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in Quebec, and the less numerous Naskapi who live farther north. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint The Innu themselves recognize several distinctions (e. g. Mushuau Innuat, Maskuanu Innut, Uashau Innuat) based on different regional affiliations and various dialects of the Innu language.

The word "Naskapi" (meaning "people beyond the horizon") first made an appearance in the 17th century and was subsequently applied to Innu groups beyond the reach of missionary influence, most notably those living in the lands which bordered Ungava Bay and the northern Labrador coast, near the Inuit communities of northern Quebec and northern Labrador. Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting It is here that this term finally settled upon the Naskapi First Nation. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the territorial Montagnais. The Naskapi are the indigenous Innu inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Mushuau Innuat (plural), while related to the Naskapi, split off from the tribe in the 1900's and were subject to a government relocation program at Davis Inlet. The Naskapi are the indigenous Innu inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern Davis Inlet was a Naskapi community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, formerly inhabited by the Mushuau Innu First Nation The Naskapi language and culture is quite different from the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in "Iiyuu" versus "Innu". Some of the families of the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach have close relatives in the Cree village of Whapmagoostui, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay. Not to be confused with the Creek. Cree is an Exonym applied to various people indigenous to North America namely the Nehiyaw Nehithaw Nehilaw Whapmagoostui ("place of the beluga " in Cree is the northernmost Cree village in Quebec, located at the mouth of the Grande Rivière de

Since 1990, The Montagnais people have generally been officially referred to as the Innu, which means human being in Innu-aimun, while the Naskapi have continued to use the word "Naskapi". The Naskapi are the indigenous Innu inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern

The Innu should not be confused with the Inuit, a distinct people who live in the Canadian Arctic, and though the languages of the tribes varies in source, the word itself derives from the same root, meaning "people". Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting Northern Canada is the vast Northernmost Region of Canada variously defined by Geography and Politics.

History

The Innu of Labrador and those living on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence have never officially surrendered their territory to Canada by way of treaty or other agreement. As the forest and mining operations began at the turn of the 20th century, the Innu became increasingly settled in coastal communities and in the interior of Quebec. The settlement of the Innu was furthermore encouraged by the Canadian government, the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the Catholic, Moravian, and Anglican churches, thus changing their traditional lifestyle. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches However, with the gradual decline of traditional activities (hunting, trapping, fishing), life in these permanent settlements was often marred by high levels of alcoholism, substance abuse by children, domestic violence and suicide. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Substance abuse is the overindulgence in and dependence of a Drug or other chemical leading to effects that are detrimental to the individual's physical and mental health Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate

Davis Inlet, Labrador

Survival International published in 1999 a scathing study of the Innu communities of Labrador and the impact of the Canadian government's policy of relocating them far away from their ancestral lands and preventing them from practising their ancient way of life. Survival International is a Human rights organisation formed in 1969 that campaigns for the rights of indigenous Tribal peoples and Survival International considered these policies to be in violation of international law and have drawn parallels with the treatment of Tibetans by the People's Republic of China. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES During the period from 1990 to 1997, according to the Survival International study, the Innu community of Davis Inlet had a suicide rate more than twelve times the Canadian average, and well over three times the rate often observed in isolated northern villages. Davis Inlet was a Naskapi community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, formerly inhabited by the Mushuau Innu First Nation

By 2000, the Innu island community of Davis Inlet asked the Canadian government to assist with a local addiction crisis and the community was moved, at their request, to a nearby mainland location now known as Natuashish. The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as At the same time, the Canadian government created the Natuashish and Sheshatshiu band councils under the Indian Act.

Kawawachikamach, Québec

The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, of Quebec, is the only Quebec First Nations community that has signed a comprehensive land claims settlement, the Northeastern Quebec Agreement, in 1978. Kawawachikamach, Quebec, meaning "the winding lake" is an Naskapi / Iyiyiw First Nations community at the south end of Lac Matemace (where it joins The James Bay And Northern Quebec Agreement was an Aboriginal land claim settlement approved in 1975 by the Cree and Inuit of northern Since that date, the Naskapi of Kawawachikamach are no longer subject to the Indian Act, as are all Innu communities of Quebec. The Naskapi are the indigenous Innu inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what other Canadians refer to as eastern

Culture

The best-known members of the Innu nation are the folk rock duo Kashtin of Quebec. Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of Folk music and rock music. Kashtin were a Canadian Folk rock duo in the 1980s and 1990s one of Canada's most famous and influential First Nations musical groups

A well-known example of a traditional Innu craft is the Innu Tea Doll. These beautifully crafted children's toys originally served a dual purpose for nomadic Innu tribes. When traveling vast distances over challenging terrain, nothing was left behind. Everyone needed to help with the transportation of essential goods - including young children. Innu women developed intricate dolls made from caribou hides and scraps of cloth. These dolls were filled with tea and given to young girls to carry on long journeys. The young girls played with the dolls while simultaneously transporting important goods on behalf of the tribe.

Food

Animals eaten: moose, caribou, bear, beaver, porcupine, fox, hare, marten, woodchuck, wolverine, squirrel, Canada geese, snow geese, brants, ducks, teals, loons, spruce grouse, woodcocks, snipes, passenger pigeons, ptarmigan, eel, whitefish, lake trout, salmon, pike, walleye, seals, sucker (Catostomidae), sturgeon, catfish, lamprey, smelt, turtles. For the Wiltshire village see Marten Wiltshire. For the town in Bulgaria see Marten Bulgaria. The groundhog ( Marmota monax) also known as the woodchuck land beaver or whistlepig, is a Rodent of the family Sciuridae The Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis) is a Goose belonging to the Genus Branta native to North America. The Snow Goose ( Chen caerulescens) is a North American Species of Goose. Tasman Empire Airways Limited ( TEAL) was the forerunner of Air New Zealand. The loons (eg North America or divers (eg UK/Ireland are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Eurasia The Spruce Grouse, Dendragapus canadensis, is a medium-sized Grouse. The woodcocks are a group of seven extant very similar wading Bird Species in the Genus Scolopax, characterised by a long slender A snipe is any of nearly 20 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae. The passenger pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common Bird in North America This article deals with the European species named "Ptarmigan" known in North America as the Rock Ptarmigan True eels ( Anguilliformes) are an order of Fish, which consists of four suborders 19 families 110 Genera and approximately 600 Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) is a freshwater char living mainly in Lakes in northern North America. The walleye (common US name or yellow pickerel (Canada ( Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater Perciform Catostomidae is the sucker family of the order Cypriniformes. Sturgeon is the Common name used for some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae, including the genera Acipenser, Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eel) is a Jawless fish with a toothed funnel-like sucking mouth Smelts are a Family, Osmeridae, of small Anadromous Fish. They are common in the North American Great Lakes and in the lakes Eels were eaten fresh and smoke-dried. Moose meat and several types of fish were also smoked.

Plants: raspberries, blueberries, strawberries, cherries, wild grapes, hazelnuts, wild apples, red martagon bulbs, Indian potato, maple tree sap. The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles Lilium lancifolium (syn L tigrinum) is a species of lily native to eastern Guam, in China, Korea and Japan Cornmeal was traded for with Iroquois, Algonquin, and Abenaki.

Innu communities

Labrador

Quebec

External links

Bibliography

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