An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual A hypodermic needle is a hollow needle commonly used with a Syringe to inject substances into the body A syringe is a simple piston Pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a tube An injection follows a parenteral route of administration, that is, its effect is not necessarily local to the area in which the injection is administered; it is systemic.

There are several methods of injection or infusion, including intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraosseous, and intraperitoneal. Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a Muscle. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Intraosseous infusion is the process of injection directly into the Marrow of the bone Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the Peritoneum (body cavity Long-acting forms of subcutaneous/intramuscular injections are available for various drugs, and are called depot injections.

Intravenous infusion

A medicine being administered intravenously through a peripheral IV line. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein.

Main article: Intravenous therapy

An intravenous infusion is a liquid administered directly into the bloodstream via a vein. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. The first polio vaccine in 1952 was injected intravenously until an oral vaccine replaced it in 1955. Two polio Vaccines are used throughout the world to combat Poliomyelitis (or polio A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease

When a rapid onset of action is needed, medications may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, under the tongue (sublingual), or by intranasal or oral inhalation (insufflation). Insufflation (Latin insufflatio "blowing on or into" is the practice of inhaling substances into a Body cavity.

Subcutaneous injection

A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. In medicine a bolus (from Latin bolus, ball is the administration of a Medication, Drug or other compound that is given to raise The subcutaneous tissue or subcutis is the layer of Loose connective tissue directly underlying the Dermis. The dermis is a layer of Skin beneath the epidermis that consists of Connective tissue, and cushions the body from stress and strain Epidermis is the outermost layer of the Skin. It forms the waterproof protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous Epithelium with Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine or goserelin. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Goserelin Acetate is an injectable Gonadotropin releasing hormone super-agonist ( GnRH agonist) also known as an LHRH agonist

An insulin pump with a subcutaneous injection site. An insulin pump is a medical device used for the administration of Insulin in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus, also known as continuous subcutaneous

A person with Type I diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Places on the body where people can inject insulin most easily are:

• The outer area of the upper arm. In Anatomy, an arm is one of the Upper limbs of an animal The term arm can also be used for analogous structures such as one of the paired upper limbs
• Just above and below the waist, except the area right around the navel (a 2-inch circle). The Waist is the part of the abdomen between the Rib cage and hips. The navel (also called an umbilicus or colloquially belly button) is a Scar on the Abdomen, caused when the Umbilical cord is removed
• The upper area of the buttock, just behind the hip bone. The buttocks (singular buttock) are rounded portions of the anatomy located on the posterior of the Pelvic region of the Apes including Humans The pelvis (pl pelvises or pelves) or pelvic girdle is the irregular bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known
• The front of the thigh, midway to the outer side, 4 inches below the top of the thigh to 4 inches above the knee. In humans the thigh is the area between the Pelvis and the Knee.

These areas can vary with the size of the person. Changing the injection site keeps lumps or small dents called lipodystrophies from forming in the skin. Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's Adipose tissue However, people should try to use the same body area for injections that are given at the same time each day-for example, always using the abdomen for the morning injection or an arm for the evening injection. In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. Using the same body area for these routine injections lessens the possibility of changes in the timing and action of insulin.

Intramuscular injection

Main article: Intramuscular injection

In an intramuscular injection, the medication is delivered directly into a muscle. Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a Muscle. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly, as well as codeine, metoclopramide, and many other medications. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Codeine ( INN) or methylmorphine is an Opiate used for its Analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties Metoclopramide ( INN) (ˌmɛtəˈkloʊprəmaɪd or /ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd is a potent Dopamine receptor antagonist used for its Antiemetic and Prokinetic Many drugs injected intramuscularly are absorbed into the muscle fairly quickly, while others are more gradual.

Generally, intramuscular injections are not self-administered, but rather by a trained medical professional. A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper Health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in However, prescribed self-administered intramuscular injections are becoming more common for patients that require these injections routinely.

Depot injection

A typical site post subcutaneous injection (navel area). The entry wound and implant ejection bruise can clearly be seen here

A depot injection is an injection, usually subcutaneous or intramuscular, of a pharmacological agent which releases its active compound in a consistent way over a long period of time. Depot injections are usually either solid or oil-based. Depot injections may be available as certain forms of a drug, such as decanoate salts or esters. Decanoic acid is a type of Carboxylic acid.Its formula is CH3(CH28COOH Examples of depot injections include Depo Provera and haloperidol decanoate. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate ( DMPA) is a Progestin -only hormonal contraceptive Birth control drug which is injected every 3 months Haloperidol is a Typical antipsychotic. It is in the Butyrophenone class of Antipsychotic medications and has pharmacological effects similar

The advantages of using a long-acting depot injection include increased medication compliance due to reduction in the frequency of dosing, as well as more consistent serum concentrations. Compliance (or Adherence) is a medical term that is used to indicate a patient's correct following of medical advice However, one significant disadvantage of using a depot injection is that the drug is not immediately reversible, since it is slowly released.

Hypodermic injections in nature

Various animals, and some plants, have been injecting for various reasons long before humans began doing so. This process is often called stinging. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods Some examples include:

• Snakes, wasps, scorpions: poison, to kill prey and self-defense. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. A wasp is any Insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a Bee nor Ant. Scorpions are eight-legged Carnivorous Arthropods They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida.
• Some bees: poison, for self-defense and to defend their nests. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea
• Coelenterates: poison, to kill prey. Coelenterata is an obsolete long term encompassing two animal phyla, the Ctenophora (comb jellies and the Cnidaria ( Coral animals true
• Stinging nettles: poison, to try to avoid being eaten. Urtica dioica, commonly called stinging nettle, is a Herbaceous perennial Flowering plant, native to Europe, Asia,

Injection pain

The pain of an injection may be lessened by prior application of ice or topical anesthetic or simultaneous pinching of the skin. Recent studies suggest that forced coughing during an injection stimulates a transient rise in blood pressure which inhibits the perception of pain. Sometimes, as with an amniocentesis, a local anesthetic is given. Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in Prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities and fetal ^[1] Perhaps the most common technique to reduce the pain of an injection is simply to distract the patient.

References

See also

• Intracardiac injection
• Intraosseous infusion
• Medication
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• Vaccine
• Dart injection

External links

• Animated Injection tutorial
• FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration.
• Subcutaneous Injection Sites - from healthinfotranslations.com
• Giving Medicine by Subcutaneous Injection - from healthinfotranslations.com