Ingres
Ingres Corporation logo
Developed by	Ingres Corporation
Latest release	Ingres 2006 release 2
OS	Cross-platform
Genre	RDBMS
License	GNU General Public Licence
Website	http://www.ingres.com/

Ingres (pronounced /iŋ-grεs'/) is a commercially supported, open-source relational database management system. A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of A software release is the distribution whether public or private of an initial or new and upgraded version of a Computer software product An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination In computing cross-platform (also known as multi-platform) is a term used to refer to Computer software or computing methods and concepts that are implemented Computer software can be organized into categories based on common function type or field of use A Relational database management system (RDBMS is a Database management system (DBMS that is based on the Relational model as introduced by E A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A Relational database management system (RDBMS is a Database management system (DBMS that is based on the Relational model as introduced by E Ingres was first created as a research project at the University of California, Berkeley starting in the early 1970s and ending in the early 1980s. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley The original code, like that from other projects at Berkeley, was available at minimal cost under a version of the BSD license. BSD licenses represent a family of Permissive free software licences. Since the mid-1980s, Ingres has spawned a number of commercial database applications, including Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, NonStop SQL and a number of others. Sybase Inc ( is an enterprise software and services company exclusively focused on managing and mobilizing information Microsoft SQL Server is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced by Microsoft. NonStop SQL is a Relational database product originally produced at Tandem Computers. Postgres (Post Ingres), a project which started in the mid-1980s, later evolved into PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is an Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS

History

Ingres

In 1973 when the System R project was getting started at IBM, the research team released a series of papers describing the system they were building. IBM System R is a Database system built as a research project at IBM San Jose Research (now IBM Almaden Research Center) in the 1970s International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Two scientists at Berkeley, Michael Stonebraker and Eugene Wong, became interested in the concept after reading the papers, and decided to start a relational database research project of their own. Michael Stonebraker is a Computer scientist specializing in database research and development

They had already raised money for researching a geographic database system for Berkeley's economics group, which they called Ingres, for INteractive Graphics REtrieval System. They decided to use this money to fund their relational project instead, and used this as a seed for a new and much larger project. For further funding Stonebraker approached the DARPA, the obvious funding source for computing research and development at the time, but both the DARPA and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) turned them down as they were already funding database research elsewhere. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology The Office of Naval Research ( ONR) headquartered in Arlington Virginia ( Ballston) is the office within the United States Department of the Stonebraker then introduced his idea to other agencies, and, with help from his colleagues he eventually obtained modest support from the NSF and three military agencies: the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Army Research Office, and the Navy Electronic Systems Command. The National Science Foundation (NSF is a United States Government agency that supports fundamental Research and Education in all the non-medical

Thus funded, Ingres was developed during the mid-1970s by a rotating team of students and staff. Ingres went through an evolution similar to that of System R, with an early prototype in 1974 followed by major revisions to make the code maintainable. Ingres was then disseminated to a small user community, and project members rewrote the prototype repeatedly to incorporate accumulated experience, feedback from users, and new ideas. Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's System R in concept, but based on "low end" systems, namely Unix on DEC machines. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry

Commercialization

Unlike System R, the Ingres source code was available (on tape) for a modest fee. By 1980 some 1,000 copies had been distributed primarily to universities. Many students from U. C. Berkeley and other Universities that used the Ingres source code worked on various commercial database software systems.

Berkeley students Jerry Held and later Karel Youseffi moved to Tandem Computers where they built a system that evolved into NonStop SQL. Tandem Computers was an early manufacturer of Fault-tolerant computer systems, marketed to the growing number of Transaction processing customers who used them for NonStop SQL is a Relational database product originally produced at Tandem Computers. The Tandem database system was a re-implementation of the Ingres technology. It evolved into a system that ran effectively on parallel computers, that is, it included functionality for distributed data, distributed execution, and distributed transactions (the last being fairly difficult). Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously operating on the principle that large problems can often Components of the system were first released in the late 1970's. By 1989 the system could run queries in parallel, and the product became fairly famous for being one of the few systems that scales almost linearly with the number of processors in the machine: adding a second CPU to an existing NonStop SQL server will almost exactly double its performance. Tandem was later purchased by Compaq who started a re-write in 2000, and now the product is at HP. Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard.

Robert Epstein, the chief programmer on the project while he was at Berkeley, formed Britton-Lee along with other students from the Ingres Project, Paula Hawthorne and Mike Ubell; they were joined later by Eric Allman. Eric Paul Allman (born 1955 is a computer programmer who developed Sendmail and its precursor Delivermail in the late 1970s and early 1980s at UC Berkeley Later, they founded Sybase. Sybase Inc ( is an enterprise software and services company exclusively focused on managing and mobilizing information Sybase had been the #2 product (behind the System R based Oracle) for some time through the 1980s and into the 1990s, before Informix came "out of nowhere" and took over in 1997. Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply Oracle) is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced and marketed by Informix is a family of Relational database management system (RDBMS products by IBM. Sybase's product line had also been licensed to Microsoft in 1992, who re-branded it as Microsoft SQL Server. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Microsoft SQL Server is a Relational database management system (RDBMS produced by Microsoft. This relationship soured in the late 1990s, and today SQL Server outsells Sybase by a wide margin.

Several companies used the Ingres source code to produce products. The most successful was a company named Relational Technology, Inc. (RTI) founded in 1980 by Stonebraker and Wong, and another Berkeley professor, Lawrence A. Rowe. RTI was renamed Ingres Corporation in the late 1980's. The company converted the code to DEC VMS, which was the commercial OS for DEC VAX computers, and developed a collection of front-end tools for creating and manipulating databases (e. g. , reporterwriters, forms entry and update, etc. ) and application development tools. Over time much of the source was re-written to add functionality (e. g. , multiple statement transactions, SQL, B-tree access method, date/time datatypes, etc. ) and improve performance (e. g. , compiled queries, multi-threaded server, etc. ). The company was purchased by ASK Corporation in November 1990. ASK Group Inc, formerly ASK Computer Systems Inc, was a producer of business and manufacturing software The founders left the company over the next several months. In 1994, ASK/Ingres was purchased by Computer Associates who continued to offer Ingres under a variety of brand names (e. CA Inc &mdash formerly Computer Associates Inc &mdash is a multinational Computer software corporation headquartered in Islandia New York. g. , OpenIngres, Ingres II, Advantage Ingres).

In 2004, Computer Associates released Ingres r3 under an open source license. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge The code includes the DBMS server and utilities and the character based front-end and application development tools. In essence, everything except OpenROAD, the Windows 4GL GUI-based development environment. OpenROAD stands for "Open Rapid Object Application Development" In November of 2005, Garnett & Helfrich Capital in partnership with Computer Associates created a new company called Ingres Corporation, which will provide support and services for Ingres, OpenROAD and the connectivity products. CA Inc &mdash formerly Computer Associates Inc &mdash is a multinational Computer software corporation headquartered in Islandia New York.

In February 2006, Ingres Corporation released Ingres 2006 under the GNU General Public Licence.

Postgres

The Postgres project was started to address limitations of existing database-management implementations of the relational model. Primary among these was their inability to let the user define new domains (or "types") which are combinations of simpler domains (see relational model for an explanation of the term "domain"). The relational model for Database management is a Database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar The project explored other ideas including the incorporation of write-once media (e. g. , optical disks), the use of massive storage (e. g. , never delete data), inferencing, and object-oriented data models. The implementation also experimented with new interfaces between the database and application programs (e. g. , portals, which are sometimes referred to as "fat cursors").

The resulting project, named Postgres, aimed at introducing the minimum number of features needed to add complete types support. These included the ability to define types, but also the ability to fully describe relationships – which up until this time had been widely used but maintained entirely by the user. In Postgres the database "understood" relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using rules. For complete details, see the PostgreSQL article. PostgreSQL is an Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS

In the 1990s Stonebraker started a new company to commercialize Postgres, under the name Illustra. The company and technology were later purchased by Informix.

See also

• Comparison of relational database management systems
• List of relational database management systems
• OpenROAD
• PostgreSQL

External links

Article sources:

• The Design and Implementation of INGRES
• Retrospection on a Database System
• Ingres FAQ

Community links:

• North American Ingres Users Association
• German Ingres User Association
• Ingres UserGroup Nederland
• Ingres User Group Switzerland (French-speaking part)
• UK Ingres Users Association
• Ingres User Group Brazil
• Ingres User Group Queensland Australia

Product links:

• Ingres Corp.
• University INGRES,Version 8.9